载紫杉醇PLGA/F68纳米粒逆转多药耐药用于乳腺癌的治疗

目的载紫杉醇聚乳酸聚羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）/F68纳米粒逆转耐紫杉醇人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7/Taxol细胞多药耐药的可行性研究。方法使用超声乳化溶剂挥发法分别制备载紫杉醇PLGA和载紫杉醇PLGA/F68纳米粒（10%）,并对载紫杉醇纳米粒进行表征。载紫杉醇纳米粒的体外释放研究使用高效液相色谱进行分析。最后研究载紫杉醇纳米粒在耐紫杉醇人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7/Taxol细胞的细胞摄取和细胞毒性（PLGA/F68组、PLGA组和泰素组）。结果纳米粒呈球形,表面粗糙多孔,平均粒径250 nm左右,粒径分布比较窄,体外药物释放呈双相释放模型。载紫杉醇PLGA/F68纳米粒能够被耐紫杉醇人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7/Taxol细胞摄取。载紫杉醇PLGA/F68纳米粒比载紫杉醇PLGA纳米粒（P〈0.05）和泰素（TaxolR）（P〈0.05）有更高的细胞毒性。结论载紫杉醇PLGA/F68纳米粒能够逆转耐紫杉醇人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7/Taxol细胞的多药耐药,药用辅料Pluronic F68在乳腺癌治疗中具有潜在的应用前景。     

聚乙二醇修饰的共聚物纳米粒研究进展

可生物降解的聚合物纳米粒作为药物输送载体有很多优势，如可控释，靶向等。但是，由于聚合物纳米粒经静脉经给药后，数秒或数分钟内会被皮网状系统清除而无法普遍应用，为了克服这一缺点，越来越多的研究者引入亲水性组分聚乙二醇（PEG）对聚合物进行修饰，以避免其被内皮肉状系统摄取。聚乙二醇的引入不仅会影响聚合物纳米粒的生物降解行为，而且会影响药物的释放，体内分布等行为，本文综述了聚乙二醇修饰的共聚物纳米粒的制备，稳定性，载体，体外释药，体内分布，毒性等方面的研究进展，并对其前景进行预测。     

载阿霉素星型多臂PLGA-PEG嵌段共聚物纳米胶束的构建

目的 利用星型多臂端氨基聚乙丙交酯/聚乙二醇[4s-( PLGA-PEG-NH2)]两亲性嵌段共聚物作为载体材料,构建抗肿瘤药物阿霉素纳米胶束载药体系.方法 合成聚合物4s-( PLGA-PEG-NH2),通过核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对其组成、结构及相对分子质量进行表征;采用溶剂挥发法制备阿霉素(DOX)聚合物纳米胶束,并通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、粒径分析仪及荧光分析法对载药纳米胶束进行表征;对阿霉素载药纳米胶束在HeLa细胞中的摄取及细胞毒性进行了初步评价.结果 1H NMR与GPC测定结果表明:合成的共聚物符合设计的4s-( PLGA-PEG-NH2)结构;能成功物理包埋DOX药物分子在水溶液中自组装成核-壳结构的纳米胶束,载药量约为7.5％,包埋率约为75.2％,Zeta电位为-17.6 mV;体外细胞实验显示:载阿霉素星型4臂聚合物纳米胶束[DOX-loaded 4s-(PLGA-PEG-NH2)micelles]比载阿霉素线性聚合物纳米胶束[DOX-loaded linear-( PLGA-PEG-PLGA)micelles]可更有效地被HeLa细胞摄取,并对HeLa细胞的毒性更强.结论 4s-( PLGA-PEG-NH2)阿霉素载药纳米胶束可有效提高HeLa细胞的摄取率以及对HeLa细胞的杀伤率,提示其可作为一类新型的抗肿瘤药物递送载体.     

肿瘤靶向纳米递药系统的研究进展

该文就纳米粒的发展、纳米技术在肿瘤靶向药物递送中的应用进行综述,并对其存在的问题和发展趋势进行了探讨.     

纳米疫苗黏膜免疫传递系统的特征

背景：纳米粒系统作为一种疫苗的黏膜免疫递送系统,具有保护抗原、简化接种程序、增强免疫效果等优点。 目的：对黏膜免疫递送系统的特点、纳米疫苗黏膜免疫传递系统及其应用研究进展进行综述。 方法：应用计算机检索CNKI、Sciencedirect、Pubmed数据库中1997-01/2010-06关于纳米疫苗黏膜免疫的文章,在标题和摘要中以“纳米粒,疫苗,黏膜免疫,PLGA,壳聚糖”或“nanoparticles,vaccine,mucosal immune delivery,PLGA,chitosan”为检索词进行检索。选择文章内容与黏膜免疫、纳米粒疫苗有关者,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。初筛得到168篇文献,最后选择关于纳米疫苗黏膜免疫传递系统的48篇文献进行综述。 结果与结论：纳米疫苗黏膜免疫传递系统所使用的生物材料具有生物可降解性、生物相容性、低毒性等良好的生物学特性,且易制成不同途径给药的载体,能增强免疫效果,使药物或DNA在体内能长效表达和释放,对结合的抗原和DNA有保护作用等特点,显著扩大了其应用范围。     

磁性药物靶向治疗的进展

磁性药物靶向治疗是利用磁场使具有磁响应的药物聚焦在靶部位，提高靶部位药物的浓度，降低药物对正常组织的毒性和副作用。本介绍和评估了磁性药物靶向治疗的发展，并展望了其未来的前景。     

mPEG-PLGA-mPEG纳米粒的体外降解规律的研究

通过开环共聚方法合成了具有不同组份的丙交酯 /乙交酯 /聚乙二醇 (LA/GA/PEG)共聚物 (PLGA PEG ,PELGA) ,并进一步偶联制得三嵌段共聚物 (mPEG PLGA mPEG ,简称PELGE)。采用超声乳化—溶剂蒸发法 (O/W )制备PELGE纳米粒 ,用紫外分光光度法测定乳酸含量的方法研究了PELGA、PELGE纳米粒体外降解规律 ,体外降解实验表明 :共聚物分子量增加 ,降解减慢 ;共聚物中GA含量增加 ,即LA/GA比例减小 ,降解加快 ;PEG含量增加 ,降解加快 ;LA/GA和PEG含量相同的PELGE比PELGA的降解速度快。证明了可通过改变LA/GA的比例或PEG的含量来调节聚合物的降解速率。     

载磁性氧化铁CA-PLGA纳米颗粒对宫颈癌细胞的影响

目的 研究纳米四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)颗粒包裹不同外壳材料对宫颈癌细胞HeLa毒性的影响.方法 通过无溶剂热分解法制备磁性纳米Fe3O4颗粒并分别使用聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)和胆酸(CA)修饰的PLGA(CA-PLGA)星型共聚物包裹,对其进行验证表征后,使用激光共聚焦显微镜观察HeLa细胞对纳米颗粒的摄取,并用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定上述两种材料包裹的纳米Fe3O4颗粒对HeLa细胞的毒性作用.结果 制备的单个纳米Fe3O4颗粒粒径约7 nm,载Fe3O4的PLGA和CA-PLGA纳米颗粒均呈球状,粒径约200 nm,理论载药量为10％.当Fe3O4纳米颗粒的质量浓度相同(25 μg/ml)时,载Fe3O4的CA-PLGA纳米颗粒对HeLa细胞的毒性小于对应的PLGA纳米颗粒.结论 CA-PLGA星型共聚物可降低磁性纳米Fe3O4颗粒的细胞毒性,在生物体内具有广阔的应用前景.     

阳离子载基因MePEG-PLGA纳米粒的制备及优化处方的筛选

目的 建立纳米粒沉淀法制备阳离子甲氧基封端的聚乙二醇-聚乳酸聚乙醇酸嵌段聚合物(MePEG-PLGA)纳米粒的方法.方法 本研究利用单因素设计和正交实验选定最优实验方案,并对纳米粒的物理性质如表面形态,粒径分布、Zeta电位、DNA结合率,保护DNA能力进行考察.结果 最优条件制备得到的纳米粒粒径大小为89.7 nm,...     

载阿霉素聚合物纳米粒的制备、表征与体内外性能研究

目的 以两亲性三嵌段共聚物聚己内酯-聚乙二醇-聚己内酯(PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL)为载体材料,制备包载抗肿瘤药物阿霉素(DOX)的聚合物纳米粒,并对其进行体内外性能研究.方法 以PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL作为载体材料,通过薄膜水化超声分散法制备出载DOX的聚合物纳米粒,并对其形态、粒径及其分布、载药量及包封率等理化性能进行表征.采用MTS法研究载DOX聚合物纳米粒对EMT6乳腺癌细胞的细胞毒性,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察EMT6细胞对纳米粒的细胞吞噬,离体脏器荧光成像研究纳米粒在荷EMT6乳腺癌小鼠的组织分布.结果 通过薄膜水化超声分散法成功制备出载DOX聚合物纳米粒,透射电镜和扫描电镜结果表明,该纳米粒呈球形,大小均匀,具有明显的核壳结构.粒度分析表明,载DOX聚合物纳米粒的平均粒径为130.8 nm,且粒径分布较窄(多分散系数为0.200).DOX在聚合物纳米粒中的包封率和载药量分别为(86.71±2.05)％和(8.71±0.57)％.细胞毒性研究发现,空白纳米粒对EMT6细胞无毒性,而载入DOX后,DOX-NPs的细胞毒性具有时间和剂量依赖性;在DOX质量浓度较高(20 μg/ml和40μg/ml)和孵育时间较长(72 h)时,载DOX聚合物纳米粒与游离DOX的细胞毒性相当,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CLSM观察发现,EMT6乳腺癌细胞与载DOX聚合物纳米粒共同孵育后,DOX的荧光在细胞质和细胞核中均有分布,但与游离DOX共同孵育后,DOX的红色荧光主要出现在细胞核中.离体脏器荧光成像研究表明,分别对荷EMT6乳腺癌小鼠尾静脉注射载DOX聚合物纳米粒及游离DOX后,载DOX聚合物纳米粒可通过增强渗透和滞留效应(EPR)在肿瘤部位有效聚集.结论 载DOX聚合物纳米粒具有适合静脉注射的粒径、高载药量和包封率及良好的被动靶向特性,是一种在肿瘤治疗中具有潜在应用前景的纳米药物递送系统.     

Docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles based on star-shaped mannitol-core PLGA-TPGS diblock copolymer for breast cancer therapy

A star-shaped biodegradable polymer, mannitol-core poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (M-PLGA-TPGS), was synthesized in order to provide a novel nanoformulation for breast cancer chemotherapy. This novel copolymer was prepared by a core-first approach via three stages of chemical reaction, and was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis. The docetaxel-loaded M-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles (NPs), prepared by a modified nanoprecipitation method, were observed to be near-spherical shape with narrow size distribution. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the uptake level of M-PLGA-TPGS NPs was higher than that of PLGA NPs and PLGA-TPGS NPs in MCF-7 cells. A significantly higher level of cytotoxicity was achieved with docetaxel-loaded M-PLGA-TPGS NPs than with commercial Taxotere®, docetaxel-loaded PLGA-TPGS and PLGA NPs. Examination of the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency proved that star-shaped M-PLGA-TPGS could carry higher levels of drug than linear polymer. The in vivo experiment showed docetaxel-loaded M-PLGA-TPGS NPs to have the highest anti-tumor efficacy. In conclusion, the star-like M-PLGA-TPGS copolymer shows potential as a promising drug-loaded biomaterial that can be applied in developing novel nanoformulations for breast cancer therapy.     

聚己内酯-吐温80共聚物纳米粒在神经胶质瘤化疗中的应用

目的 研究新型载多西紫杉醇聚己内酯-吐温80共聚物(PCL-Tween 80)纳米粒在神经胶质瘤化疗中的应用.方法 以PCL-Tween 80和聚己内酯为材料,利用改良的溶剂萃取/挥发方法制备载多西紫杉醇纳米粒并进行性质表征.利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察纳米粒的细胞摄取情况,并利用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定纳米粒对C6细胞的细胞毒作用.结果 载药纳米粒呈球形,粒径约为200 nm.PCL-Tween 80纳米粒的载药量为10%,28 d内可以释放包裹药物的34.90%.与同浓度的泰素帝(Taxotere(R))比较,载多西紫杉醇PCL-Tween 80纳米粒对C6细胞的细胞毒性作用更强.结论 载多西紫杉醇PCL-Tween 80纳米粒用于神经胶质瘤的化疗极具应用前景.     

Actively targeted delivery of anticancer drug to tumor cells by redox-responsive star-shaped micelles

In cancer therapy nanocargos based on star-shaped polymer exhibit unique features such as better stability, smaller size distribution and higher drug capacity in comparison to linear polymeric micelles. In this study, we developed a multifunctional star-shaped micellar system by combination of active targeting ability and redox-responsive behavior. The star-shaped micelles with good stability were self-assembled from four-arm poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer. The redox-responsive behaviors of these micelles triggered by glutathione were evaluated from the changes of micellar size, morphology and molecular weight. In vitro drug release profiles exhibited that in a stimulated normal physiological environment, the redox-responsive star-shaped micelles could maintain good stability, whereas in a reducing and acid environment similar with that of tumor cells, the encapsulated agent was promptly released. In vitro cellular uptake and subcellular localization of these micelles were further studied with confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry against the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa. In vivo and ex vivo DOX fluorescence imaging displayed that these FA-functionalized star-shaped micelles possessed much better specificity to target solid tumor. Both the qualitative and quantitative results of the antitumor effect in 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice demonstrated that these redox-responsive star-shaped micelles have a high therapeutic efficiency to artificial solid tumor. Therefore, the multifunctional star-shaped micelles are a potential platform for targeted anticancer drug delivery.     

Targeted epidermal growth factor receptor nanoparticle bioconjugates for breast cancer therapy

Selective drug delivery is an important approach with great potential for overcoming problems associated with the systemic toxicity and poor bioavailability of antineoplastic drugs. Nanomedicine plays a pivotal role by delivering drugs in a targeted manner to the malignant tumor cells thereby reducing the systemic toxicity of the anticancer drugs. The objective of this study was to prepare and characterize rapamycin loaded polymeric poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) that were surface conjugated with antibodies to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), highly expressed on breast cancer cells, using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) mediated cross linking agents. To potentiate the anticancer efficiency of the formulations, in vitro cytotoxicity of native rapamycin, rapamycin loaded nanoparticles and EGFR antibody conjugated rapamycin loaded nanoparticles (EGFR-Rapa-NPs) were evaluated on malignant MCF 7 breast cancer cell lines. IC₅₀ doses as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay showed the superior antiproliferative activity of EGFR-Rapa-NPs over unconjugated nanoparticles and native rapamycin due to higher cellular uptake on malignant breast cancer cells. Cell cycle arrest and cellular apoptosis induced by the above formulations were confirmed by flow cytometry. Molecular basis of apoptosis studied by western blotting revealed the involvement of a cytoplasmic protein in activating the programmed cell death pathway. Thus it was concluded that EGFR-Rapa-NPs provide an efficient and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, presenting a promising active targeting carrier for tumor selective therapeutic treatment in near future.     

Redox-responsive polyanhydride micelles for cancer therapy

Biodegradable polyanhydrides possess unique features like those that they can predominantly undergo surface erosion, and the payloads can be released by a steady speed. However, there is little work that has been published to describe the polyanhydride micelles with redox-responsiveness as a nanocarrier for drug delivery. In this study, we develop one type of new amphiphilic polyanhydride copolymer containing disulfide bonds between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments. The copolymer can self-assemble into stable micelles with well-defined core–shell structure and a uniform size distribution with an average diameter of 69 nm. The disassembly behaviors of the micelles triggered by glutathione are evaluated from the changes of the micellar size, morphology and molecular weight. An approximate zero-order in vitro drug release mode with a fast speed can be achieved in a reducing and acid environment similar with that of tumor cells. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis demonstrate that the Cur-loaded micelles are of great efficiency in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells due to the rapidly intracellular delivery of therapeutic agent. Both the qualitative and quantitative results of the antitumor activity in 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice reveal that the redox-responsive micelles have a more significant therapeutic effect to artificial solid tumor compared to the redox-insensitive micelles. This study provides a new insight into the biomedical application of polyanhydrides in drug delivery.     

The potential of pH-responsive PEG-hyperbranched polyacylhydrazone micelles for cancer therapy

pH-responsive hyperbranched polymers have attracted much attention due to their unique properties for tumor-targeted drug delivery. In this study, we describe a pH-responsive drug carrier, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-hyperbranched polyacylhydrazone (HPAH), which can form nanoscale micelles to be used as anti cancer drug carriers with pH-controlled drug release. The molecular structure of PEG-HPAH was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The drug-loaded micelles with a diameter of approximately 190 nm, were prepared using a dialysis method against PBS with a pH of 8.0. The drug-loaded micelles showed the desired pH-dependent drug release properties. The drug release levels were low at neutral and alkaline pH, but increased significantly with a decrease in the pH of the medium. Intracellular uptake results indicated that the PEG-HPAH-drug micelles could efficiently deliver chemotherapeutic drugs into the cells. In addition, it was found that the subcellular localization of the drug-loaded micelles was different from that of free drugs, in which the drug-loaded micelles were mainly in the cytoplasm. The docetaxel (DTX)-loaded PEG-HPAH micelles presented a high cytotoxic activity against tumor cells in vitro. When combined with the administration of glucose, the PEG-HPAH-DTX micelles exhibited a superior anti-tumor efficacy and a lower systemic toxicity in vivo. The biodistribution profile showed increased accumulated drug levels in tumor tissue and plasma in micelles treated group. The results indicate that the nanoscale PEG-HPAH-DTX micelles may serve as a selective tumor-targeting drug delivery system.     

Nanotechnology for breast cancer therapy

Breast cancer is the field of medicine with the greatest presence of nanotechnological therapeutic agents in the clinic. A pegylated form of liposomally encapsulated doxorubicin is routinely used for treatment against metastatic cancer, and albumin nanoparticulate chaperones of paclitaxel were approved for locally recurrent and metastatic disease in 2005. These drugs have yielded substantial clinical benefit, and are steadily gathering greater beneficial impact. Clinical trials currently employing these drugs in combination with chemo and biological therapeutics exceed 150 worldwide. Despite these advancements, breast cancer morbidity and mortality is unacceptably high. Nanotechnology offers potential solutions to the historical challenge that has rendered breast cancer so difficult to contain and eradicate: the extreme biological diversity of the disease presentation in the patient population and in the evolutionary changes of any individual disease, the multiple pathways that drive disease progression, the onset of ‘resistance’ to established therapeutic cocktails, and the gravity of the side effects to treatment, which result from generally very poor distribution of the injected therapeutic agents in the body. A fundamental requirement for success in the development of new therapeutic strategies is that breast cancer specialists—in the clinic, the pharmaceutical and the basic biological laboratory—and nanotechnologists—engineers, physicists, chemists and mathematicians—optimize their ability to work in close collaboration. This further requires a mutual openness across cultural and language barriers, academic reward systems, and many other ‘environmental’ divides. This paper is respectfully submitted to the community to help foster the mutual interactions of the breast cancer world with micro- and nano-technology, and in particular to encourage the latter community to direct ever increasing attention to breast cancer, where an extraordinary beneficial impact may result. The paper initiates with an introductory overview of breast cancer, its current treatment modalities, and the current role of nanotechnology in the clinic. Our perspectives are then presented on what the greatest opportunities for nanotechnology are; this follows from an analysis of the role of biological barriers that adversely determine the biological distribution of intravascularly injected therapeutic agents. Different generations of nanotechnology tools for drug delivery are reviewed, and our current strategy for addressing the sequential bio-barriers is also presented, and is accompanied by an encouragement to the community to develop even more effective ones.     

Nanoparticle formulation of ormeloxifene for pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer with about an 85% mortality rate; thus, an utmost need exists to discover new therapeutic modalities that would enhance therapy outcomes of this disease with minimal or no side effects. Ormeloxifene (ORM), a synthetic molecule, has exhibited potent anti-cancer effects through inhibition of important oncogenic and proliferation signaling pathways. However, the anti-cancer efficacy of ORM can be further improved by developing its nanoformulation, which will also offer tumor specific targeted delivery. Therefore, we have developed a novel ORM encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle (NP) formulation (PLGA-ORM NP). This formulation was characterized for particle size, chemical composition, and drug loading efficiency, using various physico-chemical methods (TEM, FT-IR, DSC, TGA, and HPLC). Because of its facile composition, this novel formulation is compatible with antibody/aptamer conjugation to achieve tumor specific targeting. The particle size analysis of this PLGA-ORM formulation (∼100 nm) indicates that this formulation can preferentially reach and accumulate in tumors by the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect. Cellular uptake and internalization studies demonstrate that PLGA-ORM NPs escape lysosomal degradation, providing efficient endosomal release to cytosol. PLGA-ORM NPs showed remarkable anti-cancer potential in various pancreatic cancer cells (HPAF-II, AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Panc-1, and MiaPaca) and a BxPC-3 xenograft mice model resulting in increased animal survival. PLGA-ORM NPs suppressed pancreatic tumor growth via suppression of Akt phosphorylation and expression of MUC1, HER2, PCNA, CK19 and CD31. This study suggests that the PLGA-ORM formulation is highly efficient for the inhibition of pancreatic tumor growth and thus can be valuable for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in the future.