阴部神经的解剖学观测及其临床意义

目的　从神经胚胎发育的角度对阴部神经的来源、组成、走行、分支进行解剖学观测,为临床会阴部手术提供依据。 方法　16具（32侧）成人尸体标本解剖观察阴部神经的组成、形态、走行、分支及其毗邻关系,测量阴部神经与毗邻结构距离等的数据。 结果　阴部神经主要由S2、S3和S4前支混合后组成,但仍有部分由S2和S3前支混合后组成。阴部神经在下行过程中有坐骨神经及股后皮神经的分支加入,三者之间相互交通的关系较为复杂;在阴部管及坐骨直肠窝,阴部神经的毗邻不同;阴部神经分为盆内和盆外分支。阴部神经在阴部管内距坐骨结节前缘下方的距离为（男25.47±3.18 mm, 女26.38±2.56 mm）;阴部神经在坐骨棘处距皮肤的距离为（男75.67±8.37 mm, 女76.89±9.48 mm）。 结论　阴部神经与毗邻神经交通复杂,细致的解剖对临床相关手术及治疗具有指导意义。     

第九、十、十一肋间神经和肋下神经与阴部神经吻接术治疗截瘫的应用解剖

在供研究用的20具(男13女7)成人尸体上,对40侧九、十、十一肋间神经和肋下神经进行了应用解剖研究。可取长度平均值分别为111.11mm。100.88mm,81.28mm,和64.20mm,分支处的宽、厚度平均值分别为2.59和1.12mm,2.58和0.08mm,2.89和0.10mm,3.49和1.04mm。游离切断各肋间神经远侧端,在肩胛线上垂直下拉,观察了其末端与腰椎棘突的对应关系,并测量了其与阴部神经出盆处之间的距离。阴部神经长度及出盆处的宽、厚度平均值分別为31.35mm,4.87mm和1.59mm。本文认为用带血管蒂的腓肠神经作为供体桥接下位肋间神经与阴部神经,为截瘫病人的外科治疗提供了一种新的方法。     

正中神经与肌皮神经2支交通支1例

笔者在解剖 1具老年男性尸体时发现其右侧正中神经和肌皮神经之间有 2个交通支相连 ,现报道如下 :组成右侧臂丛的 5个神经根先形成上、中、下干 ,每干都分前、后股 ,其上、中干的后股在腋动脉的后方合并下行 2 .7ｃｍ后再与下干后股合并形成后束 ,其合并处横径 2 .1ｍｍ ,后束下行 1.8ｃｍ分出桡神经和腋神经。上、中干的前股合成外侧束 ,外侧束在胸小肌上缘后方胸肩峰动脉起始处的外侧发出正中神经外侧根 (横径0 .8ｍｍ)和肌皮神经 (横径 2 .3ｍｍ)。肌皮神经在腋动脉的外侧向外下行至 2 .5ｃｍ处胸小肌下缘后方发出 :①喙肱肌支 ,支配喙肱…     

股后皮神经及其营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为股后皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 4侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人标本上 ,解剖观测了股后皮神经及其营养血管的走行、分布、吻合及外径 ,2侧成人新鲜标本墨汁灌注 ,观测营养血管的墨染范围。结果 :股后皮神经由臀大肌下缘中点入股后沿中线下降 ,其主要营养血管上段系臀下动脉的股后皮神经伴行动脉 ,起点外径 0 .7± 0 .2mm ,下段系动脉的升皮支 ,起点外径 0 .7± 0 .2mm ,营养血管沿途发出众多皮支与股后部其他血管的皮支形成网状吻合 ,营养股后部皮肤。结论 :以股后皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣     

吻合血管的尺神经转位治疗截瘫

目的：重建胸段脊髓横断致伤完全性截瘫患者的部分周围神经功能。方法：在４例截瘫病人将一侧的尺神经自腕部切断,以骨间前神经旋前方肌支吻接远端尺神经深支,取一桡神经浅支的分支与尺神经浅支吻接,自皮下隧分段游离尺神经至腋窝起始处,分离过程中保护尺侧上副血管。于皮下将尺神经及其尺侧上副血管引人侧胸壁隧道。显露胸背动,静脉,将尺侧上副血管与其行端端吻合。在臂部分离出阴部神经、股后皮神经和坐骨神经,用带筋膜蒂股     

胸内侧神经和肌皮神经解剖学观察及临床意义

目的为临床手术冶疗臂丛神经C5-6根或主干撕脱性损伤,寻找神经供体移位吻接肌皮神经重建屈肘功能,提供解剖学基础。方法解剖观察和测量肌皮神经主干长度、粗细、行程与喙肱肌的关系;胸内侧神经主干长度、粗细、第一分支能游离的长度、行程与锁骨中线的关系。结果肌皮神经主干长(101.56±13.16)mm,第一分支处神经干厚(2.61±1.13)mm、宽(2.82±1.25)mm、穿喙肱肌者占89.29%;胸内侧神经主干长(50.43±14.14)mm、第一分支处神经干厚(0.51±0.21)mm、宽(0.56±0.18)mm、第一胸大肌支能游离长度为45.66mm、主干行走在锁骨中线外侧者占82.15%。结论胸内侧神经与肌皮神经邻近,神经主干和第一分支能游离的长度,可满足与肌皮神经吻接手术的要求,而且神经主干在体表定位准确,是肌皮神经吻接的较好神经供体。     

股后皮神经的显微外科解剖

本文在25具(男14女11)专供研究用的成人尸体上解剖测量了股后皮神经在臀部和股部主干的长度、前后径、横径、股后皮神经与股后正中线的距离,穿出深筋膜的位置等。在手术显微镜下解剖并记录了神经束的数目和排列关系。     

肌皮神经起点分布变异并桡神经浅支缺如一例

在局部解剖学实验教学过程中,发现1例右侧肌皮神经的发出部位变异,同时桡神经浅支缺如,该神经所分布的区域被前臂外侧皮神经所代替。经查阅有关文献,两种变异同时存在未见报道,为积累解剖学资料并为临床工作提供形态学依据,现报道如下:尸体为女性,40岁左右,身高约155cm。该例右侧臂丛的各干、股、束形成正常。正中神经内、外侧根在胸小肌下缘合成正中神经,其横径为5.2mm。肌皮神经起点异常,未经外侧束发出,未穿喙肱肌,而是由正中神经发出3个分支。第1支在正中神经起点处发出,横径为1.9mm,在喙肱肌上部的后内侧进入该肌。第2支在距正中神经起…     

股内侧肌穿支蒂股中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为股内侧肌穿支蒂股中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上,以髌骨中点、收肌结节为观测标志解剖观测:①股中间皮神经走行与分布;②股内侧肌穿支与股中间皮神经营养血管间的吻合关系。另用1侧新鲜标本进行摹拟手术。结果①股中间皮神经前支体表投影相当于腹股沟韧带中点与髌结连线(髌骨中点至收肌结节的连线)中点的连线;②股内侧肌穿支穿出点位于股内侧肌支体表投影线(腹股沟中点与收肌结节连线中、下1/3交界点至髌骨中点的表线)中点附近,相当于收肌结节上(9.4±2.4)cm、髌骨中点垂线内(4.1±1.0)cm处。穿支穿过深筋膜至皮下,并分出众多的细小血管与股中间皮神经的神经旁和神经干血管链(网)密切吻合,在大腿前内侧形成顺沿股中间皮神经纵轴的血管丛。结论可形成股内侧肌穿支蒂股中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣转位修复膝部软组织缺损术式。     

股外侧皮神经骨盆出口处的应用解剖与神经卡压综合征

目的：研究股外侧皮神经骨盆出口处的位置及变异情况.方法：取20例成年国人尸体,男13例,女7例.大体解剖出双侧股外侧皮神经的骨盆出口处的骨纤维管道,测量股外侧皮神经的横径,以髂前上棘为基点,测量股外侧皮神经及其纤维管道的位置.结果：股外侧皮神经骨盆出口位点介于髂前上棘后2 cm以远与腹股沟韧带外1/3之间.结论：股外侧皮神经骨盆出口位点存在变异,55.0%经髂前上棘前（内）侧、腹股沟韧带（外1/3）的深面出骨盆.     

Anatomical variations of the sural nerve

An anatomical study of the formation of the sural nerve (SN) was carried out on 76 Thai cadavers. The results revealed that 67.1% of the SNs were formed by the union of the medial sural cutaneous nerve (MSCN) and the lateral sural cutaneous nerve (LSCN); the MSCN and LSCN are branches of the tibial and the common fibular (peroneal) nerves, respectively. The site of union was variable: 5.9% in the popliteal fossa, 1.9% in the middle third of the leg, 66.7% in the lower third of the leg, and 25.5% at or just below the ankle. One SN (0.7%) was formed by the union of the MSCN and a different branch of the common fibular nerve, running parallel and medial to but not connecting with the LSCN, which joined the MSCN in the lower third of the leg. The remaining 32.2% of the SNs were a direct continuation of the MSCN. The SNs ranged from 6-30 cm (mean = 14.41 cm) in length with a range in diameter of 3.5-3.8 mm (mean = 3.61 mm), and were easily located 1-1.5 cm posterior to the posterior border of the lateral malleolus. The LSCNs were 15-32 cm long (mean = 22.48 cm) with a diameter between 2.7-3.4 mm (mean = 3.22 mm); the MSCNs were 17-31 cm long (mean = 20.42 cm) with a diameter between 2.3-2.5 mm (mean = 2.41 mm). Clinically, the SN is widely used for both diagnostic (biopsy and nerve conduction velocity studies) and therapeutic purposes (nerve grafting) and the LSCN is used for a sensate free flap; thus, a detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the SN and its contributing nerves are important in carrying out these and other procedures.     

Donor, recipient and nerve grafts in brachial plexus reconstruction: anatomical and technical features for facilitating the exposure

Forty three cadavers of adult and five patients were included in our study. Accessory, suprascapular, musculocutaneous and sural nerves were dissected. These widely used nerves in brachial plexus reconstruction have varying anatomy and still have no standard approach for surgery. Dissection of the accessory nerve in the upper part of the posterior neck triangle was quite complicated took a relatively long time and the nerve could easily be injured. It was found that these shortcomings could be diminished starting dissection of this nerve in the lower part of the posterior neck triangle near the anterior border of trapezius muscle 2 cm (0–3.5) above the clavicle. Accessory nerve entered inner surface of this muscle 3 cm (1–4) from this edge. The proximal portion of the suprascapular nerve was not difficult to identify if post-traumatic scarring is absent. Alternative approach was starting dissection from the junction of C5 and C6 into superior trunk. The suprascapular nerve diverged distally from this junction at 2 cm (0–2.5). The proximal portion of the musculocutaneous nerve was identified by cutting clavicle or tendon of major pectoral muscle. Quicker and less traumatic exposure of this nerve was starting dissection in the bed between biceps and coracobrachialis muscles. The first branches of the musculocutaneous nerve to the biceps brachii muscle took onset 4 cm (3.5–6) distally from the lower margin of the tendon of major pectoral muscle. First branch to the brachial muscle originated from the musculocutaneous nerve distally from the same tendon at 9.4 cm (6.1–10.5). Two main but controversial principles exist in sural nerve graft dissection: time saving and less traumatic approach. Long nerve graft is necessary during brachial plexus reconstruction when many interposition grafts are needed. Technique of multiple (4–7) transverse skin incisions let us to get sural nerve with both branches as long as 66 cm (average 47 cm). Total length of this nerve mainly depended on branching level, which was found to be 27.5 cm (9–35) measuring proximally from the lateral ankle.     

收肌管下口处隐神经阻滞的应用解剖

目的　探讨收肌管下口处隐神经的精细解剖和体表定位。 方法　采用12具尸体标本20侧下肢对收肌管及其下口部位进行精细解剖和测量。 结果　收肌管下份隐神经在前内侧、股动脉居中、股静脉在后。在收肌管下口和稍上位置,膝降动、静脉和隐神经分别穿大收肌腱板出收肌管并伴行下行,隐神经在膝内侧缝匠肌腱和股薄肌腱之间穿深筋膜,伴大隐静脉下降至小腿和足内侧。收肌管下口分别距髌骨上缘（5.85±0.15）cm、髌骨底内侧缘（2.72±0.60）cm、股内侧皮肤表面（4.08±0.66）cm。 结论　髌骨上缘上5.85 cm、髌骨底内侧缘内2.72 cm、股内侧皮肤表面4.08 cm深处为收肌管下口隐神经阻滞的体表定位;股动脉是收肌管下口上隐神经阻滞的定位标志;膝降动脉的隐支是收肌管下口下隐神经阻滞的识别标志。     

收肌管下口处隐神经阻滞的应用解剖

目的探讨收肌管下口处隐神经的精细解剖和体表定位。方法采用12具尸体标本20侧下肢对收肌管及其下口部位进行精细解剖和测量。结果收肌管下份隐神经在前内侧、股动脉居中、股静脉在后。在收肌管下口和稍上位置,膝降动、静脉和隐神经分别穿大收肌腱板出收肌管并伴行下行,隐神经在膝内侧缝匠肌腱和股薄肌腱之间穿深筋膜,伴大隐静脉下降至小腿和足内侧。收肌管下口分别距髌骨上缘(5.85±0.15)cm、髌骨底内侧缘(2.72±0.60)cm、股内侧皮肤表面(4.08±0.66)cm。结论髌骨上缘上5.85 cm、髌骨底内侧缘内2.72 cm、股内侧皮肤表面4.08 cm深处为收肌管下口隐神经阻滞的体表定位;股动脉是收肌管下口上隐神经阻滞的定位标志;膝降动脉的隐支是收肌管下口下隐神经阻滞的识别标志。     

面神经下颌缘支的应用解剖

目的了解面神经下颌缘支的正常层次解剖位置,为涉及面侧区和颌下区的美容外科手术提供临床应用解剖学资料。方法解剖33具（共66例）成人尸体标本的头颈部标本,观察了面神经下颌缘支的分支类型、走行、与面动脉的位置关系以及穿出腮腺处和与面动脉的交叉处的体表位置。结果面神经下颌缘支为1-2支,以单干型居多,约占58%,大多行于下颌骨下缘上方约占44%,行于骨下缘下方者占5%。未发现面神经下颌缘支不与面动脉交叉,位置在均下颌角下缘上、下方约0.5-1 cm范围内。面神经下颌缘支经过面动脉的浅面和深面者分别占89%和6%;面神经下颌缘支穿出腮腺处的体表位置分别在下颌角上方和下颌支后缘前方1 cm交点附近,面神经下颌缘支与面动脉交处距下颌支后缘约4 cm,距下颌骨下缘约1 cm。结论面神经下颌缘支的毗邻和行程关系较为复杂,了解其与周围结构的重要位置关系,可以减少美容外科手术因神经损伤造成下唇及口角功能障碍的发生。     

骨盆后环骨折神经损伤的临床解剖学研究

目的：了解骨盆后环骨折易损神经的相对解剖位置及其与骨折的关系。方法：解剖20具骨盆标本，神经外膜下置管造影CT扫描5例，测量腰区各神经的走行特点、与骨盆壁和骶髂关节的距离。结果：腰4腰骶干支、腰5神经和腰骶干与骶骨翼的距离不超过1cm，距离骶髂关节不超过2．5cm。闭孔神经、股神经、股外侧皮神经与骨壁的距离依次渐远。CT测量结果和人工测量结果无显著性差异。结论：腰4腰骶干支、腰5神经和腰骶干是与骨盆壁和骶髂关节的关系最为紧密的神经，它们在骨盆后环骨折及其治疗时最易受损。     

Anatomic study of the superficial sural artery and its implication in the neurocutaneous vascularized sural nerve free flap

Combined extended nerve and soft tissue defects of the upper extremity require nerve reconstruction and adequate soft tissue coverage. This study focuses on the reliability of the free vascularized sural nerve graft combined with a fasciocutaneous posterior calf flap within this indication. An anatomical study was performed on 26 cadaveric lower extremities that had been Thiel fixated and color silicone injected. Dissection of the fasciocutaneous posterior calf flap involved the medial sural nerve and superficial sural artery (SSA) with its septocutaneous perforators, extended laterally to include the lateral cutaneous branch of the sural nerve and continued to the popliteal origin of the vascular pedicle and the nerves. The vessel and nerves diameter were measured with an eyepiece reticle at 4.5× magnification. Length and diameter of the nerves and vessels were carefully assessed and reported in the dissection book. A total of 26 flaps were dissected. The SSA originated from the medial sural artery (13 cases), the popliteal artery (12 cases), or the lateral sural artery (one case). The average size of the SSA was 1.4 ± 0.4 mm. The mean pedicle length before the artery joined the sural nerve was 4.5 ± 1.9 cm. A comitant vein was present in 21 cases with an average diameter of 2.0 ± 0.8 mm, in 5 cases a separate vein needed to be dissected with an average diameter of 3.5 ± 0.4 mm. The mean medial vascularized sural nerve length was 21.2 ± 8.9 cm. Because of inclusion of the vascularized part of the lateral branch of the sural nerve (mean length of 16.7 ± 4.8 cm), a total of 35.0 ± 9.6 cm mean length of vascularized nerve could be gained from each extremity. The free vascularized sural nerve graft combined with a fasciocutaneous posterior calf flap pedicled on the SSA offers a reliable solution for complex tissue and nerve defect. Clin. Anat. 26:903–910, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

臀下神经转位阴部神经的应用解剖

目的：为重建单纯脊髓圆锥或阴部神经损伤后的会阴部功能提供解剖学基础。方法：对成人尸体的臀下神经和阴部神经进行了观测。结果：臀下神经以1支(45．00％)或2支(46．67％)从盆腔穿出为多，其中85．00％穿梨状肌下孔；其穿出点的位置主要在髂后上棘与坐骨结节连线的中1／3(50．00％)或上、中1／3交界处(48．33％)。神经干的长大于3cm，与阴部神经穿出处相距仅约2cm。阴部神经出盆处主要在髂后上棘与坐骨结节连线中1／3(46．67％)或中、下1／3交界(50．00％)。结论：两神经出盆处位置接近，臀下神经的长度足以直接与阴部神经缝接，用脊髓起源节段高的臀下神经转位脊髓起源节段低的阴部神经，切实易行。