帽状息肉病临床和内镜特征及内镜下切除治疗效果

为了探讨帽状息肉病的临床、内镜特征,并评价其内镜下切除治疗效果,对2017年6月—2021年2月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院行内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）或内镜黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）结直肠息肉切除治疗,经术后病理证实为帽状息肉病的14例病例（共56枚息肉）进行了回顾性分析。结果显示：男8例,女6例;年龄14岁～74岁,其中<60岁7例,≥60岁7例;7例（50.0%）伴消化道症状;息肉多发4例,单发10例（71.4%）;息肉位于直肠42枚（75.0%）,乙状结肠13枚（23.2%）,横结肠1枚;山田分型Ⅰ型44枚（78.6%）,Ⅱ型3枚,Ⅲ型5枚,Ⅳ型4枚;内镜下息肉表面可见明显白色帽状覆盖物41枚（73.2%）、明显充血发红23枚,其中两者均可见8枚;2例行ESD治疗、12例行EMR治疗,均完全切除,均未出现出血、穿孔、感染等并发症;7例伴消化道症状者术后临床症状均获得缓解;11例（78.6%）随访期间完成肠镜复查,均未见息肉复发。由此可见,帽状息肉病无性别、年龄发病差异,息肉多单发,直肠及乙状结肠多见,形态以山田Ⅰ型为主,表面多有白色帽状覆盖物,患者可无明显消化道症状,内镜下切除治疗安全、有效。     

老年大肠广基息肉内镜黏膜切除术的临床研究

目的探讨内镜黏膜切除术（EMR）对老年广基息肉病变的治疗价值及安全性。方法采用结肠镜下大肠黏膜切除术治疗117例共157枚大肠广基息肉。病灶黏膜下注射肾上腺素生理盐水后,一次圈套整块切除或分次圈套切除病变,回收标本送病理检查,术后结肠镜随访。结果全部息肉通过EMR一次切除,切除息肉大小在1～5cm范围;腺瘤性息肉141枚,增生性息肉13枚;局灶癌变3例（病理证实）。4例出现腹痛,3例少量便血,发烧4例,不需要特殊处理。复查患者未有息肉残留者。腺瘤息肉异型增生程度与息肉大小密切相关（P〈0.05）。结论老年大肠广基息肉通过EMR切除完全,安全;腺瘤息肉的大小与异型增生密切相关,提示腺瘤息肉需要早期干预治疗。     

86例幼年性息肉临床特点及内镜下切除治疗

目的探讨幼年性息肉的临床特点以及内镜下切除的治疗价值。方法回顾性分析河南宏力医院2007年12月至2018年6月经内镜切除及病理证实为幼年性息肉的86例患者的临床资料。结果 86例患者均因大便带血就诊。14岁以下79例,占91. 9%,平均年龄4. 3岁。86例患者共切除92枚息肉,其中单发息肉80人,占93. 0%;直肠息肉61枚,占66. 3%,乙状结肠息肉28枚,占30. 4%。92枚息肉均行内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR),无一例出现穿孔、出血等并发症。结论幼年性息肉好发于学龄前儿童,临床症状多表现为大便带血,发病部位多为直肠,其次乙状结肠,且多为单发息肉; EMR是治疗幼年性息肉安全有效方法。     

EMR治疗消化道无蒂及亚蒂息肉的临床疗效

[目的]探讨内镜下黏膜切除术(Endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)治疗消化道无蒂及亚蒂息肉的安全性及效果。[方法]入选的154例胃肠道无蒂及亚蒂息肉的患者,均采用EMR方法进行镜下治疗,对所有不同部位的息肉标本均进行病理学检查。[结果]所有息肉均成功切除,术中2例出血,经电凝止血钳成功止血后予钛夹夹闭创面;无术后出血、穿孔等并发症,术后病理类型:炎性息肉48枚(11.32%)、增生性息肉74枚(17.45%)、腺瘤性息肉300枚(70.75%),腺瘤性息肉合并高级别上皮内瘤变2枚(0.47%);所有息肉均切除干净,复查无残留。[结论]EMR治疗消化道无蒂及亚蒂息肉是安全有效的,值得基层医院临床推广应用。     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗老年人大肠息肉

目的 研究内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)对老年人大肠息肉的治疗效果,并对其临床病理特征、适应证、并发症等进行讨论.方法 2003年10月至2008年10月共完成老年人大肠息肉EMR手术277例,共计413枚.对切除标本进行病理组织学观察,术后定期内镜随访1～60月,以评价切除效果,记录术中及术后发生的并发症及处理情况.结果 413枚息肉中393枚经首次或再次EMR治疗病变完整清除,治愈率为95.2%;15枚(占3.6%,15例患者)术后病理示浸润癌再追加外科开腹手术.术中出血16例(5.8%),均内镜下止血成功;术后迟发出血5例(1.8%),其中3例经内镜下止血成功,2例经输血及内科保守治疗后出血停止.无穿孔、感染及其他并发症发生.病理结果示炎性息肉、增生性息肉、腺瘤性息肉、腺瘤癌变分别占25.7%(106/413),19.1%(79/413),50.4%(208/413),4.8%(20/413),老年人随着年龄的增加,腺瘤性息肉的比例逐渐升高(P＜0.01).随访期间所有病例均无复发.结论 EMR是一种安全和微创的内镜治疗手段,对老年人大肠息肉治疗的效果优于传统的内镜下治疗方法.     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗消化道难治性息肉的疗效分析

[目的]分析比较内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)与单纯高频电切术治疗消化道难治性息肉的临床疗效和安全性。[方法]入选80例(139枚)难治性消化道息肉患者,按照息肉切除方式,分成EMR组38例(67枚)和电切组42例(72枚),观察2组治疗术中、术后并发症及处理情况。[结果]EMR组完整切除率为97.4%,显著高于电切组的76.1%;而电切组总并发症发生率35.7%明显高于EMR组的10.5%(P0.05)。[结论]消化道难治性息肉行EMR治疗与传统单纯高频电切术治疗比较,具有操作简便、并发症少等特点,是一种安全有效的微创内镜治疗手段。     

内镜黏膜切除术治疗结肠广基息肉临床疗效分析

目的分析结肠息肉的临床病理特点以及应用内镜黏膜切除术治疗结肠广基息肉的有效性和安全性。方法收集我院2012年8月到2014年1月由结肠镜诊断经内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)进行息肉切除的324例结肠息肉患者的临床资料,所切除息肉均符合EMR指征。观察手术并发症、处理措施和术后病理结果,分析EMR治疗结肠息肉的完整切除率、并发症发生率及复发率。结果共切除463枚息肉,直径6~45 mm,大于20 mm的息肉共65枚;息肉最易发生部位为直肠;病理类型以管状腺瘤最为多见。除2例不完全切除外均完整切除,标本完整切除率为99.6%。术中及术后并发症发生率2.6%,其中消化道出血7例(1.5%),以腹痛为主要表现的息肉切除术后综合征5例(1.1%),无消化道穿孔。直径大于20 mm的息肉EMR术后12个月复查肠镜,无复发。结论采用EMR治疗即使是直径大于20 mm的结肠息肉也是安全、有效的首选方法。     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗老年人胃肠息肉

内镜下黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）是目前对胃肠道表浅型病变的一种微创治疗。2003年10月至2009年10月,南京军区南京总医院对109例老年人胃息肉和346例老年人大肠息肉行EMR治疗,现报告如下。1对象与方法1.1对象老年胃息肉患者109（男69,女40）例,年龄60～86岁,平均（70.2±6.7）岁。     

内镜超声诊断胃肠道黏膜及黏膜下隆起性病变432例

目的:探讨内镜超声(EUS)对胃肠道黏膜及黏膜下隆起性病变诊断的价值,分析胃肠道黏膜及黏膜下隆起性病变与术后临床病理诊断符合率.方法:回顾性分析胃肠道黏膜及黏膜下隆起性病变的临床资料.3100例患者术前行EUS检查,其中432例进行内镜下活检、息肉摘除术、EMR或ESD等治疗,术后将切除标本送病理.再将病理结果与术前内...     

术中内镜治疗黑斑息肉综合征小肠息肉疗效观察

目的探讨小切口开腹术配合内镜治疗黑斑息肉综合征（PJS）小肠多发息肉的疗效。方法对临床诊断为PJS的患者进行小肠多发息肉的术中内镜治疗,主要观察指标包括内镜下息肉治疗的完成情况、小肠息肉切除的数量、大小以及与内镜下治疗相关的并发症等。结果8例患者共在术中切除812枚息肉,直径〈10mm384枚;10～30mm 356枚;〉30mm 72枚,其中最大者45mm×38mm。术后出现肠功能障碍1例,腹部隐痛不适1例,未引起血色素下降的出血及其他严重并发症发生。结论术中内镜治疗能安全可靠地切除PJS患者深部小肠息肉,对小肠息肉的治疗损伤小、恢复快,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗老年及老年前期胃肠道息肉的临床研究

目的探讨内镜下黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）对老年及老年前期胃及大肠息肉的治疗效果,并对其临床病理特征、适应证、并发症等进行讨论。方法 2003年10月至2009年10月共完成老年及非老年胃息肉及大肠息肉EMR手术1076例;对切除标本进行病理检查,记录术中及术后发生的并发症及处理情况,术后定期内镜随访1-60月。结果 348处胃息肉经首次或再次EMR治疗病变均完整清除,病理示炎性息肉、增生性息肉、腺瘤性息肉分别占62.6%（218/348）,27.9%（97/348）,9.5%（33/348）。935处大肠息肉中892处病变经首次或再次EMR治疗病变完整清除,治愈率为95.4%;23处病变（2.5%）术后病理示浸润癌再追加外科开腹手术。病理示炎性息肉、增生性息肉、腺瘤性息肉、腺瘤癌变分别占29.1%（272/935）,20.9%（195/935）,46.2%（432/935）,3.9%（36/935）,随年龄的增加,腺瘤性息肉的比例逐渐升高（P〈0.01）。术中出血52例（4.8%）,均内镜下止血;术后迟发出血（〉24 h）21例（2.0%）,其中15例经内镜下止血,6例经输血及内科保守治疗后止血。无穿孔、感染等并发症发生。随访期间所有病例均无复发。结论 EMR是一种安全和微创的内镜治疗手段,对老年及老年前期胃及大肠息肉治疗的疗效优于传统的内镜下治疗方法。     

黏膜切除术治疗结直肠广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉98例临床研究

目的探讨内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)治疗结直肠广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉患者的疗效。方法回顾性分析98例结直肠广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉(息肉直径0.6~2.0 cm)患者的临床资料并行EMR治疗。结果 98例均经电子结肠镜检查及术前病理诊断为腺瘤性息肉,均为广基隆起性病变,共120枚,行EMR,留取完整标本病理检查,创面均给予钛夹封闭。术后病理诊断为腺瘤性息肉113例,高级别瘤变4例,局部癌变3例,7例切缘均无癌细胞,未追加外科手术。1个月后复查见病变部位黏膜光滑,未见息肉及病变黏膜残留。高级别瘤变及局部癌变7例随访3年,未见肿瘤复发及它处转移。结论对于广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉行EMR较既往单纯的高频电灼或氩离子凝固术有助于发现早期癌,改善患者的预后。     

内镜黏膜切除术治疗大肠广基大息肉

目的探讨内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)对肠道广基大息肉样病变的治疗价值。方法采用结肠镜下大肠黏膜切除术治疗135例共157个结直肠广基大息肉。病灶黏膜下注射肾上腺素生理盐水后,一次圈套整块切除或分次圈套切除病变,回收全部标本送病理检查,术后结肠镜随访。结果全部息肉EMR一次切除,除3个位于直肠黏膜下的病灶小于1 cm外,其余均大于1.5 cm,最大的13 cm×12 cm,无手术并发症。术后病理:腺瘤123个,其中有异型增生80个;黏膜内癌11个;增生性息肉20个;直肠类癌3个。随访中,有2例大于7 cm的直肠腺瘤分别于术后1个月及3个月复查时复发,均给予热活检钳完整钳除,病理分别为增生性息肉和绒毛状腺瘤,再复查6-12个月无复发。结论EMR是治疗大肠癌前病变及黏膜内癌安全、有效的方法。     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗大肠平坦型病变30例

目的：探讨内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）在大肠平坦型病变中的治疗价值。方法：对30例有大肠平坦型病变患者共36处病灶进行染色放大后行EMR治疗,评价其治疗效果和并发症。结果：36处病灶最大直径0．8～2．5cm（平均1．4±0．5cm）,32处一次性完整切除,4处分块切除;3例出现术中出血,经氩气凝固术（APC）及电凝治疗后止血,1例出现术后迟发性出血,经金属夹治疗后止血。30例患者术后1月复查肠镜,创面愈合,术后随访6～12月（平均9．3月）,未见病变复发及残留。结论：EMR能有效治疗大肠平坦型病变,方法简便易行,创伤小,安全有效,值得临床推广。

Abstract：

Objective： To study the value of endoscopic mucosal resection （EMR） for flat-type colorectal polyps. Methods： Thirty-six lesions in 30 patients with flat-type colorectal polyps were resected by EMR after magnifying endoscope and mucosa staining, and the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions were evaluated. Results： The maximum diameter of 36 lesions was 0. 8-2. 5 cm （mean 1.4 ± 0. 5 cm） ,32 lesions of which were onetime complete resection and four lesions were piece EMR. Bleeding occurred in 3 cases, and the Argon Plasma Coagulation （APC） and electrocoagulation were taken to stop bleeding, 1 case of delayed postoperative bleeding,metal clips was used to stop bleeding after treatment. The colonoscopy after a month in 30 patients showed wound healing, no recurrence and residual lesions were found in these patients followed up for 6- 12 months （average 9. 3 months）. Conclusions： Colorectal flat-type polyps can be effectively treated by EMR, and the method is simple, less traumatic, but safe and worthy to be popularized.     

麻醉肠镜在老年患者大肠息肉黏膜切除术中的应用

目的探讨麻醉肠镜在老年患者大肠息肉行黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)中的临床应用价值。方法将306例肠镜下发现大肠息肉的老年患者随机分为两组:麻醉肠镜组(156例);使用异丙酚和芬太尼行静脉麻醉;普通肠镜组(150例):仅给予肠道准备。观察两组患者EMR术前、中、后的血压[包括舒张压(SBP)、收缩压(DBP)]、心率(HR)、末梢血氧饱和度(Sp O2)和两组患者术中反应、并发症、手术操作时间及患者满意度。结果术中麻醉肠镜组SBP、DBP、HR均明显低于普通肠镜组(P均0.05),Sp O2无显著差异(P0.05);术前及术后两组患者SBP、DBP、HR、Sp O2均无显著性差异(P均0.05)。麻醉肠镜组患者满意度高。麻醉组手术操作时间(18.1±6.3)min,普通组(24.4±8.5)min,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论麻醉肠镜下对老年患者大肠息肉行EMR能够缩短操作时间,提高成功率,提高患者满意度,是一种治疗老年患者大肠息肉的简单、安全、有效的方法。     

Endoscopic mucosal resection of 161 cases of large sessile or flat colorectal polyps

Objective. Large sessile or flat colorectal polyps, which are traditionally treated surgically, may be amenable to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), often using a piecemeal method. Appropriate selection of lesions and a careful technique may enhance the efficacy of EMR for polyps ≥20 mm in diameter without compromising safety. The aim of this study was to identify the factors that may be predictive of the risk of polyp recurrence. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the outcome of 161 polyps ≥20 mm in diameter, treated by piecemeal EMR at a single centre using the “lift and cut” technique. All records were reviewed for polyp size, site, morphology and histology. Polypectomy technique, patient follow-up, polyp recurrence and surgical interventions were also recorded. Results. Over an 8-year period, 161 colonic polyps measuring ≥20 mm were removed by EMR. Follow-up data were available for 149 cases (93%) with a mean polyp diameter of 32.5 mm; the total success rate of endoscopic polyp removal was 95.4%. The number of cases requiring 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 attempts at EMR was 89 (60%), 36 (24%), 14 (9%), 2 (1.3%) and 1 (0.7%), respectively. Recurrence was significantly related to polyp size (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant relationship between site and recurrence. Seven patients (4.6%) underwent surgical intervention after EMR because of failed clearance. There were no post-EMR perforations and significant bleeding was reported in only two patients (1.7%). Conclusions. With careful attention to technique, piecemeal EMR is a safe option for the resection of most sessile and flat colorectal polyps ≥20 mm in size. A stricter follow-up may be required for larger lesions because of a higher risk of recurrence.     

EMR of large sessile colorectal polyps

BACKGROUND: EMR optimizes histopathologic assessment of resected lesions. This study evaluated the outcome of EMR of large sessile colorectal polyps in terms of complications and recurrence. METHODS: An uncontrolled prospective study was conducted of a cohort of 136 patients with sessile colorectal polyps referred for EMR. After submucosal injection, EMR was performed piecemeal by either snare polypectomy alone or with cap aspiration. RESULTS: In 136 patients, a total of 139 sessile polyps were resected, 86 of which were in the right colon. Median polyps diameter was 20 mm in the right colon and 30 mm in the other colonic segments. Intraprocedure bleeding occurred after 15 polypectomies (10.8%) and was controlled endoscopically in all cases; there was no delayed bleeding. Post-polypectomy syndrome occurred in 5 patients (3.7%). There was no perforation. Invasive carcinoma was found in 17 sessile colorectal polyps, and surgery was performed in 10 of 17 cases. Follow-up colonoscopy in 93 patients without invasive carcinoma (96 polyps), over a median of 12.3 months, disclosed local recurrence of 21 adenomatous polyps (21.9%). Colonoscopic follow-up in 5 of the 7 patients, who had sessile colorectal polyps with invasive carcinoma and did not undergo surgery, disclosed no local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: EMR, including EMR with cap aspiration, is effective and safe for removal of sessile colorectal polyps throughout the colon.     

Difficult colorectal polypectomy: Technical tips and recent advances

Colonoscopy has been shown to be an effective modality to prevent colorectal cancer (CRC) development. CRC reduction is achieved by detecting and removing adenomas, which are precursors of CRC. Most colorectal polyps are small and do not pose a significant challenge for trained and skilled endoscopists. However, up to 15% of polyps are considered “difficult”, potentially causing life-threatening complications. A difficult polyp is defined as any polyp that is challenging for the endoscopist to remove owing to its size, shape, or location. Advanced polypectomy techniques and skills are required to resect difficult colorectal polyps. There were various polypectomy techniques for difficult polyps such as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), underwater EMR, Tip-in EMR, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), or endoscopic full-thickness resection. The selection of the appropriate modality depends on the morphology and endoscopic diagnosis. Several technologies have been developed to aid endoscopists in performing safe and effective polypectomies, especially complex procedures such as ESD. These advances include video endoscopy system, equipment assisting in advanced polypectomy, and closure devices/techniques for complication management. Endoscopists should know how to use these devices and their availability in practice to enhance polypectomy performance. This review describes several useful strategies and tips for managing difficult colorectal polyps. We also propose the stepwise approach for difficult colorectal polyps.     

Endoscopic management of large colorectal polyps

Objectives  The optimal treatment for large colorectal polyps (LCPs) is still a controversial issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of endoscopic polypectomy (EP) of colorectal polyps ≥2 cm in size. Patients and methods  One hundred fifty-one EP LCPs were performed over a period of 7 years. Diathermal snare was used for pedunculated and pseudopedunculated polyps and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or biopsy forceps polypectomy for sessile and flat polyps. The resected polyps were recovered and collected for histology. At scheduled follow-up visits 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after polypectomy, complications and recurrences were recorded in all patients. Results  Fifteen polyps were located in the rectum, 84 in the sigmoid colon, 11 in the descending colon, four in the splenic flexure, 11 in the transverse colon, 11 in the hepatic flexure, seven in the ascending colon and eight in the cecum. Fifty-six polyps were sessile, 54 pedunculated, 25 pseudopedunculated, and 16 flat. At histology, most of polyps (131) were adenomas (nine with adenocarcinoma in situ). Five were invasive polypoid carcinomas and required colonic resection. Immediate bleeding occurred in ten patients (7.6%) and it was stopped by endoscopic hemoclips (7), epinephrine injection (1), or surgery (2). There were three perforations (2.3%; all polypoid carcinomas), managed endoscopically (1) or surgically (2). Delayed bleeding occurred in two patients (1.5%) and was treated by endoscopic diathermy and hemoclips (1) or surgery (1). During follow-up, six (4.6%) incompletely excised polyps and three (2.3%) relapses in the site of previous EP were detected and endoscopically removed. Conclusion  EP is relatively safe and effective for benign-appearing LCPs.     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗Peutz-Jeghers巨大十二指肠息肉71例临床研究北大核心CSCD

目的评估内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)治疗Peutz-Jeghers综合征(PJS)巨大十二指肠息肉的安全性及有效性。方法收集2013年2月至2020年8月在空军特色医学中心确诊为PJS十二指肠息肉并经EMR治疗的病例资料,统计EMR治疗PJS十二指肠巨大息肉的完整切除率、并发症发生率。比较巨大息肉组(直径≥3 cm)与普通息肉组(直径<3 cm)患者EMR手术完整切除率和并发症发生情况,并分析EMR治疗PJS十二指肠息肉手术并发症发生的影响因素。结果共71例患者纳入研究,男44例,女27例,中位年龄为26岁(5~58岁)。内镜下切除息肉最大中位直径为2.0 cm(0.6~13.0 cm),所有患者均成功实施EMR手术,63例患者EMR治疗PJS十二指肠息肉实现完整切除(63/71,88.7%),巨大息肉组EMR手术完整切除率低于普通息肉组(77.4%比97.5%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.023)。EMR手术相关并发症总发生率5.6%(4/71),1例患者同时存在术中创面渗血和术后胰腺炎。巨大息肉组与普通息肉组间并发症发生率(9.7%比2.5%)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。内镜下EMR切除十二指肠息肉有无并发症发生在患者性别、年龄、有无PJS家族史、手术史、息肉数量、切除方式上的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),而息肉位于乳头部位者并发症发生率(50%,3/6)显著高于非乳头部位者(1.5%,1/65),差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。结论EMR治疗PJS巨大十二指肠息肉总体安全有效的,可作为PJS十二指肠息肉的首选治疗方案。息肉部位是EMR手术相关并发症发生的重要影响因素。