Caroli病合并多囊肾、胆总管狭窄1例报道

本文通过报道1例典型的Caroli病(Caroli’s disease,CD)合并多囊肾、胆总管狭窄(癌变可能)患者的病史资料及治疗回顾,并对比分析腹部CT、MRI、MRCP、ERCP等影像学检查,进一步探索该病的临床症状、诊断、鉴别以及治疗情况。     

腹部B超、CT和核磁胰胆管成像检查诊断肝外胆管结石的对比研究

目的评价超声、腹部CT（CT）和核磁胰胆管成像（MRCP）三种非侵人性检查方法在肝外胆管结石确诊中的应用价值。方法选择2001年1月-2007年12月在我院消化内镜中心行内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）确诊的肝外胆管结石患者261例,并比较B超、CT和MRCP检查对胆外胆管结石的显示率并进行统计学分析。结果ERCP确诊胆总管结石患者261例,B超、CT和MRCP对胆总管结石的显示率分别为41．7％、55．6％和81．5％,两两比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;B超检查肝外胆总管内径≤0．8cm的胆总管结石患者共有47例,B超、CT和MRCP对胆总管无扩张胆总管结石的显示率分别为21％、30．8％和56％,B超与CT检查显示率比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,与MRCP比较有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论诊断肝外胆管结石时,MRCP明显优于CT和B超检查,尤其肝外胆管无扩张的患者,B超和CT检查有一定局限性。     

B超、CT、ERCP和MRCP在肝胆管结石并发肝胆管癌诊断中的效果比较

目的比较B超、CT、ERCP和MRCP在肝胆管结石并发肝胆管癌诊断中的应用效果。方法 69例肝胆管结石并发肝胆管癌患者,术前均行B超、CT、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）、磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）检查。结果 B超正确诊断41例（59.42%）,其中肿块型30例、结节型7例、腔内乳头型3例、胆管壁增厚型1例;CT正确诊断50例（72.46%）,其中肿块型35例、结节型11例、腔内乳头型4例;ERCP正确诊断56例（81.16%）,其中肿块型36例、结节型13例、腔内乳头型5例、胆管壁增厚型2例;MRCP正确诊断61例,其中肿块型36例、结节型14例、腔内乳头型7例,胆管壁增厚型3例。与B超相比,术前CT、ERCP和MRCP对肝胆管结石并发肿块型肝胆管癌的诊断率明显提高;ERCP和MRCP对结节型的诊断率明显提高;MRCP对腔内乳头型和胆管壁增厚型的诊断率均明显提高（P均〈0.05）。结论 B超、CT、ERCP和MRCP均是诊断肝胆管结石并发肝胆管癌的较好方法。CT适用于肝胆管结石并发肿块型肝胆管癌的诊断;ERCP适用于肝胆管结石并发肿块型、结节型肝胆管癌的诊断;MRCP适用于肝胆管结石并发肿块型、结节型、腔内乳头型和胆管壁增厚型肝胆管癌的诊断。     

磁共振胰胆管成像和直接胰胆管造影对胆胰疾病诊断价值自身对比的前瞻性研究

目的 比较直接胰胆管造影（ERCP和PTC）和磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）对胆胰疾病的诊断价值。方法 临床怀疑胆胰系疾病63例。每例先行MRCP,在此后24h内行ERCP。影像科和内镜医师分别报告自己所见结果,待研究结束后,以ERCP或PTC为参照标准统一对比分析。结果 63例行ERCP中,成功率为88.9%（56/63例）,7例ERCP失败者改行PTC检查成功;所有MRCP均获成功,成功率为100.0%;MRCP的灵敏度为98.2%、特异度83.3%、误诊率为16.7%、漏诊率为1.8%。MRCP和ERCP（或PTC）总符合率85.7%,其中在胆系结石及胆管肿瘤分别为100.0%和92.9%,乳头病病变为70.6%（12/17例）,在慢性胰腺炎和肝吸虫的诊断符合率分别为3/3和66.7%。63例ERCP者,术后并发胰腺炎5例、肾周脓肿1例（为B-Ⅱ术后）,并发症发生率为9.5%（6/63例）;而MRCP无并发症发生。结论 对胆管内疾病,MRCP可达到ERCP的单纯诊断水平,而对乳头部病变（尤其是小病变）和肝吸虫,MRCP却无法与ERCP相比拟。对不能耐受ERCP及禁忌症者,MRCP是较好的选择。MRCP的最大不便在于不能同时进行治疗。     

单次激发快速半傅立叶胰管造影68例分析

目的 探讨HASTE MRCP对胰、胆管疾病的临床诊断价值,分析在MRCP中,半傅立叶单次激发快速自旋回波序列(HASTE)与其它影像学检查比较所具有的优越性。方法 使用Siemens 1．5T vision Plus扫描仪,采用自控阵表面线圈,加脂肪抑制和图像预饱和技术,以HASTE序列重佗加权相多层扫描,进行三维重建,多角度多方位观察。结果本组胆系结石25例中,胆总管结石14例,肝内胆管结石8例;胆管良性梗阻14例,表现为胆总管近端扩张,远端逐渐变细,边缘光滑,全层无中断,呈不全梗阻,即“管道穿通征”阳性;胆管恶性梗阻28例,梗阻端形态以截断状最多见,其次为乳头状和鼠尾症。结论HASTE成像速度快,空间分辨率高,是目前理想的MRCIF,成像序列;HASTEMRCP作为无创性技术,能完整显示胰胆管系统结构,优于ERCP和PTC,对梗阻性疾病的定性和定位诊断率较高,恶性梗阻的胆管扩张程度较良性梗阻重,且“双管症”仅见于恶性梗阻,“管道穿通征”见于良性梗阻,可作为鉴别良恶性梗阻的重要指征。     

综合应用影像技术术前诊断先天性环形胰腺

目的 探讨综合应用影像技术术前确诊先天性环形胰腺(AP)，提供临床准确的影像诊疗信息。方法 应用5种综合影像学技术之中的3种以上方法。对本组6例行术前检查与诊断，方法包括①低张胃十二指肠充气造影；②胃肠充气CT造影；③左侧斜卧位薄层增强动态CT检查；④3D重建的MPR及CT仿真内镜；⑤纤维胃镜或超声内镜；⑥ERCP和MRCP。结果 用影像综合技术检查显示征象，表现为圆斑与脐样征5例；导管征、桥形皱壁、鸵鸟嘴征或向心狭窄征。结论 应用综台影像技术对环形胰腺术前确诊，可提高对本病的认识水平。     

磁共振胰胆管成像和直接胰胆管造影对胆胰疾病诊断价值自身对比的前瞻性研究

目的：比较直接胰胆管造影（ERCP和PTC）和磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）对胆胰疾病的诊断价住材料。方法：临床怀疑胆胰系统疾病63例。每例先行MRCP，使用Siemens1.5TVision Plus磁共振扫仪进行检查，检查前4小时禁食、水，检查时采用自控阵表面线圈和屏气技术于呼气未以HASTE序列：T2加权像行多层扫描采集数据，原始数据作三维重建。在此后24小时内行ERCP。影像科医师和内镜医师分别报告自己所见结果，待研究结束后进行统一对比分析，分析时以ERCP或PTC结果为参照标准，结果63例行ERCP中，成功率88.9％（56/63），7例ERCP失败（11.1％）改行PTC检查成功；所有MRCP均获得成功，成功率100％；MRCP的灵敏度98.2％、特异度83.3％、误诊率16.7％、漏诊率1.8％。MRCP和ERCP（或PTC）总符合率85.71％，其中在胆系结石及胆管肿瘤分别为100％和92.86％，乳头部病变为70.59％（12/17），在慢性胰腺炎和肝吸虫的诊断符合率分别为3/3和66.67％。（例ERCP，术后并发胰腺炎5例、肾周脓肿1例（为B-Ⅱ术后），并发症发生率9.52％（6/63）；MRCP无并发症。结论：对胆管内疾病，MRCP可达到ERCP的单纯诊断水平，而对乳头部的病变（尤其是小病变）和肝吸虫，MRCP却无法与ERCP相比拟。对不能耐受ERCP及有ERCP禁忌症，MRCP是较好的选择。MRCP的最大不便，在于不能同时进行治疗。     

乳头插管困难时经皮经肝穿刺与经内镜逆行胰胆管造影对接和配合

近年来,我们对ERCP乳头插管失败的患者,采用经皮经肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)与ERCP对接技术,使13例治疗成功,现将对接操作及配合技术总结如下. 1.临床资料:2006年至2010年在我院行ERCP治疗的患者,14例因乳头插管不成功采用了PTC与ERCP对接技术,其中男11例、女3例,年龄46～82岁,平均65岁.患者均有皮肤巩膜黄染、胆红素升高,均经CT、MRCP等明确诊断,因肿瘤晚期或身体情况而不能行外科手术.     

超声内镜在可疑胆胰疾病ERCP术前的初步应用

目的 超声内镜(EUS)在可疑胆胰病变患者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术前的临床应用价值.方法 对15例急性胰腺炎、梗阻性黄疸、胆总管扩张或反复腹痛等病史的患者,经腹部B超、CT和/或MRCP检查可疑胆胰病变,术前行EUS检查诊断,并经ERCP确认.结果 15例患者确诊胆总管结石并行EST取石术9例,确诊壶腹部肿瘤2例,胆管内乳头状瘤2例,十二指肠乳头炎性狭窄1例,胰管结石1例.结论 EUS对可疑胆胰病变有很高的诊断价值,特别能提高胆总管结石确诊率,高于MRCP检查,并能指导ERCP,提高治疗效果,减少风险.     

磁共振胰胆管造影术与经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术诊断阻塞性黄疸的价值评价

目的:比较磁共振胰胆管造影术(MRCP)与经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)对阻塞性黄疸的诊断价值.方法:55例阻塞性黄疸患者分别行MRCP和ERCP,其中1例行ERCP失败者改行经皮肝胆管造影术(PTC).MRCP采用重T2加权及超快速自旋回波水成像技术进行,ERCP和PTC按常规方法进行.结果:MRCP与ERCP(或PTC)总的诊断准确率分别为90.9%(50/55)和98.2%(54/55),对恶性狭窄的诊断准确率为73.7%(14/19)和94.7%(18/19),对胆总管结石的诊断准确率均为100%(30/30).结论:MRCP为无创性检查,漏诊率较低但误诊率较高,在明确阻塞性黄疸病因时虽可作为首选方法,但不能取代ERCP(或PTC),两者结合使用可以弥补对方的不足,提高对阻塞性黄疸病因诊断的准确率.     

内镜在胰胆管合流异常诊疗中的作用探讨

目的探讨ERCP在胰胆管合流异常中的诊断价值,评估内镜治疗的效果。方法16例胰胆管合流异常（PBM）患者,通过ERCP造影进行PBM分型,结合临床症状,分析引起相关疾病的机制、影像特点,根据合并的其它胰胆疾病,选择适当的内镜取石、扩张或引流等治疗,观察治疗效果。结果16例胰胆管合流异常患者多伴有腹痛、呕吐、黄疸等症状,及转氨酶和／或淀粉酶水平的升高。其中,Ⅰ型（B—P型）7例,Ⅱ型（P—B型）5例,Ⅲ型（复杂型）4例;合并胆总管囊肿扩张10例,无扩张者5例,胆管癌并狭窄1例;伴有胆管结石11例（4例为蛋白栓）、胰管结石2例（1例不伴胆管结石）。9例予内镜下胆管取石,2例胰管取石,术中置入胆道支架引流7例,行鼻胆管引流3例,胰管支架置入5例,胆道金属支架置人1例。术后临床症状均明显缓解。结论ERCP是一种可靠的诊断手段,其分型与PBM相关疾病表现有明显相关,选择性、暂时性的内镜治疗在外科术前是有效的、必要的。     

A prospective comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of ERCP,MRCP, CT,and EUS in biliary strictures

BACKGROUND: The differential diagnosis of biliary strictures remains a challenge. This study evaluated magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) as a new procedure in comparison with the established methods of diagnosis including ERCP or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), CT, and EUS. METHODS: Fifty patients (21 men, 29 women, mean age 65.7 years) with jaundice but no pain suspected to have biliary strictures were enrolled in this prospective study. MRCP, ERCP/PTC, CT, and EUS were performed prospectively; images and videotapes (EUS) of these tests were reviewed blindly under standardized conditions. Reference standards for comparison were surgery, a biopsy confirming malignancy, or the clinical course during follow-up (at least 12 months) in cases without histopathologic proof of malignancy. RESULTS: Seven patients ultimately proved to have jaundice caused by parenchymal liver disease and 43 had a biliary stricture (17 benign, 26 malignant). Forty patients underwent all 4 imaging tests. There were 10 patients in whom patient-specific problems precluded some procedures but who were included in an intention-to-diagnose analysis. The sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of malignancy in the 50 patients were as follows: 85% / 75% for ERCP/PTC, 85% / 71% for MRCP, 77% / 63% for CT, and 79% / 62% for EUS, with similar values in the 40 patients who underwent all 4 imaging methods. The combination of MRCP and EUS improved specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Although MRCP provides the same imaging information as direct cholangiography, it has limited specificity for the diagnosis of malignant strictures. In the differential diagnosis of biliary strictures, several tests including ERCP-guided tissue diagnosis are still required, and MRCP has only a limited clinical role.     

经口直接胆道进镜对ERCP残留结石的诊疗价值

目的探讨经口直接胆道进镜方法及其对ERCP残留结石的诊疗价值。方法用3-0丝线将0．533mm（0．021in）斑马导丝软头连结于取石球囊前部的导管外面上,成为引导超细胃镜进镜的球囊．导丝“引导装置”,ERCP取石后的十二指肠镜将“引导装置”的取石球囊（连同导丝并行）送至肝内胆管充气锚定,退出十二指肠镜,沿导丝经口插入超细胃镜直至胆道,观察ERCP取石后结石残留情况,如发现残留结石可直接用超细胃镜网篮取出,结石较大则液电击碎再取出。结果46例患者中42例超细胃镜成功进镜至肝门区胆管,4例失败,自口插镜到达肝门区胆管平均时间为11．3min。成功进镜的42例中发现直径i〉4mm结石6例,残留率为14．3％,最大结石直径为10mm×12mm;27例ERCP单纯取石者发现结石2例,15例ERCP网篮碎石后再取石者发现结石4例。6例残留结石中5例直接用取石网篮取出,1例液电击碎后再网篮取出。术后未见严重并发症。结论应用本方法进行经口直接胆道镜诊疗是可行的,能及时诊断ERCP残留结石并予取除,避免再次取石治疗。     

Caroli disease: computed tomographic diagnosis

Computed tomographic (CT) scan findings in patients with cavernous ectasia of the biliary tract (Caroli disease) have been described. Our patient had the isolated form of Caroli disease characterized by saccular dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts and no evidence of portal hypertension. CT scan of the liver showed tiny dots with strong contrast enhancement within dilated intrahepatic bile ducts (the central dot sign). This finding when correlated with sonogram indicated portal radicles surrounded by dilated intrahepatic bile ducts.     

The decision-making value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in patients suspicious for pancreatobiliary diseases]

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an operator-dependent procedure and has significant procedure-related morbidity and mortality. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a safe noninvasive method for pancreatobiliary imaging. The aims of this study were to evaluate the potential impact of MRCP on performing ERCP and to evaluate the decision-making value of MRCP in patients suspicious for pancreatobiliary diseases. METHODS: Two hundreds twelve patients (M:F 108:104, mean age 59.3 +/- 13.7) who underwent MRCP due to clinical or sonographic suggesting pancreatobiliary disease were included. We divided patients into four groups according to their presumptive diagnosis: biliary stone (group 1), biliary tumor (group 2), gallstone pancreatitis (group 3) and other biliary diseases (group 4). RESULTS: Numbers of cases in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 145, 43, 17 and 7, respectively. In 144 cases (67.9%), ERCP was unnecessary and 76 cases (35.8%) required neither ERCP nor any other treatment. Thereafter, these cases were thought to be a patient group in whom the workload of performing ERCP could be reduced. CONCLUSIONS: MRCP can reduce the number and efforts doing ERCP and is helpful in decision-making for the treatment of pancreatobiliary disease. Therefore, MRCP could be the primary diagnostic tool before choosing ERCP.     

原发性硬化性胆管炎17例临床分析

目的探讨原发性硬化性胆管炎（primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC）的临床特征、诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性研究经影像学或病理检查确诊的17例原发性硬化性胆管炎患者的临床特征、诊断、生化、免疫及药物治疗结果。结果本病多发于中、青年男性。主要的临床特点为乏力、黄疸、皮肤瘙痒和体重减轻,发生率分别为100％、95％、90％和81％,与同期进行观察的自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）、原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）的发生率比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。生化和免疫检查具有明显增高的GGT、ALP、TBIL、IgG和1．球蛋白。41．17％（7／17）的PSC患者伴发肝外自身免疫性疾病,35．29％（5／17）的患者伴发溃疡性结肠炎,患者均有较高的自身抗体发生率。本病诊断困难,从发病到确诊PBC平均为30个月,常常被误诊为多种其他的疾病。17例患者均见到胆管MRCP／ERCP异常,仅2例可见PSC典型的组织学变化。结论原发性硬化性胆管炎发病机制不明,临床表现复杂,误诊率高。肝功能异常以GGT、ALP和TBIL升高为主,内科药物治疗不能阻止疾病的发展。明确诊断需综合临床、生化、MRCP／ERCP和病理组织学等指标。     

Prospective study of diagnostic value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in cholangiopancreatic diseases

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreato­graphy (ERCP) in the detection of cholangiopan­creatic diseases via a prospective study. METHODS: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography was performed in 63 patients with suspected cholangiopancreatic diseases and followed by ERCP within 24 h. The MRCP and ERCP images were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: Of the 63 patients studied, 56 (88.9%) were correctly diagnosed by using ERCP and seven (11.1%) by using percutaneous transhepatic cholangio­graphy (PTC); however, all these patients were successfully diagnosed by using MRCP. Cholangio­pancreatic diseases were diagnosed by MRCP with a sensitivity of 98.2%, a specificity of 83.3%, a misdiagnostic rate of 16.7% and a missed diagnostic rate of 1.8%. The total concordance rate of MRCP, ERCP and PTC was 85.7%. For specific conditions, the concordance rates were as follows: biliary calculi 100%; tumors of the bile duct 92.9%; papillary lesions 70.6%; hepatic distomiasis 66.7%; chronic pancreatitis 100%. The complications associated with ERCP were five cases of acute pancreatitis and one case of perinephric abscess. The patient with perinephric abscess had previously had a B‐II operation. The complication rate associated with ERCP was 9.5% (6/63), but no complications were associated with MRCP. CONCLUSION: We conclude that MRCP is as effective as ERCP for the diagnosis of bile duct lesions, such as biliary calculi and tumors, but not for papillary lesions and liver fluke infections. Although MRCP can be used in patients who can’t tolerate ERCP or when there are contraindications to using ERCP, it should not be used for therapeutic purposes.     

The detection of bile duct stones in suspected biliary pancreatitis: comparison of MRCP, ERCP, and intraductal US

OBJECTIVES: Early ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy for stone extraction can benefit the prognosis in patients with severe biliary pancreatitis, but are associated with complications. The ability to identify choledocholithiasis by noninvasive means in biliary pancreatitis is limited. The aim of this study was evaluation of the ability of MRCP to detect choledocholithiasis in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis. In addition, we investigated whether intraductal US (IDUS) could help manage these patients. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with suspected biliary pancreatitis were studied prospectively. MRCP was performed immediately before ERCP by separate blinded examiners within 24 h of admission. Wire-guided IDUS was performed during ERCP within 72 h of admission, regardless of the results of MRCP. Using endoscopic extraction of a stone as the reference standard, the diagnostic yield of MRCP was compared with transabdominal US, CT, ERCP, and IDUS. RESULTS: The sensitivity of US, CT, MRCP, ERCP, and IDUS for identifying choledocholithiasis was 20.0%, 40.0%, 80.0%, 90.0%, and 95.0%, respectively. The overall agreement between MRCP and ERCP was 90.6% for choledocholithiasis (kappa= 0.808, p < 0.01). The sensitivity of MRCP for detecting choledocholithiasis decreased with dilated bile ducts (bile duct diameter > 10 mm, 72.7% vs 88.9%). The combination of ERCP and IDUS improved accuracy in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: MRCP can be used to select patients with biliary pancreatitis who require ERCP. IDUS may be applied in the management of biliary pancreatitis if ERCP is performed.     

33例不典型肺结核球的CT所见分析

目的 探讨易误诊为肺癌的肺结核球的CT所见,以提高影像学诊断水平,避免误诊。 方法 回顾性分析山西省肺瘤医院术前经CT检查诊断为肺癌,并经手术病理证实的33例肺结核球患者的影像学特点。 结果 33例患者33处病灶均表现为结节或团块影;病灶直径为0.9～5.7 cm,平均（3.04±0.15）cm。发生于双肺上叶及下叶背段25例;病灶内部发生空洞7例（21.2%,7/33）,钙化10例（30.3%,10/33）;病变边缘多发小毛刺8例（24.2%,8/33）,长索条影10例（30.3%,10/33）;同一肺野内可见卫星灶8例（24.2%,8/33）,其他肺野可见钙化及粒状影4例（12.1%,4/33）;胸腔积液1例（3.0%,1/33）。病变CT增强扫描表现：28例行增强扫描,其中不均匀强化占35.7%（10/28）,蜂窝状强化占32.1%（9/28）;28例中17例行CT平扫加增强扫描,强化部分CT值较平扫增加值为7～58 HU,平均（24.1±1.8）HU。 结论 肺结核球CT及临床表现多样,蜂窝状强化、长索条影、卫星病灶有助于判断,同时要结合临床及实验室检查综合判断,才能降低不典型肺结核球的误诊。