卡托普利在异氟醚控制性降压期间对肾素活性‘血管紧张素的影响

２４例控制性降压的择期颅脑手术患者随机分为二组，Ｉ组为单纯异氟醚降压组（ｎ＝１２），Ⅱ组为异氟醚加卡托普利降压组（ｎ＝１２）。两组患者的平均动脉压比降压前降低３０％左右。结果显示，Ｉ组患者血浆血管紧张素（Ａ）Ⅱ浓度较降压前增加２６０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ⅱ组患者血浆ＡⅡ浓度较降压前稍有下降。Ｉ组患者诱导及维持降压的异氟醚呼气末浓度均分别高于Ⅱ组。结论认为，静注卡托普利可减弱降压期间的肾素活性及血管紧张素Ⅱ的浓度，与异氟醚合用于较长时间的控制性降压可能有其优点。     

不同麻醉法对血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇水平的影响

观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞和全麻两种麻醉时血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇变化。２５例择期上腹部手术患者，随机分两组：Ａ组为全麻复合硬膜外阻滞１２例，Ｂ组为全麻１３例。分别于麻醉前、麻醉插管后２分钟、进腹探查时、术中２小时、拔管后即刻抽取中心静脉血测肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇的浓度。结果示Ａ组麻醉前后无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）；Ｂ组术中肾素活性和皮质醇显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。此外，手术期间Ａ组比Ｂ组心率慢，血压低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明全麻复合硬膜外阻滞是一种应激反应较轻的麻醉方法。     

不同麻醉法对血浆肾素,血管紧张素II,醛固酮,皮质醇水平的…

观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞和全麻两种麻醉时血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇变化。２５例择期上腹部手术患者，随机分两组：Ａ组为全麻复合硬膜外阻滞１２例，Ｂ组为全麻１３例。分别于麻醉前、麻醉插管后２分钟、进腹探查时、术中２小时、拔管后即刻抽取中心静脉血测肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇的浓度。结果示Ａ组麻醉前后无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５）；Ｂ组术中肾素活性和皮质醇显著增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。此外，手术     

硬膜外麻醉下子宫肌瘤切除术患者血浆ANP和RAAS的调控

研究了１５例子宫肌瘤切除术患者应用０．７５％布比卡因硬膜外麻醉血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）和肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）－醛固酮（ＡＬ）系统（ＲＡＡＳ）的变化及相互调控。结果表明，血浆ＡＮＰ水平在麻醉１０ｍｉｎ后各时点明显低于麻醉前（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＲＡ在麻醉１０ｍｉｎ后亦明显低于麻醉前（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＡⅡ和ＡＬ无显著改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示０．７５％布比卡因硬膜外麻醉行子宫切除术ＡＮＰ和ＲＡＡＳ的变化，在维持和调节有效循环血量及外周血管阻力中发挥着重要的作用。     

硬膜外麻醉下子宫肌瘤切除术患者血浆ANP和RAAS′的调控

研究了１５例子宫肌瘤切除患者应用０．７５％布比卡因硬膜外麻醉血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）和肾素活性（ＰＲＡ），血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）－醛固酮（ＡＬ）系统（ＲＡＡＳ）的变化及相互调控。结果表明，血浆ＡＮＰ水平在麻醉１０ｍｉｎ后各时点明显低于麻醉前（Ｐ〈０．０５），ＰＲＡ在麻醉１０ｍｉｎ后亦明显低于麻醉前（Ｐ〈０．０１），而ＡⅡ和ＡＬ无显著改变（Ｐ〉０．０５）。提示０．７５％布比卡因硬膜外麻醉行子宫切除术ＡＮＰ     

心肺转流患者围手术期ANF及RAAS的变化

对１６例ＣＰＢ手术患者手术期间血浆心钠素（ＡＮＦ），肾素，血管紧张素Ⅱ，醛固酮的动态观察，发现血浆肾素于ＣＰＢ期间逐渐升高，术终及术后２４小时显著高于诱导前（Ｐ〈０．０５和Ｐ〈０．０１），血管紧张素Ⅱ于ＣＰＢ开始时降低，后逐渐升高，术终明显高于诱导前（Ｐ〈０．０５），血浆ＡＮＦ变化趋势与血管紧张素Ⅱ类似；平均动脉压与血浆肾素，血管紧张素Ⅱ及ＡＮＦ均呈正相关。推测ＲＡＡＳ与ＡＮＦ在维持血容量及外周…     

控制性降压对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术病人血浆皮质醇醛固酮及血糖的影响

目的和方法：选择４０例在ＮＬＡ麻醉下行控制性降压的颅内动脉瘤夹闭术病人，随机等分为前列腺素Ｅ１组和异氟醚组。两组控制性低血压幅度相似（ＭＡＰ分别降至８．７３±１．５６和８．８３±１．５４ｋＰａ）。结果：降压期间两组病人血浆皮质醇、醛固酮和血糖浓度较降压前明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５），特别是剥离动脉瘤时皮质醇增高更是明显（Ｐ＜０．０１），手术结束时三者仍轻度增高。结论：在低血压下实施这种手术，只要手术侵袭和降压幅度相仿，所导致的应激反应也相似，并不因应用ＰＧＥ１或异氟醚降压而有所不同。     

可乐定口服在小儿心脏直视手术麻醉中的应用

目的：调查可乐定在小儿先天性心脏病术前口服中的作用。方法：选择２２例，随机分为可乐定组（ｎ＝１２）和常规组（ｎ＝１０）。采取麻醉前、气管插管后、劈胸骨后和体外循环复温时的动脉血液，测定血浆中皮质醇、胰高血糖素和血管紧张素Ⅱ的含量变化。结果：血浆胰高血糖素与血管紧张素Ⅱ无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；血浆皮质醇在麻醉前可乐定组与常规组比较，无统计学意义，在气管插管后、劈胸骨后和体外循环复温时可乐定组均明显高于常规组（Ｐ＜０．０５、Ｐ＜０．０１、Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：可乐定可以取代吗啡作为小儿先天性心脏病的麻醉前用药。     

地氟醚对手术病人肾素—血管紧张素—醛固酮系统及皮质醇的影响

目的 观察地氟醚在手术中对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）及皮质醇的影响。方法 选择30例择期在全麻下实施上腹部手术病人，随机分为地氟醚组和安氟醚组，每组15例。术中分五个时点采集静脉血，以放免法测定血浆肾素活性（PRA）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（AⅡ）、醛固酮（Al）及皮质醇（Cor）。结果 地氟醚组在切皮时即出现PRA、AⅡ、Al的升高，尤以Al显著，术中继续升高。两组Cor术中均升高，但无明显组间差异。地氟醚组中血压及心率增加明显。结论 地氟醚可早期激活RAAS，并有交感兴奋作用；但不能抑制手术刺激引起的Cor升高。     

氯胺酮,安氟醚麻醉对子宫切除术患者血浆心钠素,肾素,血管紧…

本文研究了氯胺酮、安氟醚麻醉对子宫肌瘤切除术患者血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、肾素（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素（ＡⅡ）和醛固酮（ＡＬ）水平的影响。通过１５例子宫肌瘤切除术患者的临床观察，结果表明，子宫肌瘤手术患者氯胺酮、安氟醚麻醉后１０ｍｉｎ、３０ｍｉｎ、１ｈ和术毕ＡＮＰ显著高于麻醉前；ＰＲＡ与麻醉前比较有升高趋势；ＡⅡ在麻醉后３０ｍｉｎ至术毕低于麻醉前；血浆ＡＬ自麻醉后１０ｍｉｎ开始升高，至麻醉后１ｈ和术毕非     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.