Egr-1在自体移植静脉中的表达及意义

目的研究自体静脉移植后早期生长反应基因-1(Egr-1)表达的动态变化,探讨其在内膜增生中的作用。方法Wistar大鼠90只,将大鼠右颈总静脉端-端吻合于肾下腹主动脉建立自体静脉移植模型。术后随机分别于1、2、6和24h,3、7、14、28及42d相应时间处死动物取移植静脉,同时取正常静脉作对照。应用原位杂交和RT-PCR方法检测Egr-1mRNA的表达,联合应用Western蛋白印迹和免疫组织化学方法检测Egr-1蛋白表达情况,同时进行组织形态学观察。结果自体静脉移植后,Egr-1mRNA和Egr-1蛋白的表达呈双相变化,即移植后1h,Egr-1mRNA表达迅速升高,阳性率为(35±7)%,6h、24h及3d时下降到较低水平,阳性率分别为(8±2)%、(8±6)%和(8±4)%,7d时又再升高,28d时达高峰,阳性率为(45±6)%,此与其余各时点比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),42d时,Egr-1mRNA的表达再次下降;移植早期(2h)即有Egr-1蛋白的表达,阳性率为(30±5)%,并持续至6h,24h~3d表达下降到较低水平,阳性率分别为(7±3)%和(7±8)%,7d时又再升高,至移植后28d,Egr-1蛋白的表达阳性率达到高峰,为(40±9)%,此与其余各时点比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。移植后7d,免疫组化结果显示,Egr-1蛋白表达主要位于中膜血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)和单核细胞/巨噬细胞,移植后期28d,Egr-1蛋白表达主要位于新生内膜和中膜的VSMCs,同时部分内皮细胞也有Egr-1蛋白的表达。结论移植静脉内膜增生与Egr-1的激活及表达关系密切,Egr-1可能成为防治移植静脉内膜增生、狭窄及闭塞的一个新的干预靶点。     

Egr 1,PDGF B,TGF β1在自体移植静脉中的实验研究

目的研究移植静脉中早期生长反应基因(Egr)-1、血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)-B、转化生长因子(TGF)-β1的表达,探讨它们之间的关系及其在内膜增生(IH)中的作用.方法Wistar大鼠90只,建立自体静脉移植模型.术后随机分为1,2,6,24h,3,7,14,28,42d组,分别在相应时点取材,并设正常对照组.应用原位杂交和RT-PCR方法检测Egr-1、PDGF-B、TGF-β1的mRNA表达,联合应用Western蛋白印迹和免疫组织化学方法检测两组静脉中Egr-1,PDGF-B,TGF-β1蛋白表达情况,同时进行组织形态学研究.结果正常静脉中未检测到Egr-1,PDGF-B,TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达.移植静脉组Egr-1 mRNA在移植28d达高峰(45%±6%);PDGF-B mRNA在14d达高峰(48%±6%);TGF-β1 mRNA在7d达高峰(46%±9%).Egr-1蛋白表达在移植28d达高峰(40%±9%);PDGF-B蛋白在28d达高峰(45%±4%);TGF-β1蛋白在14d达高峰(41%±7%).结论移植静脉内膜增生与Egr-1,PDGF-B,TGF-β 1的表达关系密切;PDGF-B和TGF-β1的激活及表达可能受Egr-1的调节,同时也可能通过反馈机制促进Egr-1的高表达.     

Egr-1DNA酶抑制自体移植静脉内膜增生的实验研究

目的 探讨早期生长反应基因-1 (Egr-1) DNA酶(Egr-1 DNA enzyme,EDRz)对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖和内膜增生的抑制作用,从而证实基因治疗静脉移植后狭窄、闭塞的可行性.方法 构建EDRz,建立自体静脉移植模型,将大鼠右颈总静脉端-端吻合于肾下腹主动脉,EDRz转染移植静脉,分别于移植后1、2、6、24 h及3、7、14、28、42 d切取移植静脉标本,每个时相按随机数字表法随机抽取10只大鼠.荧光显微镜下观察EDRz转染移植静脉情况;应用原位杂交和RT-PCR方法检测Egr-1 mRNA的表达;应用Western蛋白印迹和免疫组织化学方法检测Egr-1蛋白表达情况;HE染色光镜下观察组织学形态.结果 ①EDRz转染移植静脉情况:移植后1h时,EDRz主要位于移植静脉的外膜、中膜和部分内皮细胞;2、6及24 h时,EDRz则主要位于移植静脉的中膜;7d时,EDRz主要位于移植静脉的内膜; 14、28及42 d时未检测到EDRz的表达.②Egr-1 mRNA表达结果.RT-PCR检测结果:转染EDRz后1h时,Egr-1 mRNA表达出现高峰,2、6及24 h表达下降,3d时表达微弱,移植后7、14、28及42 d未见Egr-1 mRNA的表达,转染EDRz后1h时Egr-1 mRNA表达明显高于其余各时相(P＜0.01).原位杂交检测Egr-1 mRNA表达的变化趋势与RT-PCR结果基本一致.③Egr-1蛋白表达结果.Western蛋白印迹结果:正常静脉中未检测到Egr-1蛋白阳性表达.转染EDRz后2h时,出现Egr-1蛋白阳性表达,6h、24 h及3d时其表达逐渐降低,移植后1h时和移植后7、14、28及42 d时未见Egr-1蛋白阳性表达.移植后2h时的Egr-1蛋白表达的吸光度值高于其他时相(P＜0.01).免疫组织化学方法检测的Egr1蛋白阳性表达的变化趋势与Western蛋白印迹结果基本一致.④EDRz转染移植静脉与未转染同期相比VSMC的增殖程度和内膜厚度明显减轻.结论 EDRz通过减少Egr1在自体移植静脉中的表达,可有效地抑制自体移植静脉中VSMC增殖和内膜增生,可用来防治自体静脉移植后所导致的血管狭窄、闭塞.     

反义寡核苷酸抑制早期生长反应基因1表达对移植静脉内膜增生的影响

目的 研究反义寡脱氧核苷酸(antisense oligodeoxynucleotides,ASODN)抑制早期生长反应基因1(early growth response gene-1,Egr-1)表达对移植静脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖和内膜增生的影响.方法构建Egr-1 ASODN,建立自体静脉移植模型,Egr-1 ASODN转染移植静脉,术后随机分为1、2、6、24 h,3、7、14、28、42 d组,以未应用Egr-1 ASODN的大鼠为对照组.荧光显微镜检测Egr-1 ASODN转染移植静脉情况;应用原位杂交和RT-PCR方法检测Egr-1 mRNA的表达;联合应用免疫组织化学方法和Western blot检测Egr-1蛋白表达情况.结果 实验组移植1 h,Egr-1 ASODN主要位于移植静脉的外膜、中膜和部分内皮细胞(荧光灰度值为67±11),移植2 h至24 h,Egr-1 ASODN则主要位于移植静脉的中膜,移植7 d,Egr-1 ASODN主要位于移植静脉的内膜.移植后期未检测到Egr-1 ASODN的表达.Egr-1 mRNA的表达只呈现一个高峰(基因表达值1.8±0.5).移植早期Egr-1蛋白表达主要位于中膜的VSMC、部分单核细胞和内皮细胞,而移植后期在中膜和新生内膜的VSMC都未检测到Egr-1蛋白的表达.与对照组相比VSMC的增殖程度和内膜厚度均明显减轻(P＜0.01).结论 Egr-1 ASODN可显著抑制移植静脉的内膜增生,其作用可能是通过抑制Egr-1基因及其蛋白产物表达,从而抑制VSMC增殖、促进其凋亡而实现的.     

脂质体与腺病毒转染EDRz抑制自体移植静脉内膜增生的比较研究

目的探讨以脂质体和腺病毒为载体,早期生长反应基因-1 DNA酶(Egr-1 DNA enzyme,EDRz)局部外用对自体移植静脉血管平滑肌(VSMC)增殖和内膜增生的抑制作用。方法大鼠建立自体静脉移植模型后随机分为脂质体组、腺病毒组和对照组,两实验组分别用脂质体-EDRz和腺病毒-EDRz涂抹移植静脉行在体转染。于术后1,2,6,24 h及3,7,14,28 d取材,荧光显微镜检测移植静脉的转染情况;采用原位杂交方法检测Egr-1 mRNA的表达;用免疫组织化学方法检测Egr-1蛋白表达,同时进行组织形态学观察。结果术后1 h,EDRz主要位于移植静脉的外膜、中膜和部分内皮细胞。脂质体组荧光灰度值为70.3±13.5,腺病毒组荧光灰度值为60.5±11.2。术后2～24 h,EDRz主要位于移植静脉的中膜;移植7 d,EDRz主要位于移植静脉的内膜。移植早期Egr-1蛋白表达主要位于中膜的血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)和部分单核细胞、内皮细胞;移植后期未检测到Egr-1 DNA酶的表达。移植后期在中膜和新生内膜的VSMC均未检测到Egr-1蛋白的表达。移植2 h阳性表达率,脂质体组为(15.3±4.2)%,腺病...     

转化生长因子β1及其Ⅰ型受体基因在大鼠自体移植静脉中的表达

目的研究转化生长因子β1(TGF β1)及其Ⅰ型受体(TGF βRⅠ)在大鼠自体移植静脉中的动态表达以及与移植静脉内膜增生的关系。方法48只Wistar大鼠,建立自体静脉移植模型,分别于术后3、7、14、28d收获静脉。组织形态学观察并测量不同时间点的内膜和血管壁厚度。联合应用免疫组化和Westernblot检测TGF β1及TGF βRⅠ的蛋白表达, RT PCR检测两者mRNA的表达。结果术后第7天内膜明显增厚,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0 05),第14天内膜增厚达到高峰。TGF β1蛋白表达在第3天开始增加,第7天达到高峰。TGF βRⅠ蛋白表达于术后第7天显著升高,第14天达到高峰。两者的mRNA的变化趋势与Westernblot结果相似。结论TGF β1及其Ⅰ型受体过度表达与移植静脉内膜增生关系密切,TGF β1可能成为防治移植血管内膜增生的有效靶点。     

细胞外信号调节激酶在自体移植静脉中的表达

目的 探讨细胞外信号调节激酶(ERKs)在自体移植静脉中表达的变化规律。方法Wistar大鼠 80只,建立自体静脉移植模型,术后随机分为 6、24 h,3、7 d,2、4、6、8周等 8组,半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测移植血管中 ERK1 mRNA表达,Western蛋白印迹定量ERK1/2的蛋白产物以及磷酸化蛋白产物的表达,原位杂交定位 ERK1 mRNA、免疫组织化学方法检测 ERK和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的蛋白产物表达。结果 静脉移植后 6 h,ERK1 mRNA表达明显增强,与正常静脉比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),在移植7 d表达达高峰(33.2±14.2)％,与其余时点比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),4周后恢复至正常水平。Western蛋白印迹提示 ERK1/2在术后1～2周达高峰。阳性表达多定位于血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs),ERK1与PCNA表达呈正相关(r=0.759 6,P<0.01)。结论 ERKs信号转导通路的激活可能是内膜增生的关键环节,可能成为防治移植血管狭窄、闭塞新的靶点。     

细胞间粘附分子-1在自体移植静脉中表达的动态变化

目的　研究细胞间粘附分子 (ICAM ) 1在自体移植静脉中表达的动态变化规律 ,探讨其与内膜增生的关系及意义。方法　Wistar大鼠 5 6只 ,建立自体静脉移植模型 ,随机分为 7组 ,分别在移植后 1、3d ,1、2、4、6、8周切取移植静脉。半定量逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)结合原位杂交定位研究移植血管中ICAM 1mRNA的表达 ,Westernblot联合免疫组织化学方法检测I CAM 1蛋白产物表达的变化。结果　ICAM 1mRNART PCR扩增见静脉移植 1～ 3d即出现表达增强 ,1～ 2周达到高峰 ,表达值分别为 ( 3 6.6± 12 .9) %和 ( 5 8.7± 11.1) % ,与其他组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,6～ 8周逐渐恢复正常 ,与原位杂交变化趋势基本一致。免疫组织化学结果见I CAM 1在移植 1～ 7d表达明显增多 ,2～ 4周达到高峰 ,分别为 ( 2 3 .5± 7.1) %和 ( 2 0 .6± 9.2 ) % ,与其他组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,8周恢复至正常水平 ,与Western蛋白印迹结果一致。结论ICAM 1与移植静脉内膜增生关系密切 ,可能成为防治内膜增生以及血管移植后狭窄闭塞一个新的治疗靶点。     

mTOR信号转导通路在自体移植静脉中的表达及意义

目的研究哺乳类动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)在自体移植静脉中表达的动态变化规律。方法Wistar大鼠64只,建立自体静脉移植模型,随机分为8组,分别在移植后6 h,1、3 d,1、2、4、6、8周切取移植静脉。逆转录PCR结合原位杂交研究移植血管中mTOR的tuRNA表达,Western blot联合免疫组化检测mTOR蛋白产物表达的变化,同时检测增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)。结果逆转录PCR扩增在静脉移植1-3 d即出现mTOR mRNA表达增强,1-2周达到高峰,表达值分别为(48±18)％和(33±11)％,与其他组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0．01),6-8周逐渐恢复正常。免疫组化及Western蛋白印迹均提示mTOR蛋白在移植3 d表达明显增多,2-4周达到高峰,分别为(29±8)％和(31±6)％,与其他组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0．01),8周恢复至正常水平。mTOR蛋白产物表达与PCNA表达呈正相关(r=0．756,P<0．01)。结论mTOR在血管移植后的过程中被激活,与内膜增生关系密切,可能是防治移植血管狭窄、闭塞的干预靶点。     

bcl-2基因短发夹RNA对自体移植静脉内膜增生的影响

目的探讨针对bcl-2基因短发夹RNA对兔自体移植静脉内膜增生的影响。方法18只新西兰白兔,取颈外静脉,用含pshRNA-bcl-2质粒(基因组)或pH1质粒(空载体组)的阳离子脂质体溶液浸泡,空白对照组无特殊处理,间置于同侧颈总动脉。术后4周采用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western blot检测bcl-2基因的表达,病理形态学观察血管新内膜增生改变。结果基因组移植静脉内膜的bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白均明显受到抑制。组织学检查显示,基因组新内膜厚度为(85．78±5．47)μm,空载体组为(175．2±10．90)μm,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．01)。结论bcl-2基因的短发夹RNA可能通过降低血管bcl-2蛋白的表达抑制移植静脉内膜增生。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

Single center experience in single-incision laparoscopic surgery in children in Turkey

Purpose

Minimally invasive surgery has evolved into single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) in the recent years. Few reports have addressed the practicality of SILS in children. Our current experience with regard to feasibility and effectiveness of SILS in children is presented.

Methods

A retrospective review of the operative database for patients operated on using SILS in our department from March 2009 to July 2010 was performed. Data regarding the type of the procedure, age, sex, operative performance, hospital stay, and complications were collected.

Main Results

Among 43 patients, cholecystectomy was performed in 11; appendectomy, in 10; unroofing for ovarian cysts, in 5; unroofing for splenic cysts, in 4; oophorectomy, in 6 (ovarian torsion, 2; teratoma, 4); ovary-preserving teratoma excision, in 1; splenectomy, in 1; gonadectomy, in 3; and varicocelectomy, in 2. There were no conversions to standard laparoscopic or open techniques. The only postoperative complication was a wound infection that occurred after an appendectomy.

Conclusion

Although currently more expensive, SILS can be performed in children in almost every pediatric surgical procedure that can be accomplished with conventional laparoscopic techniques. The most significant contribution of SILS procedure is cosmesis. Postoperative pain and length of hospital stay were not improved.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.