非典型肝海绵状血管瘤的CT诊断

目的:探讨非典型肝海绵状血管瘤(HCH)的CT表现及相关病理学基础。方法:回顾性分析18例共21个非典型HCH的CT表现,包括病灶大小、平扫密度、动态增强模式及邻近改变。结果:有13个病灶CT平扫呈非均匀密度。共出现4种非典型动态增强模式:Ⅰ型(5例)表现为动脉期病灶快速均匀强化,门静脉期及延迟期持续强化;Ⅱ型(13例)动脉期肿瘤周边结节状强化,门静脉期及延迟期呈向心性强化,但不能完全填充整个病灶;Ⅲ型(2例)动脉期病灶呈中央强化,门静脉期及延迟期向周边呈离心性强化;Ⅳ型(1例)动脉期病灶无明显强化,门静脉期及延迟期呈轻度周边强化或不规则强化。HCH邻近区域的改变:有9个病灶周围可见动脉-门静脉分流(APVS),4个病灶邻近可见肝包膜回缩(HCR)征。以上非典型CT表现的出现在不同大小的病灶中差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:HCH非典型CT表现的出现与病变的结构特征密切相关,认识其非典型表现对HCH的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

螺旋CT多期增强扫描对平扫为等密度的肝细胞癌的诊断

目的 分析平扫为等密度的肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的螺旋CT( spiral CT,SCT)多期增强扫描表现,探讨SCT多期增强扫描对此类HCC的诊断价值.方法 收集本院经手术病理、肝穿刺活检或临床随访证实的CT平扫呈等密度的HCC 14例(占同期702例HCC的1.99%),回顾性分析这类HCC 的SCT多期增强扫描的强化方式及CT征象.结果 14例HCC 的SCT平扫均呈等密度影(假阴性).SCT多期增强扫描表现为"速升速降"型强化的4例,3例可见肿瘤假包膜形成;动脉期仍为等密度,门脉期及延迟期呈低密度影的4例;动脉期、门脉期和延迟期癌灶均呈低密度影的2例;动脉期瘤灶明显强化,门脉期、延迟期表现为等密度的3例;平扫为等密度、多期增强扫描显示动静脉瘘及门静脉癌栓的弥漫型肝细胞癌1例.结论 CT平扫可能会漏诊等密度的肝癌病灶,可疑患者需行增强扫描检查;SCT多期增强扫描能显示平扫为等密度的HCC的血供特点,对其具有重要的诊断价值.     

螺旋CT多期扫描诊断肝脏局灶性结节增生研究

目的 探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)的螺旋CT平扫和多期增强扫描表现特征,以提高CT对FNH的诊断准确性.资料与方法 回顾性分析16例经病理证实的FNH患者螺旋CT平扫及动脉期、门静脉期、延迟期增强扫描的资料.结果 16例患者16个FNH病灶中,平扫显示所有病灶均为略低密度,位于肝包膜下,其中14个可见更低密度瘢痕,从病灶中心向周围呈辐射状或不规则状.肿块实质呈"快进慢出"强化,中心瘢痕及辐射状分隔、假包膜"延迟强化",延迟期整个肿块密度趋于均匀一致.结论 平扫和多期增强螺旋CT扫描能全面显示FNH的病理特征及血流动力学特点,螺旋CT多期扫描有助于FNH的诊断及鉴别诊断.     

肝脏淋巴瘤:动态增强CT的诊断价值

目的 探讨肝脏淋巴瘤的CT表现、血液动力学特征及其病理基础.资料与方法 搜集经手术病理证实的11例肝脏淋巴瘤患者的CT与病理资料,复习CT结果并与病理作回顾性对照分析.结果 11例肝脏淋巴瘤中8例为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,3例为霍奇金淋巴瘤.共发现18个病灶,位于肝脏左叶7个,右叶5个,肝门区5个,尾状叶1个.病灶呈类圆形14个,地图形4个.15个病灶位于门静脉左右支邻近,3个位于肝脏周边.肝内病灶直径2.1～16.5 cm,平均5.7 cm.CT平扫肝内病灶密度均匀,动脉期呈轻至中度均匀强化,门静脉期呈中度均匀强化.各期CT值分别为平扫21.8-32.2 HU(平均26.1 HU),动脉期24.9-47.3 HU(平均32.6 HU),门静脉期36.4-63.7 HU(平均53.1 HU).4例病灶内可见形态正常的肝脏血管.肝门病灶表现为肝门静脉周围软组织影,包绕但不压迫门静脉.结论 肝脏淋巴瘤好发于门静脉左右支邻近或位于汇管区,肿瘤密实,CT平扫密度相对均匀,坏死区较小.动态增强呈进行性轻至中度延迟强化,强化相对均匀,部分病灶内可见形态正常的肝脏血管.     

肝局灶性结节增生的螺旋CT征象分析

目的:探讨肝局灶性结节增生(FNH)的螺旋CT征象。方法:回顾分析经病理或临床证实的16例FNH患者19个病灶的螺旋CT征象。结果:16例患者中14例为孤立病灶,2例多发;16个病灶密度较均,呈等密度或稍低密度;7个病灶直径≤3cm,12个病灶直径>3cm;8个病灶显示周边假包膜;10个病灶显示中央瘢痕及纤维分隔,其中有8个病灶直径>3cm;所有病灶在动脉期均呈显著高密度,其中16个病灶肿瘤实质均匀强化;5例病灶于动脉期显示周边异常增粗的血管。结论:绝大多数FNH呈孤立界清无包膜的稍低密度或等密度实质性肿块,动脉期明显强化,门脉期、延迟期显示中央瘢痕和假包膜,部分病灶于动脉期显示异常增粗的血管;多发病灶、动脉期不均强化、无中央疤痕显示及假包膜为不典型的CT征象。     

肾上腺淋巴瘤:双期增强CT诊断价值

目的 探讨肾上腺淋巴瘤的CT表现特征及其双期增强的诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的B细胞型非霍奇金淋巴瘤8例,术前行CT平扫和双期增强检查.所有病例影像资料均经3名高年医师分析阅片,分别确定病变大小、形态、边缘、密度以及强化程度和类型.其中,2例同时作了MR检查.结果 8例肾上腺淋巴瘤11个病灶中,双侧3例,单侧5例;病灶呈椭圆形8个,三角形3个.肿瘤直径4.1～10.7 cm,平均6.3 cm.10个病灶CT平扫密度相对均匀,1个病灶密度不均匀,所有病灶密度高于大多数肾上腺肿瘤,平扫CT值为24.1～35.2 HU,平均25.5 HU;双期增强动脉期病灶轻度强化,均匀强化4个病灶,不均匀强化7个病灶,动脉期CT值28.3～44.7 HU,平均31.6 HU;门静脉期中度强化,所有病灶强化趋于均匀,门静脉期CT值36.4～62.6HU,平均48.7 HU.结论 肾上腺淋巴瘤密度相对均匀,密度高于大多数肾上腺肿瘤,坏死少见或范围较小,双期增强呈轻～中等程度进行性延迟强化,强化较均匀.     

肝腺瘤的螺旋CT表现

目的探讨肝腺瘤的螺旋CT表现。方法结合文献回顾性分析临床病理确诊的9例10个肝腺瘤的螺旋CT平扫和增强三期扫描(动脉期、门脉期和延迟期)的表现。结果9例10个肝腺瘤的平扫及增强螺旋CT表现如下:病变边界光滑清晰,无明显分叶。位于肝右叶7个,左叶3个。平扫呈等密度1个,均匀略低密度4个,不均匀低密度2个,混杂密度3个。4个病灶周围环以低密度假包膜,包膜完全2个,不完全2个。2个病灶诊断为急性出血,1个为亚急性出血,4个病灶中心可见坏死,2个病灶内可见脂肪变性。增强扫描:动脉期病灶除出血、坏死和脂肪变性部分呈均匀明显强化8个,有2个病灶肿瘤实质部分呈不均匀强化。门脉期和延迟期病灶呈等密度或略低密度。4个病灶周围包膜平扫和动脉期呈低密度,门脉期或延迟期呈轻度强化。结论螺旋CT特别是三期增强扫描对肝腺瘤的定性诊断及鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

肝细胞癌螺旋CT多期扫描边缘强化表现

目的分析肝细胞癌(HCC)螺旋CT多期扫描边缘强化的表现形式。资料与方法回顾性对照分析34例经手术病理证实有包膜的HCC在螺旋CT多期扫描边缘强化的表现特点，着重观察肿瘤包膜、包膜密度、包膜是否完整并与病理切片对照。结果34例中，动脉期未显示明确肿瘤包膜，门脉期和延迟期显示肿瘤包膜呈高密度影18例(52．9％)；动脉期肿瘤包膜呈低密度，门脉期和延迟期显示肿瘤包膜呈高密度9例(26．5％)；三期扫描均显示完整或不完整线状环形高密度影4例(11．8％)；动、门脉期未见显示包膜，延迟期显示包膜呈高密度影2例(5．9％)；三期扫描均未显示明确的肿瘤包膜1例(2．9％)。在多期扫描图像上，I-Ⅱ级高分化HCC包膜以完整环状强化为主；Ⅲ-Ⅳ级低分化HCC包膜以不完整环状强化为主。与病理结果作对照，不完整环状强化判断包膜不完整的符合率为92．9％。结论HCC螺旋CT多期扫描边缘强化的表现形式多样；依据CT边缘强化表现，可预测HCC的分化程度和预后。     

肝脏继发淋巴瘤CT表现与病理的对照分析

目的 评价CT动态增强扫描在肝脏继发淋巴瘤中的诊断价值,以提高诊断准确性.方法 回顾性分析9例经病理证实的肝脏继发淋巴瘤病例,7例为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,2例为霍奇金淋巴瘤,所有病例术前经CT平扫、动脉期和门静脉期扫描,复习CT扫描结果并和病理作回顾性对照分析.结果9例肝脏继发淋巴瘤共发现23个病灶,位于肝脏左叶9个,右叶6个,肝门区5个,尾状叶3例;16个病灶位于门静脉左右支周围,7个位于肝脏周边.病灶呈类圆形17个,地图形6个.病灶密实,密度均匀,坏死少见或坏死范围很小.病灶直径2.7～16.5 cm,平均5.9 cm.动态增强呈进行性延迟强化,多数肿瘤强化轻微,少数呈轻至中度强化.各期扫描CT值分别为平扫20.7～31.5 HU(平均25.3 HU),动脉期CT值23.8～48.5 HU(平均31.9 HU),门静脉期35.3～60.2 HU(平均47.8 HU),6个病灶内可见形态正常的肝脏固有血管.肝门病灶表现为肝门门静脉周围血管套样软组织影,包绕但不压迫门静脉.结论认识动态增强CT特征有助于提高诊断的准确性.     

混合型肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(hepatic angiomyolipoma,HAML)CT和MRI的诊断价值.资料与方法回顾性分析经病理证实的8例肝脏HAML的CT和MRI表现.8例均行CT平扫和多时相动态增强扫描,其中4例同时行MRI平扫和多时相动态增强扫描.结果 8例均为单发混合型HAML,CT平扫均表现为低于周围正常肝组织的混杂低密度,灶内含有不同程度的脂肪密度,CT值-40～40HU.4例MRI平扫表现为稍长T1(含短T1)、稍长T2混杂信号,T1WI上高信号在使用脂肪抑制技术后完全消失.CT与MRI多时相动态增强扫描显示动脉期病灶均呈显著不均匀强化,门静脉期6例CT、3例MRI病灶呈持续或渐进性中重度强化,高于周围正常肝实质,2例CT、1例MRI病灶轻中度强化;3例HAML见假包膜,且在门静脉期及延迟期有轻度强化.结论 CT和MRI能显示混合型HAML的特征性表现并可在术前做出准确诊断.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.