Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture treated surgically with limited posterior incision

The incidence of calcaneal fracture has been slowly increasing; however, the ideal treatment for displaced intra-articular fracture is not available yet, even though the fracture brings frequent complication and disability. Between April 1991 and March 1998, we treated 103 displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures of 92 patients surgically with limited posterior incision, modified Gallie approach. There were thirty-seven tongue-type fractures, fifteen tongue-type fractures with moderate comminution, nineteen joint-depression fractures, twenty-nine joint-depression fractures with moderate comminution, and three extensively comminuted fractures. The fracture fragments were fixed mainly with partly threaded small cancellous screws or Steinmann pins without any bone graft. Ankle and subtalar motion was permitted immediately if fixation were stable enough. Otherwise, a short period of cast immobilization was utilized. With a mean follow-up of 28 months (range, 12 to 66 months), eighty six percent of feet had no pain or only occasional pain not requiring medication. Using American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot score system for assessment, ninety percent of feet rated as good to excellent. We used "Circle draw test" for evaluation of subtalar motion during follow-up visitation and found eight-seven percent of feet showed good to excellent correlation with the functional recovery. We recommend a limited posterior incision for reduction and internal fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. For displaced intra-articular fractures with three or four large fragments without further comminution and without a displaced fracture of the calcaneal cuboid joint, this method is particularly useful. We also recommend a Circle draw test for evaluation of subtalar joint motion as well as an indicator of functional recovery after displaced calcaneal fractures.     

Results of surgically treated talar fractures

Objective：Talar fractures present a great challenge to surgeons due to poor treatment outcome and high incidence of sequelae.The purpose of this study was to report the surgical treatment outcome of displaced talar fractures treated by internal fixation.Methods：Atotal of 30 patients with a mean age of 38 years presenting with talar body or neck fractures were studied retrospectively to assess postoperative outcome based on American Orthopaedic Foot ＆ Ankle Society AnkleHindfoot scale.Results：Postoperatively,malunion was found in 18 cases,infection in 5 cases and avascular necrosis in 12 cases.There were 12 cases with subtalar arthritis and 18 cases with both subtalar and malleolar arthritis.The average score of questionnaire was 64± 12.Functional score was 53± 15 and pain score was 65±13.Range of motion failure was detected as 15±4.Conclusion：Talar injuries can compromise motion of the foot and ankle and result in poor prognosis on longterm evaluation.Late complications subsequent to surgically treated talar body fractures are inevitable,and patients are supposed to be counseled about the adverse outcome.     

Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures

Deciding how to manage displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures is challenging. Preoperative assessment of the fracture, patient status, and the patient's functional needs are important in determining treatment approach. In general, older, sedentary patients and those with no or with minimally displaced fractures may be treated successfully with nonsurgical management. Traits strongly predictive of satisfaction with surgery include age younger than 40 years, simple fracture pattern, and accurate reduction. Smoking, diabetes, and peripheral vascular disease markedly increase the risk of surgical complications. In addition, the quality of surgical reduction affects outcome.     

Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures

BACKGROUND: Calcaneal fractures comprise 1 to 2 percent of all fractures. Approximately 75% of calcaneal fractures are intra-articular. The management of intra-articular calcaneal fractures remains controversial. Nonoperative treatment options include elevation, ice, early mobilization, and cyclic compression of the plantar arch. Operative treatment options include closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation, open reduction and internal fixation, and arthrodesis. The effect of operative versus nonoperative treatment has been the focus of several comparative studies. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the effect of operative treatment compared with nonoperative treatment on the rate of union, complications, and functional outcome after intra-articular calcaneal fracture in adults.     

Osteosynthesis for intra-articular calcaneal fractures

PURPOSE: To correlate treatment results of intra-articular calcaneal fractures with their computed tomographic (CT) classification. METHODS: 36 men and 4 women with 48 intra-articular calcaneal fractures (8 bilateral) underwent open reduction and internal fixation with bone grafting via an extensile lateral approach. Based on 2-dimensional CT scans, the fractures were categorised using the Sanders classification. There were 16 type-II, 20 type-III, and 12 type-IV fractures. Radiographs and Maryland foot scores were used for evaluation of the results at a mean of 38 (range, 26-66) months. RESULTS: Anatomic reduction of the posterior calcaneal facet was achieved in 38 of 48 fractures. The Bohler and Gissane angles were restored to between 92 and 99% of normal, respectively. Despite this, the mean functional scores were 84 in type-II, 83 in type-III and 67 in type-IV fractures. CONCLUSION: Surgical results were superior in type-II and -III fractures. Type-IV fractures fared poorly, despite excellent restoration of calcaneal anatomy; subtalar arthrodesis should have been considered.     

手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折疗效及早期并发症防治方法。方法对60例72足采用切开复位、异形钢板内固定,自体髂骨植骨14足,同种异体骨植骨7足,人工骨植骨8足。结果随访8~34个月,平均16个月。按Maryland足部评分标准,优38足,良24足,可7足,差3足,优良率为86·1%。出现早期并发症8足,其中切口边缘坏死3足,感染1足,腓肠神经损伤1足,异体骨植骨切口渗液3足,发生率11·1%。结论跟骨关节内骨折切开复位、异形钢板内固定能得到较好的疗效,选择适当的手术时机,注意手术操作,使用自体骨、人工骨植骨,可减少早期并发症的发生。     

Surgical treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The calcaneus is one of the most complex bones in the human body. If fractured, restoration of its anatomy is demanding and displaced fractures may have permanent consequences affecting both daily living and work activities of the patient. In this prospective study, the authors present the results of surgical treatment of 48 dislocated intra-articular fractures of the heel bone. MATERIAL In the period from September 2006 to September 2009, 48 dislocated intra-articular fractures in 41 patients were surgically treated at the Department of Trauma Surgery in Bratislava-Kramare. Seven (17 %) patients, six men and one woman, had bilateral calcaneal fractures. In the group of 41 patients, 32 (78 %) were men and nine (22 %) were women. The average age of the group was 41 years (range, 16 - 64 years). METHODS Based on computed tomography scans, the fractures (n=48) were classified according to the Sanders system into Sanders II to IV subgroups. This included 26 Sanders II fractures (54 %), 15 Sanders III fractures (31 %) and seven Sanders IV fractures (15 %). Minimally invasive reduction and osteosynthesis (MIOS) was used to treat 16 Sanders II fractures (33.33 %) and two Sanders IV fractures (4.16 %). Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was employed in 10 Sanders II fractures (20.83 %), all 15 Sanders III fractures (31 %) and one Sanders IV fracture (2.08 %). Four comminuted fractures (8.33 %) classified as Sanders IV fractures were stabilised with an external fixator. The surgical technique was selected in accordance with the bone morphology, soft tissue condition and patient's overall state. RESULTS The patients were followed up for 6 to 36 months and clinical assessment was based on the Creighton Nebraska Health Foundation scoring system (C-N score) and the AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale (A-H score). The functional outcomes were excellent in 25 fractures (52 %), good in nine (18.75 %), less satisfactory in eight (16.6 %) and poor in six fractures (12.5 %). Complications of wound healing were recorded in three fractures (6.25 %) treated by ORIF, and only involved superficial marginal wound necrosis. There was no deep wound infection. Algodystrophic syndrome developed in two cases (4.16 %). X-ray measurements were used to assess the final B?hler's angle, whose value after treatment ranged from 8° to 38°, with an average of 27°. DISCUSSION At present the selection of an operative technique is being discussed. The advocates of MIOS emphasise a lower com- plication rate associated with wound healing and the possibility of using this technique when the treated tissues are in a critical condition. The advantage of ORIF lies in exact open reduction and stable osteosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS The method of percutaneous reduction and osteosynthesis is the optimal treatment for Sanders II dislocated fractures. Severely dislocated fractures (Sanders II and III) require open reduction and plate osteosynthesis. Comminuted fractures should be treated first by external fixation and by arthrodesis at the second stage if problems arise.     

应用跟骨钢板手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的：探讨跟骨钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床应用效果。方法：采用钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折13例，男10例，女3例；年龄26～50岁，平均38岁。按Sanders分型：Ⅱ型3例，Ⅲ型9例，Ⅳ型1例。对临床结果进行分析、总结。结果：术后随访时间4-22个月，平均16个月。术中无重要神经、肌腱损伤，术后无切口感染和深部感染，1例于骨折愈合后取内固定时发生切口小范围坏死；无骨不愈合和内固定松动及再骨折发生；1例于久走后出现距下关节痛，尚能忍受。按张铁良百分评分法进行评定：优6例，良6例，可1例，总优良率为92％。结论：跟骨钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折具有操作简单、有效恢复B6hler角和Gissane角、固定坚强、利于早期踝关节功能锻炼的优点，是目前治疗跟骨关节内骨折较为理想的方法之一。     

手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的:总结手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法:自2004年9月至2009年10月采用手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折72例,男61例,女11例;年龄19～54岁,平均39.7岁;病程1～17d,平均9.7d。术前术后行X线片和CT检查。根据Sanders分型:Ⅲ型40例,Ⅳ型32例,均采用外侧切口切开复位跟骨解剖型钢板内固定手术方法,取自体髂骨植骨填充骨缺损。根据美国足踝外科协会跟骨骨折的评分标准进行评价。结果:72例均获随访,时间10～48个月,平均38个月。按美国足踝外科协会跟骨骨折的评分标准:优14例,良38例,中9例,差11例。切口不愈合5例,距下关节炎3例。结论:切开复位钢板内固定可以使距下后关节面得到良好复位,是治疗复杂跟骨关节内骨折的有效手段。     

跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术并发症分析

目的探讨跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术并发症的发生原因、预防和对策。方法随访1997年1月至2002年7月,采用切开复位 “Y”形钢板内固定伴必要时自体植骨治疗的Ⅱ～Ⅳ型跟骨骨折54例共59足。根据Sanders分型:Ⅱ型20足,Ⅲ型24足,Ⅳ型15足。术中侧位X线透视观察Bhler角和Gissane角,Broden位透视观察后关节面的恢复情况。皮瓣下放置引流以防止术后血肿形成。围手术期常规应用抗生素防止感染。所有病例随访时间9～48个月,平均17个月。结果采用Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果:优30足,良21足,可6足,差2足,优良率为86.4%。发生明确的早期并发症4足,发生率6.8%,其中皮肤边缘坏死2足,感染1足,腓肠神经损伤1足。远期发生明显慢性疼痛2足(3.4%)。结论跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术并发症与跟骨解剖特点和跟骨骨折机制有关。以下措施可有效减少并发症的发生:选择适当的手术时机,术前作周密计划和准备,术中采用全厚皮瓣并避免过分牵拉和反折,复位后通过植骨来支撑关节面骨折块及提高内固定的牢固程度,术后石膏固定并抬高患肢,围手术期应用抗生素。出现并发症后,可根据情况作相应处理。     

跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法采用切开复位钢板内固定治疗SandersⅡ～Ⅳ型跟骨关节内骨折29例（32足）。术后3 d即行不负重功能锻炼,6～8周后逐渐负重锻炼。结果 29例均获得随访,时间10～32个月。根据M aryland足部评分系统评价：优20足,良8足,差4足。并发症：跟部增宽1例,距下关节炎2例（1例行关节融合）,手术切口皮缘坏死愈合不良2例,螺钉后退刺激皮肤不适1例。结论跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折是一种有效的方法。严格掌握手术指征和合理的术后处理,可降低并发症的发生。     

Balloon reduction and cement fixation in intra-articular calcaneal fractures: a percutaneous approach to intra-articular calcaneal fractures

Purpose  

The management of calcaneal fractures remains challenging and often controversial. Open reduction and internal fixation with a lateral plate has been established as a standard therapy for displaced articular fractures. However, accurate subtalar joint reduction, while mandatory, is difficult to achieve, requires an extensive lateral approach, and clinical results may not be up to the difficulty of the task.     

后关节面移位的跟骨骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨后关节面移位的跟骨骨折手术治疗的相关问题。方法2003年1月～2006年1月，26例33足后关节面移位的跟骨骨折，经可延长的外侧“L”形入路行切开复位异形钢板内固定治疗。Essex—Lopresti分类：舌形骨折18足，关节压缩骨折15足；Sanders分类：Ⅱ型骨折21足，Ⅲ型骨折12足。13例合并身体其他部位骨折。骨折后平均8．3d（4～15d）接受手术。结果所有患者获得8～44个月（平均24．3个月）随访，切口均愈合良好，无皮瓣坏死及局部感染，骨折复位满意。按Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果：优18足，良10足，中4足，差1足，优良率84．8％。结论经跟骨外侧“L”形入路的切开复位内固定技术是一种值得信赖的治疗移位跟骨骨折的方法。     

Percutaneous treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures

Background The outcome after displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures is influenced by the condition of the surrounding soft tissues. To avoid secondary soft tissue complications after surgical treatment, several less-invasive procedures for reduction and fixation have been introduced. The percutaneous technique according to Forgon and Zadravecz is suitable for all types of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures and was therefore introduced in our clinic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of percutaneous treatment according to Forgon and Zadravecz in patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Methods A cohort of patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures treated with percutaneous surgery was retrospectively defined. Clinical outcome was evaluated by standardized physical examination, radiographs, three published outcome scores, and a visual analogue scale of patient satisfaction. Results Fifty patients with 61 calcaneal fractures were included. After a mean follow-up period of 35 months, the mean values of the Maryland foot score, the Creighton-Nebraska score, and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score were 79, 76, and 83 points out of 100, respectively. The average visual analogue scale was 7.2 points out of 10. The average range of motion of the ankle joint was 90% of normal and subtalar joint movements were almost 70% compared with the healthy side or normal values. Superficial wound complications occurred in seven cases (11%) and deep infections in two (3%). A secondary arthrodesis of the subtalar joint was performed in five patients and was scheduled in four patients (15%). Conclusions Compared with the outcome of historic controls from randomized trials and meta-analyses, this study indicates favorable results for the percutaneous technique compared with the open technique. Despite similar rates of postoperative infection and secondary arthrodesis, the total outcome scores and preserved subtalar motion are overall good to excellent.     

Predicting loss of height in surgically treated displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus

Purpose

The goal of calcaneal fracture surgery is to restore its anatomy and good foot function. However, loss of height of the subtalar joint can occur post-operatively, as expressed by a decrease in Böhler’s angle (BA). The aim of this study was to identify potential factors associated with a post-operative decrease in BA.

Methods

All consecutive adult patients treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) by an extended lateral approach (ELA) between 2000 and 2013 were retrospectively included. Primary outcome was the occurrence of a calcaneal collapse, defined as a postoperative decrease of ≥10° in BA. The BA was measured pre-operatively, directly following surgery and at one year follow-up. Patient characteristics (body mass index, diabetes mellitus, smoking/alcohol/substance abuse, American Society of Anaesthesiologist classification), fracture classification and treatment characteristics: per-operative increase in BA and occurrence of post-operative wound infection (POWI) were collected.

Results

A total of 262 patients with 276 calcaneal fractures were included. A calcaneal collapse occurred in 46 cases (17 %). The median preoperative BA, per-operative increase in BA and post-operative decrease in BA were, respectively, 2°, 27° and 4°. A calcaneal collapse was seen more often following a per-operative increase of >25° in BA, but no significant association was found (p?=?0.056). Uni- and multivariate analysis showed that patients with substance abuse and those with POWI had significantly more calcaneal collapse (p?<?0.05). No association was found between substance abuse and the occurrence of POWI (p?=?0.293).

Conclusions

In nearly one in six patients with an intra-articular calcaneal fracture treated with ORIF by an ELA, a post-operative collapse of ≥10° was found during follow-up. Calcaneal collapse was correlated with the occurrence of a POWI and substance abuse.

     

关节内跟骨骨折内固定治疗与并发症

[目的]提高钢板内固定治疗关节内跟骨骨折的手术疗效、减少手术并发症。[方法]对跟骨骨折行切开复位钢板内固定治疗的51例患者进行随访，并对出现的并发症进行回顾性分析。[结果]51例56足中，47足骨折愈合优良，6足术后发生复位不佳、畸形愈合、切口延迟愈合、感染等并发症，发生率为11．7％。[结论]切开复位钢板内固定可作为治疗波及距下关节跟骨骨折的主要方法，术中注意操作细节、解剖复位可以减少并发症。