HIV,syphilis and heterosexual bridging among Peruvian men who have sex with men

OBJECTIVES: To determine prevalence of and risk factors associated with HIV and syphilis seropositivity and estimate incidence of HIV infection among Peruvian men who have sex with men (MSM) and characterize behaviors of men who report sex with both men and women ('bridgers'). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of MSM in Lima, Peru. METHODS: Four-hundred and fifty-one MSM (of whom 442 responded to the question regarding sexual orientation) recruited through street outreach. Each was interviewed and underwent serologic testing for syphilis and HIV, including the less sensitive enzyme immunoassay test to estimate HIV incidence. RESULTS: Overall, HIV and syphilis prevalence were 18.5% and 16.0%, respectively, with highest prevalence among cross-dressers (33.3% and 51.1%, respectively). The estimated overall HIV seroincidence was 11.2% per year (95% confidence interval, 4.8-23.6). Overall, 47.1% of men reported ever having sex with a woman: 78.6% of men self-identifying as heterosexuals, 85.1% of bisexuals, 35.5% of homosexuals, and 12.5% of cross-dressers. Of these, 26.5% were 'bridgers', of whom 55% reported two or more female partners during the last year. 'Bridgers' were less likely to have always used condoms during the past year for vaginal sex (17%) than for insertive anal sex with men (25.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Among MSM in Peru, HIV and syphilis prevalence and HIV incidence were high, especially among cross-dressers. The high prevalence of bisexuality and low rates of consistent condom use, especially with female sexual partners indicates potential HIV transmission into the heterosexual population.     

Bisexual behavior among Chinese young migrant men who have sex with men: implications for HIV prevention and intervention

Data from 307 young migrant men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing were analyzed to examine bisexual behavior and the associated sociodemographic and behavioral factors among Chinese young migrant MSM. More than one-fourth (27%) of the MSM were also concurrently engaged in sexual behavior with women (MSMW). Among MSMW, 8.4% were infected with HIV, and 10.8% with Syphilis, compared to 4.9% and 23.7%, respectively, among men who have sex with men only (MSM-only). Various HIV-related risk behaviors among MSMW were similar to those of MSM-only, such as unprotected anal sex, multiple sexual partners, involvement in commercial sex, and substance use. Compared with MSM-only, MSMW were less likely to have tested for HIV, to participate in HIV prevention activities, and were less knowledgeable about condom use and HIV/AIDS. MSMW also had a higher rate of unprotected sex with female stable sexual partners than with male stable sexual partners (79.5% vs. 59.5%). Results indicated that MSMW were at a very high risk for both HIV infection and transmission. Intervention efforts are needed to target this subgroup of MSM and promote AIDS knowledge and HIV/STD testing among MSMW, and to reduce HIV transmission through MSM's bisexual behavior.     

Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men

OBJECTIVES: Risk factors for HIV acquisition were examined in a recent cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM). DESIGN: A longitudinal analysis of 4295 HIV-negative MSM enrolled in a randomized behavioral intervention trial conducted in six US cities. METHODS: MSM were enrolled and assessed for HIV infection and risk behaviors semi-annually, up to 48 months. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, men reporting four or more male sex partners, unprotected receptive anal intercourse with any HIV serostatus partners and unprotected insertive anal intercourse with HIV-positive partners were at increased risk of HIV infection, as were those reporting amphetamine or heavy alcohol use and alcohol or drug use before sex. Some depression symptoms and occurrence of gonorrhea also were independently associated with HIV infection. The attributable fractions of high number of male partners, use of alcohol or drugs before sex, and unprotected receptive anal intercourse with unknown status partners and the same with presumed negative partners accounted for 32.3, 29.0, 28.4 and 21.6% of infections, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The challenge is to develop strategies to identify men in need. Interventions are needed to help men reduce their number of sexual partners, occurrences of unprotected anal intercourse, alcohol or drug use before sex and address other mental health issues.     

深圳市MSM异性性行为及其对HIV/梅毒感染的影响

目的了解深圳市男男性行为人群（MSM）的异性性行为特征,分析其对该人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）/梅毒感染的影响。方法在知情同意原则下,收集2009-2012年深圳市MSM的社会人口学、高危行为等信息,并采集血液进行HIV/梅毒检测。结果共3445名MSM接受自愿咨询检测,969人（28.13%）最近半年内发生过异性性行为,其中28.07%的人（272/969）女性性伴数≥2个,32.71%的人（317/969）与女性性伴性交时每次使用安全套。梅毒感染率为17.54%（170/969）,HIV感染率为7.53%（73/969）,HIV合并梅毒感染率为4.13%（40/969）。与近半年无异性性行为的MSM相比,发生异性性行为的MSM半年内肛交性伴数和口交性伴数较少,肛交时每次使用安全套的比例较高,梅毒感染率相对较低。结论相当比例的MSM最近半年内有异性性行为,应有针对性地采取干预措施,阻断HIV经异性性传播。     

Risk of HIV infection attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men and in the population of men who have sex with men

We examined HIV infection and estimated the population-attributable risk percentage (PAR%) for HIV associated fellatio among men who have sex with other men (MSM). Among 239 MSM who practised exclusively fellatio in the past 6 months, 50% had three partners, 98% unprotected; and 28% had an HIV-positive partner; no HIV was detected. PAR%, based on the number of fellatio partners, ranges from 0.10% for one partner to 0.31% for three partners. The risk of HIV attributable to fellatio is extremely low.     

深圳市男男性行为人群HIV／梅毒发病密度研究

目的了解深圳市男男性行为人群（MSM）的艾滋病病毒（HIV）/梅毒发病密度,探索防治性病对预防控制艾滋病的作用。方法知情同意原则下,招募符合纳入标准的MSM;建立并保持队列,收集社会人口学、性行为和安全套使用等资料;抽血检测HIV/梅毒,随访观察HIV/梅毒转归结局。结果 609例入选队列,HIV阴转阳19例,观察总人年数249.7人年,发病密度7.6[95%可信区间（CI）：4.6～11.9]/100人年;梅毒酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）阴转阳18例,观察总人年数134.9人年,发病密度13.3（95%CI：7.9～21.1）/100人年;梅毒ELISA阳性队列HIV发病密度是梅毒ELISA阴性队列HIV发病密度的2.2倍。结论梅毒对HIV传播具有协同作用,有必要在该人群中实施有效的性病预防措施以控制HIV传播     

The resurgence of syphilis among men who have sex with men

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To identify recent progress and emerging problems in addressing syphilis among men who have sex with men. RECENT FINDINGS: A resurgence of syphilis has occurred among men who have sex with men in many developed countries. Infection has been associated with HIV coinfection, multiple partners, and recreational drug use. Unlike HIV, oral sex appears to be a common route of syphilis transmission. Many prevention approaches have shown, at best, modest success. Variable clinical presentation and potentially inconclusive lab tests make diagnosis confusing. SUMMARY: As the infection remains relatively rare, clinicians treating men who have sex with men should maintain a high index of suspicion for syphilis lesions, and should screen their sexually active patients for latent disease. Debates about syphilis control and treatment continue. The clinical manifestations, serologic responses, efficacy of treatment, and complications of syphilis have always been complicated. HIV coinfection adds to the confusion.     

Ethnicity and HIV vulnerabilities among men who have sex with men in China

Ethnic affiliation can define sociocultural boundaries and contribute to the HIV vulnerabilities faced by men who have sex with men (MSM). This study investigated the influence of ethnic affiliation on HIV vulnerabilities among MSM in North China. Our study analyzed a cross-sectional survey of MSM (n?=?398) in two major North China cities. We examined associations between ethnic affiliation and (a) HIV status, (b) sexual behaviors and experiences, and (c) substance use. Compared to ethnic majority Han MSM: MSM belonging to ethnic minority groups of South China had significantly greater odds of HIV infection (AOR: 7.40; 95% CI: 2.33–23.47) and experience of forced sex (AOR: 3.27; 95% CI: 1.12–9.52). Compared to ethnic majority Han MSM, Ethnic Hui MSM had significantly lower odds of condomless anal sex (AOR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.21–0.82) and significantly greater odds of circumcision (AOR: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.24–5.51). HIV prevalence and riskier sexual behaviors among MSM in China appear to vary significantly by ethnic affiliation. Current epidemiological practices of aggregating all ethnic minority groups in China into a single category may be masking important interethnic differences in HIV risk, and precluding opportunities for more culturally appropriate interventions.     

1432例MSM的行为特征及HIV感染的影响因素分析

目的了解河南省南阳市男男性行为人群（MSM）的行为特点、艾滋病病毒（HIV）的感染情况及感染的影响因素。方法通过网络及同伴推动等方式招募MSM,开展问卷调查并采集血样,用SPSS 15.0进行统计分析。结果 1432名MSM中,未婚占36.73%（526人）,已婚占54.68%（783人）。寻找性伴选择网络联系的比例为46.93%（672人）。近6个月,与男性发生过肛交性行为的占79.61%（1140人）,男性性伴中位数为2个,≥2个者占62.99%（902人）。共采血1339人,检测发现HIV抗体阳性119例,阳性率8.89%;梅毒抗体阳性62例,阳性率4.63%;丙型肝炎病毒抗体阳性22例,阳性率1.64%。其中13人同时感染了HIV和梅毒。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,近6个月男性性伴总数≥6个、有性病相关症状和感染梅毒,是HIV感染的危险因素。结论南阳市MSM已成为艾滋病由高危人群向一般人群传播的桥梁人群。HIV在MSM中正迅速蔓延,HIV流行形势十分严峻,探讨有效的干预模式和推广干预措施已迫在眉睫。     

204例MSM人群HIV／梅毒感染状况及行为学特征分析

目的了解天津市部分男男同性性行为人群（MSM）艾滋病相关危险行为,以及艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒（SP）感染状况,为预防性病、艾滋病传播提供依据。方法采用横断面调查,对进入酒吧的男同性恋者进行问卷调查,同时抽取血样进行梅毒和HIV的实验室检测。结果调查的204人中,HIV感染率为5．9％,梅毒感染率为18．7％。艾滋病知识知晓率为81．4％,近6个月每次性行为均使用安全套的比例为47．9％,HIv感染者安全套使用率低,仅为11．1％,71．4％的HIV感染者最近6个月存在多性伴现象。结论天津市MSM人群危险性行为普遍存在,安全套使用率低,HIV、梅毒感染率较高,应加强对该人群艾滋病性病相关的宣传教育及干预工作,控制HIv的传播。     

沈阳市男男性行为人群HIV感染率及其影响因素分析

目的了解沈阳市男男性行为人群（MSM）艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染率及其影响因素,进一步做好MSM的艾滋病防治工作。方法采用同伴推动法（RDS）招募900名MSM,由经过专业培训的调查员进行面对面的问卷调查,主要内容包括社会人口学特征、艾滋病知识知晓水平、性行为状况、接受干预服务情况和HIV/梅毒感染状况,并抽取静脉血检测HIV及梅毒,对影响HIV感染的相关因素进行χ2检验。结果调查了900名MSM,艾滋病知识知晓率达到91.3%。86.9%的调查对象最近6个月有同性肛交性行为,最近6个月与男性发生肛交性行为时每次都使用安全套的比例为57.5%。HIV感染率为9.3%,梅毒感染率为11.0%。分析显示,年龄较大、文化程度在初中及以下、最近6个月与男性发生肛交性行为时未坚持使用安全套、梅毒感染是感染HIV的危险因素。结论 MSM人群高危性行为发生率、HIV和梅毒感染率均高,可能成为当前HIV流行的重要人群和重要因素,应采取积极有效的宣传教育和行为干预活动。     

长沙市男男性行为者HIV和梅毒感染现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解长沙地区男男性行为者(MSM)艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒感染状况及其影响因素.方法 2018年10月至2019年6月期间,委托非政府组织(NGOs)应用滚雪球的方法招募MSM,开展问卷调查和HIV及梅毒检测.采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析HIV和梅毒感染的影响因素.结果 共招募1 220名MSM,其中...     

苏州市男男性行为人群HIV感染的配比病例对照研究

目的探讨苏州市男男性行为人群（MSM）艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染的危险因素。方法采用时间序列病例对照的研究方法,病例来源于2008年5月至2009年7月间苏州MSM人群调查中新发现的HIV感染者,对照为按入组时间进行1∶4匹配的HIV抗体阴性者;问卷调查收集人口学、行为学信息等信息。数据分析运用条件Logistic回归模型。结果共获得病例58人,对照232人。单因素结果显示,与HIV感染相关的因素有大专及以上文化程度（OR=0.40,95%CI：0.20,0.78）、外地户籍（OR=2.19,95%CI：1.05,4.55）、最近6月内有5个及以上同性性伴（OR=2.29,95%CI：1.15,4.56）、最近6月内与同性发生被插入性肛交（OR=2.30,95%CI：1.16,4.59）、最近6月内与同性肛交从不/偶尔使用安全套（OR=4.20,95%CI：1.95,9.08）、感染梅毒（OR=2.28,95%CI：1.17,4.41）;多因素分析表明,大专及以上文化程度（OR=0.45,95%CI：0.21,0.98）是MSM人群HIV感染的保护因素,而肛交从不/偶尔使用安全套（OR=3.76,95%CI：1.60,8.84）是MSM人群HIV感染的危险因素。结论文化程度高是MSM HIV感染的保护因素,而肛交不用安全套是MSM HIV感染的危险因素;需要针对MSM人群开展强化安全套使用的干预。     

Lack of HIV testing and awareness of HIV infection among men who have sex with men, Beijing, China.

In China, men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for HIV. However, little is known about their HIV testing behavior. From September 2001 to January 2002, we recruited 482 men through social networks and MSM venues. We conducted HIV testing and counseling, and anonymous, standardized face-to-face interviews. Eighty-two percent of participants had never tested for HIV before the study. The most common reasons for not testing were perceived low risk of HIV infection (72%), not knowing the location of test sites (56%), fear of positive test results (54%), fear of people learning about his homosexuality (47%), and fear of breach of confidentiality about test results (47%). We identified five statistically significant independent correlates of having been tested for HIV: being older, having a college degree, being more "out" (disclosing MSM activities to people), being recruited through social networks, and having a lifetime history of sexually transmitted diseases. Of 15 participants (3.1%) who tested positive for HIV in our study, 14 (93%) did not know their status before being tested in the study. The prevalence of HIV testing among MSM in Beijing is low; almost all HIV-positive men in our study were unaware of their infection. Our findings suggest an urgent need to promote HIV testing among MSM in Beijing.     

性网络与男男性行为人群的HIV传播

性网络是男男性行为人群(MSM)经性途径传播艾滋病病毒(HIV)的直接通道。网络分析方法可揭示性网络构成与个体感染HIV风险及与群体中HIV传播的动力学关系。为深入探讨MSM HIV传播风险,为预防干预定位提供信息,该文对性网络与MSMHIV传播关系的研究现况做一简要概述。     

Depression and anxiety among HIV-positive men who have sex with men and men who have sex with women in China

ABSTRACT

China is experiencing an emerging HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM). Minority stress theory posits that marginalized populations experience additional stress, which influences experiences of psychological distress and health outcomes. This study aimed to understand psychological distress of MSM relative to men who have sex with women (MSW) in an urban Chinese setting. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 162 HIV-positive Chinese men receiving HIV treatment at Beijing’s Ditan Hospital. Multiple linear regression with imputation was used to identify correlates of psychological distress. Relative to MSW, MSM were younger, more educated, and less likely to be in a relationship or have children. While both groups reported clinically elevated levels of depression and anxiety, sexual behavior was not associated with either outcome. Higher endorsement of depression symptomology was associated with worse reported physical health (β?=??1.37, p?<?.05) and greater endorsement of maladaptive coping (β?=?2.39, p?<?.05), whereas higher endorsement of anxiety symptomology was associated with greater endorsement of adaptive coping (β?=?0.78, p?<?.05), diminished physical health (β?=??0.86, p?<?.05), and a high school or greater level of education (β?=?4.13, p?<?.05). These findings suggest that interventions targeting coping strategies may address psychological distress among HIV-positive Chinese men.