超极化激活环核苷酸门控阳离子通道4、连接蛋白43和平足蛋白在小鼠胚胎心的表达与心传导系的发生

目的 探讨小鼠胚胎心传导系的发生机制。方法 用抗心肌肌球蛋白重链（MHC）、抗超极化激活环核苷酸门控阳离子通道4（HCN4）、抗缝隙连接蛋白43（CX43）和抗平足蛋白（podoplanin）抗体,对40只胚龄9~16d小鼠胚胎心进行连续石蜡切片并免疫组织化学或免疫荧光染色。结果 胚龄9d,较强的HCN4阳性表达集中在MHC阴性的静脉窦壁,随心脏发育,HCN4较强阳性表达逐渐向窦房结转移。胚龄11d开始,CX43阴性表达显示部位特异性。CX43阴性染色经窦房结沿右心房背侧壁和左、右静脉瓣向房室管背侧壁延伸。胚龄13d,左、右静脉瓣与房间隔底部融合后,进一步延续为房室管背侧壁发育中的CX43阴性染色的房室结,继而与室间隔顶部CX43阴性的房室束相连。胚龄9~10d,在MHC阳性心肌、心包腔背侧壁脏壁中胚层心肌前体细胞及静脉窦周间充质均显示podoplanin阳性表达。胚龄11~13d,podoplanin阳性间充质细胞沿心脏外表面扩展形成podoplanin阳性间皮样心外膜。结论 心脏发育早期,主起搏点位于静脉窦壁,起搏电位的产生早于收缩功能的发生。CX43阴性心肌是发育中的心传导系心肌,在胚龄11d即可观察到心传导系早期雏形。podoplanin参与促进心肌前体细胞向心肌细胞的分化。     

连接蛋白43在小鼠胚胎心的时空表达规律

目的:探讨连接蛋白43 (Cx43)在小鼠胚胎心的时空表达规律及意义.方法:用抗Cx43、抗心肌肌球蛋白重链(MHC)和抗横纹肌肌节肌动蛋白(α-SCA)对胚龄9～17 d小鼠胚胎心连续切片进行免疫组织化学或免疫荧光显色;免疫印迹检测胚龄11、13、15、16d和17d小鼠胚胎心组织中Cx43的含量变化.结果:胚龄9～10 d,仅在左心室腹侧壁及原始小梁最先检测到Cx43弱阳性表达.随着发育,Cx43在心房心室阳性范围逐渐扩展,阳性表达逐渐增强.而在某些特定部位,如窦房结、房室管、房室结和房室束等始终未见Cx43阳性染色.结论:Cx43在胚胎心的时空表达模式与心工作心肌和传导系心肌的发育及兴奋传导功能相适应.     

Expression patterns of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation 4, connexin 43 and podoplanin in the embryonic mouse heart and development of cardiac conduction system

目的 探讨小鼠胚胎心传导系的发生机制. 方法 用抗心肌肌球蛋白重链(MHC)、抗超级化激活环核苷酸门控阳离子通道4(HCN4)、抗缝隙连接蛋白43( CX43)和抗平足蛋白(podoplanin)抗体,对40只胚龄9～16d小鼠胚胎心进行连续石蜡切片并免疫组织化学或免疫荧光染色. 结果 胚龄9d,较强的HCN4阳性表达集中在MHC阴性的静脉窦壁,随心脏发育,HCN4较强阳性表达逐渐向窦房结转移.胚龄11d开始,CX43阴性表达显示部位特异性.CX43阴性染色经窭房结沿右心房背侧壁和左、右静脉瓣向房室管背侧壁延伸.胚龄13d,左、右静脉瓣与房间隔底部融合后,进一步延续为房室管背侧壁发育中的CX43阴性染色的房室结,继而与室间隔顶部CX43阴性的房室束相连.胚龄9～ 10d,在MHC阳性心肌、心包腔背侧壁脏壁中胚层心肌前体细胞及静脉窦周间充质均显示podoplanin阳性表达.胚龄11 ～13d,podoplanin阳性间充质细胞沿心脏外表面扩展形成podoplanin阳性间皮样心外膜. 结论 心脏发育早期,主起搏点位于静脉窦壁,起搏电位的产生早于收缩功能的发生.CX43阴性心肌是发育中的心传导系心肌,在胚龄11d即可观察到心传导系早期雏形.podoplanin参与促进心肌前体细胞向心肌细胞的分化.     

小鼠胚胎心脏房室管心肌与心外膜的形态学变化

目的探讨小鼠胚胎心脏房室管分隔、重塑过程中房室管心肌与心外膜的变化规律。方法选用抗心肌肌球蛋白轻链Ⅱa(MLC2a)抗体、抗心肌肌球蛋白轻链Ⅱ(MLC-2)抗体、抗转录因子Tbx3(Tbx3)抗体、抗淋巴增强因子1(Lef1)抗体,对25只胚龄10~15 d小鼠胚胎切片进行免疫组织化学和免疫荧光染色。结果胚龄10~15 d,房室管心肌呈MLC2a阳性、MLC-2阴性,同时表达Tbx3。胚龄11~12 d,心外膜形成。胚龄12~13 d,两侧房室管心内膜垫彼此接近并融合形成房室瓣,心外膜来源间充质细胞数量增加,部分表达Lef1。胚龄13 d开始,部分心外膜来源间充质细胞穿过心肌延伸入壁侧房室瓣。胚龄15 d,房室瓣膜基部直接与MLC2a阳性的房室管心肌相连。结论小鼠胚胎房室管心肌发育为成体心脏房室环瓣膜基部的心肌;心外膜通过产生间充质细胞参与房室瓣的形成。     

胰岛素增强子结合蛋白1在小鼠胚胎心的时空分布

目的 观察转录因子胰岛素增强子结合蛋白1（ISL1）在小鼠胚胎心的表达与心、第二生心区及前肠内胚层的发育。 方法 胚龄8～13d小鼠胚胎心共18个,连续石蜡切片,用抗心肌肌球蛋白重链（MHC）、抗ISL1、抗增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）和抗α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)抗体进行免疫组织化学染色、免疫荧光染色和Western blotting检测。 结果 胚龄9d,ISL1阳性心前体细胞进入流出道远端。胚龄10d,ISL1阳性细胞延伸入流出道近端及静脉窦心肌。胚龄11～12d,心内ISL1表达量逐渐增多并达高峰,动脉端ISL1阳性细胞分布于流出道远端壁、心包内主肺动脉壁及主肺动脉隔,静脉端ISL1阳性细胞主要限于窦房结和静脉瓣。动脉端前肠内胚层细胞索增至最长,周围前生心区ISL1阳性细胞密度也达高峰,并且明显多于后生心区。胚龄13d,心内及第二生心区ISL1阳性细胞显著减少,内胚层细胞索趋于消失。 结论 ISL1阳性细胞在小鼠胚胎心的表达主要集中在胚龄9～13d,其表达模式与第二生心区及前肠内胚层的发育密切相关。     

小鼠胚胎心脏房室管心内膜垫发育的形态学特征

目的 探讨小鼠胚胎心脏房室管心内膜垫的形成与融合过程中的形态学特征。方法 选用抗α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、抗心肌肌球蛋白重链（MHC）、抗磷酸化组蛋白H3（PHH3）抗体,对30只胚龄9～13d小鼠胚胎连续切片进行HE和免疫组织化学染色。另选15只胚龄12d、12.5d、13d小鼠胚胎心脏制作半薄切片和超薄切片进行观察。 结果 胚龄9d,心房与心室之间可见缩窄的房室管,房室管的心胶质较厚,但未见间充质细胞出现。胚龄10d,房室管心内膜垫开始形成,但连续切片观察显示背侧心内膜垫体积大于腹侧心内膜垫,且背侧心内膜垫对应的α-SMA、MHC阳性房室管心肌向心内膜垫内有明显延伸。心内膜垫内间充质细胞不表达α-SMA或PHH3。胚龄11～12d,背、腹侧心内膜垫变得对称,垫内间充质细胞增多,偶见α-SMA或PHH3阳性细胞。胚龄12～13d,两侧房室管心内膜垫彼此接近开始融合。透射电子显微镜下观察仅部分间充质细胞相邻细胞膜彼此相贴,局部形成细胞连接。胞质内可见粗面内质网、线粒体等细胞器,微丝较少。 结论 小鼠胚胎心脏房室管心内膜垫形成时首先表现为内皮细胞由扁平变为立方形;两侧房室管心内膜垫形成不同步;房室管心内膜垫融合时间充质细胞局部形成细胞连接,胞质内微丝少,与流出道嵴融合时的超微结构特点不同。     

人胚心静脉窦和传导系统的早期发育

目的 探讨早期人胚心静脉窦及传导系的发生发育机制. 方法 用抗α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、抗α-横纹肌肌动蛋白(α-SCA)和抗结蛋白(DES)抗体对29例C10～C16期人胚心连续切片行免疫组织化学染色. 结果 人胚发育C12～C13期,系统静脉汇集形成的静脉窦出现于心包腔尾端原始横膈间充质中,静脉窦壁间充质细胞逐渐分化为α-SCA阳性的静脉窦心肌细胞.C14期,心包腔的扩张使静脉窦进入心包腔内,参与了右心房的形成.DES阳性传导系心肌的分化始于C10期心房室管右侧壁,随发育逐渐向室间沟心肌扩展,发育为房室传导系的希氏束、左右束支及心室腔面的小梁心肌.在心房,DES表达首先出现于C11期心房背侧壁,在C13期,可见静脉窦左背侧壁α-SCA、α-SMA、DES阳性心肌带与左心房底部、房室管背侧壁相延续,这条心肌带可能参与了人胚心静脉窦至房室管传导系的发育.C14～C16期,DES强阳性染色从窦房结经左、右静脉瓣及心房的背、腹侧壁延伸至房室管右侧壁,可能是原始的心房传导通路. 结论 心包腔尾端原始横膈间充质是人胚静脉窦心肌发生区,原始横膈间充质细胞逐渐分化为心肌细胞,添加到人胚心管静脉端,形成心静脉窦心肌.人胚心传导系心肌的分化始于房室管,随心管发育逐渐向动、静脉端扩展,在C16期,已分化为形态清晰可辨的DES阳性胚胎心传导系.     

小鼠胚胎细胞视黄酸结合蛋白1阳性神经嵴细胞的时空分布与功能

目的 探讨小鼠胚胎心神经嵴细胞的形成、分布模式及其在心血管系统发育过程中的作用。方法 选用抗细胞视黄酸结合蛋白1（CRABP1）、抗α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、抗心肌肌球蛋白重链（MHC）、抗胰岛因子1（Isl-1）抗体,对45只胚龄8～12d小鼠胚胎连续切片进行免疫
组织化学染色。结果 胚龄8d,CRABP1在神经褶的外胚层未见阳性表达。胚龄8.5～9d,在心管与鳃弓水平,神经褶开始出现CRABP1阳性细胞,且有部分细胞从神经褶背侧分离进入邻近间充质。胚龄10d,神经管两侧间充质内的CRABP1阳性细胞迁移至鳃弓、弓动脉壁内皮周围以及流出道
心胶质内。胚龄11～12d,弓动脉内皮周围、流出道心内膜垫内CRABP1表达明显下降,但弓动脉管壁α-SMA阳性平滑肌细胞数量增加。主肺动脉隔及其分隔形成的升主动脉和肺动脉干管壁内均可见Isl-1阳性细胞,但未见CRABP1表达。结论 小鼠胚胎CRABP1阳性神经嵴细胞形成的时间窗
限定在胚龄8.5～9d。胚龄10d后,CRABP1阳性神经嵴细胞经过迁移,参与弓动脉中膜平滑肌和流出道心内膜垫的形成。CRABP1不能用于标记迁移后的神经嵴细胞。     

转化生长因子β2在小鼠心脏近端流出道隔心肌化过程中的作用

目的利用Cx43基因剔除（KO）小鼠模型,观察TGFβ2在心脏流出道隔的表达,探讨Cx43基因剔除小鼠心脏流出道隔心肌化异常与TGFβ2的关系;采用胚心脏体外培养技术,研究外源性TGFβ2是否促进流出道隔心肌化过程.方法选用胚E12.5～E15.5 d的Cx43基因剔除纯合型（Cx43-/-）、杂合型（Cx43＋/-）及野生型（Cx43＋/＋）C57/BL6小鼠作为研究对象,采用PCR方法鉴定基因型,免疫组织化学法测定TGFβ2;选用野生型E12.5进行胚心脏体外培养至E15.5,同时加用TGβ2不同剂量干预处理,免疫组织化学法测定肌节肌动蛋白α-SCA的表达.结果 Cx43 KO小鼠胚期心脏近端流出道隔心肌细胞明显减少,尤其以E13.5和E14.5的Cx43-/-小鼠为著.与Cx43＋/＋小鼠对照,Cx43-/-小鼠心脏近端流出道隔TGFβ2的表达明显降低,以E14.5较为显著;E14.5的Cx43＋/-小鼠表达也有降低.然而TGFβ2不同剂量干预组均没有见到明显的促进离体心脏心肌化的作用.结论 Cx43 KO小鼠心脏近端流出道隔存在明显的心肌化延迟.TGFβ2表达减少可能参与了Cx43-/-小鼠心肌化异常的发病机制.体外应用TGFβ2可能难以模拟在体的时空表达模式,或者心肌化的进行需要精确的TGFβ2的剂量和严格的培养条件.     

音猬因子与胰岛素增强子结合蛋白在小鼠胚胎呼吸系统的早期表达

目的 探讨音猬因子信号通路成员与胰岛素增强子结合蛋白在呼吸系统的早期表达与其发育的联系。方法 胚龄9.0～13d小鼠胚胎呼吸系统各年龄段不小于3个,连续石蜡切片,用抗音猬因子(Shh)、抗patched1(Ptcl)、抗smoothened(Smo)、抗胰岛素增强子结合蛋白(ISL1)和抗α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)抗体进行免疫组织化学染色。结果 胚龄10d,Shh表达在前肠内胚层腹侧壁。胚龄11～12d,Ptc1表达在气管、支气管和肺内分支上皮。胚龄13d,Ptc1只表达在肺内分支上皮。胚龄9d,ISL1表达在前肠内胚层腹侧壁。胚龄10～12d,ISL1表达在前肠（气管）腹侧壁和支气管侧壁上皮及邻近的间充质内。胚龄13d,ISL1表达减弱,始终未见在肺内有阳性表达。胎龄12～13d,与气管后壁、支气管内侧壁上皮Ptc1表达减弱处相邻的间充质出现α-SMA阳性平滑肌细胞,其与对侧间充质ISL1阳性细胞的分布呈背-腹侧或内-外侧模式。气管腹侧及肺芽外侧间充质中可见ISL1与Smo共表达细胞。 结论 ISL1在气管及肺芽的发育中可能与Shh信号系统协同发挥作用。     

Connexins and junctional channels. Roles in the spreading of cardiac electrical excitation and heart development

The electrical activity in heart is generated in the sinoatrial node and then propagates to the atrial and ventricular tissues. The junctional channels that couple the cardiomyocytes are responsible for this propagation process. These channels are dodecamers of transmembrane proteins of the connexin (Cx) family. Four Cxs - Cx30.2, -40, -43 and -45--have been demonstrated to be synthesized in the cardiomyocytes. In addition, each of these Cxs has a unique expression pattern in the myocardium. A fruitful approach of the role of these Cxs in the cardiac functions came with the development of transgenic mouse models. It has been shown that Cx43 was mainly involved in influx propagation in the ventricles and that inactivation in the cardiomyocytes of the gene of this Cx predisposed to development of cardiac abnormalities. Cx40 very significantly contributes to the propagation of electrical activity in the atria and the conduction system. Cx45 is essential to coordinate the synchronization of contractile activities of embryonic cardiomyocytes and for the normal progress of cardiogenesis. Finally, Cx30.2 contributes to the slowing of propagation of excitation in the atrioventricular node. These observations enable to better understand the relationships between alteration in Cx expression or gap junction remodelling and arrhythmias in the human heart.     

Apoptosis and epicardial contributions act as complementary factors in remodeling of the atrioventricular canal myocardium and atrioventricular conduction patterns in the embryonic chick heart

Background : During heart development, it has been hypothesized that apoptosis of atrioventricular canal myocardium and replacement by fibrous tissue derived from the epicardium are imperative to develop a mature atrioventricular conduction. To test this, apoptosis was blocked using an established caspase inhibitor and epicardial growth was delayed using the experimental epicardial inhibition model, both in chick embryonic hearts. Results : Chicken embryonic hearts were either treated with the peptide caspase inhibitor zVAD‐fmk by intrapericardial injection in ovo (ED4) or underwent epicardial inhibition (ED2.5). Spontaneously beating embryonic hearts isolated (ED7–ED8) were then stained with voltage‐sensitive dye Di‐4‐ANEPPS and imaged at 0.5–1 kHz. Apoptotic cells were quantified (ED5–ED7) by whole‐mount LysoTracker Red and anti‐active caspase 3 staining. zVAD‐treated hearts showed a significantly increased proportion of immature (base to apex) activation patterns at ED8, including ventricular activation originating from the right atrioventricular junction, a pattern never observed in control hearts. zVAD‐treated hearts showed decreased numbers of apoptotic cells in the atrioventricular canal myocardium at ED7. Hearts with delayed epicardial outgrowth showed also increased immature activation patterns at ED7.5 and ED8.5. However, the ventricular activation always originated from the left atrioventricular junction. Histological examination showed no changes in apoptosis rates, but a diminished presence of atrioventricular sulcus tissue compared with controls. Conclusions : Apoptosis in the atrioventricular canal myocardium and controlled replacement of this myocardium by epicardially derived HCN4‐/Trop1‐ sulcus tissue are essential determinants of mature ventricular activation pattern. Disruption can lead to persistence of accessory atrioventricular connections, forming a morphological substrate for ventricular pre‐excitation. Developmental Dynamics 247:1033‐1042, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Nkx2.5‐negative myocardium of the posterior heart field and its correlation with podoplanin expression in cells from the developing cardiac pacemaking and conduction system

Recent advances in the study of cardiac development have shown the relevance of addition of myocardium to the primary myocardial heart tube. In wild‐type mouse embryos (E9.5–15.5), we have studied the myocardium at the venous pole of the heart using immunohistochemistry and 3D reconstructions of expression patterns of MLC‐2a, Nkx2.5, and podoplanin, a novel coelomic and myocardial marker. Podoplanin‐positive coelomic epithelium was continuous with adjacent podoplanin‐ and MLC‐2a‐positive myocardium that formed a conspicuous band along the left cardinal vein extending through the base of the atrial septum to the posterior myocardium of the atrioventricular canal, the atrioventricular nodal region, and the His‐Purkinje system. Later on, podoplanin expression was also found in the myocardium surrounding the pulmonary vein. On the right side, podoplanin‐positive cells were seen along the right cardinal vein, which during development persisted in the sinoatrial node and part of the venous valves. In the MLC‐2a‐ and podoplanin‐positive myocardium, Nkx2.5 expression was absent in the sinoatrial node and the wall of the cardinal veins. There was a mosaic positivity in the wall of the common pulmonary vein and the atrioventricular conduction system as opposed to the overall Nkx2.5 expression seen in the chamber myocardium. We conclude that we have found podoplanin as a marker that links a novel Nkx2.5‐negative sinus venosus myocardial area, which we refer to as the posterior heart field, with the cardiac conduction system. Anat Rec, 290:115–122, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

成人心脏传导系统中连接蛋白43的表达

目的 探讨成人心脏及传导系统窦房结，房室结，浦肯野纤维中连接蛋白43(CX43)的表达情况。方法 免疫组织化学SABC法。结果 CX43在窦房结及房室结周围细胞膜呈散在、少量表达，在浦肯野细胞膜可见线性、细长阳性颗粒，在心房及心室肌阳性颗粒主要位于端端相连部位的闰盘处。结论 CX43在传导系统的表达与心脏传导系统的电生理传导特性相符。     

Immunolabelling patterns of gap junction connexins in the developing and mature rat heart

Summary The distribution of gap junctions in prenatal, postnatal, and adult rat hearts was studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy, using antiserum raised to a peptide (HJ) matching part of the sequence of connexin43 (a cardiac gap junction protein). Using digital reconstruction of optically-sectioned tissue volumes, a highly sensitive detection of immunolabelled gap junctions was achieved. The distribution of positive anti-HJ immunolabelling was regionalised in the prenatal heart from its first detection at 10 days post-coitus. High levels of immunopositive staining occurred in the trabeculae of the embryonic ventricles. Other zones of the early myocardium including early central conduction tissues had no detectable signal. The prenatal outflow tract, interventricular septum and a narrow zone of myocardium subjacent to the epicardial free wall also had low levels of immunopositive signal. During postnatal growth and in the adult rat heart, a marked distinction emerged between the central conducting tissues of the atria and ventricles. Whilst small immunostained gap junctions became detectable within the atrioventricular node on the atrial side of the junction, between the interatrial and interventricular septa, no immunolabelling was found within the ventricular branching bundle. This difference between the atrioventricular node and branching bundle is consistent with potential functional distinctions between these two structures, and is not consistent with the recent proposal that the His bundle and its branches act as an extended atrioventricular node in smaller mammals such as the rat. Ventricular Purkinje fibres, distal to the branching bundle, showed high levels of anti-HJ immunostaining. Organisation of gap junctions into intercalated disks within the ventricle proceeded late into the adolescent stages of heart growth. The distribution of a second connexin protein, MP70, not previously characterised in the heart, was studied using monoclonal antibodies. MP70 was transiently immunolabelled in the heart during the postnatal period, but only within valves. Previously, this protein has been reported only in the eye lens. MP70-containing gap junctions may represent a specialisation in avascular tissues, since blood vessels are not present in either the eye lens or the cusps of heart valves.