下咽癌切除后胸锁乳突肌皮瓣咽修补术

为探讨简便易行、损伤小的下咽成形方法,选择下咽侧后壁癌或梨状窝外侧壁肿瘤,用患侧单、双蒂胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修补咽、舌根缺损.结果:梨状窝癌T3 N1M03例,肿瘤切除后采用胸舌骨肌筋膜修补患侧室带、声带缺损,双蒂胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修补外侧壁缺损.吞咽功能正常,2例拔除套管,1例带小管呼吸.T4 N1 M01例采用单蒂胸锁乳突皮瓣修补咽侧壁及舌根,术后轻度误咽,呼吸、发音功能正常.提示用胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修补咽侧壁缺损效果良好.     

头颈部岛状肌皮瓣和皮瓣的改良设计及临床应用

目的　探讨制作单一血管为蒂的头颈部局部带蒂肌皮瓣或皮瓣的安全性。方法　解剖学观察20例胸肩峰动脉分支,观察最远入肌点走行特征。通过术前超声观察和术中透视法观察定位最远入肌点,在最远入肌点上方1～2 cm断离肌肉,形成单纯动静脉血管为蒂的胸大肌岛状肌肌皮瓣。利用同样的技术方法,设计岛状的胸锁乳突肌、下位斜方肌的岛状肌皮瓣。结果　解剖学观察胸肩峰动脉分支分为单支型12.5%（5/40）,双支型67.5%（27/40）,多支型20%（8/40）。术前超声定位胸大肌皮瓣的最远入肌点成功率为29.1%（14/48）,DSA成功显影乳内动脉穿支66.7%（12/18）,共完成胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣48例,乳内动脉岛状皮瓣12例,颏瓣18例,下位斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣4例,胸锁乳突肌岛状肌皮瓣4例,颈横血管岛状皮瓣3例,胸肩峰动脉穿支的岛状皮瓣3例。失败2例,1例为胸大肌肌皮瓣的岛状设计中电刀误伤胸肩峰动脉胸肌支;1例为颈横血管浅支,术中修复扁桃体癌咽侧壁缺损。3例胸大肌部分坏死,清理完坏死组织,换药后痊愈。结论　在头颈部设计单一血管为蒂的岛状肌皮瓣（皮瓣）的改良设计安全可行,在受区皮瓣容易塑形固定,供区不仅外形美观且功能保全。     

分化型甲状腺癌侵犯喉气管临床分析

目的　探讨甲状腺癌累及喉、气管时的外科处理方法。方法　2000年1月～2010年12月在我院手术治疗晚期分化型甲状腺癌24例,根据肿瘤侵犯喉、颈段气管的范围及程度分别行肿瘤削除术和气管袖状切除端端吻合术;喉部分切除胸锁乳突肌或颈阔肌皮瓣修复术。结果　24例患者均接受根治性手术切除,喉、气管缺损修复重建。术式：肿瘤削除术8例,气管袖状切除8例,喉部分切除术8例。吻合方式：气管端端吻合8例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复4例,颈阔肌皮瓣修复4例。本组患者肿瘤复发率为8.3%,5年累积生存率为91.6%。结论　对侵犯喉、气管的分化型甲状腺癌患者应采取更为积极的外科治疗,以减少术后复发,提高生存率。     

梨状窝内侧壁癌切除与喉功能保留

目的探讨梨状窝内侧壁癌切除喉功能保留术的技术方法和临床疗效.方法回顾性分析手术治疗的梨状窝内侧壁癌71例.其中49例行喉功能保留术;22例未保存喉功能.喉功能保留手术方法①切除范围声带活动正常者行患侧水平上半喉+梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带活动受限者行同侧水平半喉+声门旁间隙+梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带固定者行患侧垂直半喉+梨状窝内侧壁和部分梨状窝外侧壁切除,梨状窝尖受累者切除范围扩大到环状软骨环和颈段食管;②修复喉修复对利用会厌、甲状软骨膜、带状肌肌筋膜、颈前皮瓣修复喉缺损;梨状窝修复对缺损范围小者用下咽粘膜瓣或残缘粘膜分离后直接对合,缺损范围大者用胸大肌肌皮瓣转移及胸三角皮瓣修复;③颈淋巴结处理71例中65例(91.5%)行颈清扫术,其中同侧颈清扫术39例,双侧颈清扫术26例;④术后全部病例予以辅助性放射治疗,剂量60～75Gy.结果寿命表法统计3年、5年生存率喉功能保留组分别为63.4%和49.6%;喉功能不保留组分别为52.4%和42.4%.喉功能保留组喉功能全部恢复者占71.4%(35/49),部分恢复者占28.6%(14/49).结论梨状窝内侧壁癌易侵入喉部,但多数病例在彻底切除肿瘤病灶的前提下保留喉功能是可行的.     

头颈部肿瘤组织缺损应用带蒂复合肌皮瓣修复体会

我科自１９９４～１９９７年间应用带血管蒂的胸大肌皮瓣和斜方肌低位岛状肌皮瓣Ⅰ期修复头颈部恶性肿瘤患者组织缺损１０例。其中胸大肌皮瓣修复８例，２例部分坏死，均为口腔内组织缺损病例；斜方肌低位岛状肌皮瓣修复组织缺损２例，均成活。胸大肌皮瓣和斜方肌低位岛状肌皮瓣具有蒂长，供皮区面积大，血供可靠，二者相互补充能满足大部分头颈部肿瘤术后的缺损修复和功能重建。作者认为，保证肌血管蒂的血流畅通和术后应用有效的抗生素是保证肌皮瓣成活的首要因素。对于口腔缺损区修复，保持口腔清洁、干燥及正确的护理对口腔内组织瓣的成活也致关重要。     

改良的胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣在头颈外科的应用

目的 总结保护供区胸大肌功能和颈部外形美观的改良式胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣安全制作方法 .方法 采用改良的胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣修复头颈部缺损17例,其中6例复发性喉癌和下咽癌,4例下咽癌,3例舌根癌,2例复发性上颌窦癌,1例扁桃体癌,1例术后下咽癌术后咽瘘.术前超声检查标记胸肩峰动脉胸肌支走行,以胸肌支最下一个分支进入胸肌的起始位置(最下入肌点)和内乳动脉第四肋间穿支连线为轴设计单血管蒂的岛状肌皮瓣;在皮瓣顶部切口水平向外沿腋前线向上切开;保留胸内侧和部分胸外侧神经;维持胸大肌锁骨部完整,经锁骨上或锁骨下将肌皮瓣送到受区.结果 术中发现胸肩峰动脉胸肌支最下入肌点全部分布在胸肋部,该点距锁骨中点最下缘平均(4.9±1.2)cm(x±s,下同),术前超声定位最下入肌点的准确率为76.5%(13/17);内乳动脉的第四肋间穿支距离胸骨外侧缘(1.8±0.5)cm.17例胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣中,除1例下咽癌术中解离血管蒂时损伤血管放弃外,其余16例均成活,手术成功率为94.1%.术后1例舌根癌患者胸大肌远端与残舌分离,通过换药缝合后痊愈;2例出现术后咽瘘,均系放疗后复发下咽癌,换药后创面愈合.术后4周至3个月复查,胸大肌功能正常,颈部外形良好.结论 改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣不仅保留了胸大肌结构和功能,实现高位缺损的修复,还维持颈部和上胸部良好外观.术前超声检查标记胸肩峰动脉的胸肌支走行和最下入肌点位置有利于术中准确操作.     

利用胸锁乳突肌和肌皮瓣的经验

胸锁乳突肌和肌皮瓣用于头颈部癌术后组织缺损的修复尚有争论。作者自1980年1月到1989年8月期间,利用胸锁乳突肌和肌皮瓣对18例患者进行修复手术。其中6例用肌瓣,9例用肌皮瓣,3例用复合瓣。单独的肌瓣既用于填补肿瘤术后的组织缺损,也可对咽瘘一次手术闭合后的前咽壁提供额外的支持。岛状肌皮瓣用来关闭咽瘘。所有3例复合瓣都用于中耳和外听道癌患者的全颞骨切除术后缺损的修复。结果显示,尽管其中3例术前接受了足量的放射治疗,所有6例肌瓣修复手术都是成功的。岛状肌皮瓣用未经放疗的患者获得成功,     

喉癌下咽癌患者下咽及颈段食管术后缺损的修复方法

目的 :探讨喉癌下咽癌患者下咽或下咽及颈段食管术后缺损的修复方法。方法 :对保留喉功能的下咽术后缺损 9例 (伴颈段食管部分切除 3例 ,颈段食管癌行食管全切除 1例 ) ,用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复 4例 ,直接修复 4例 ,胃咽吻合术 1例。不保留喉功能 2 0例 (伴颈段食管部分切除 2例 ) ,舌瓣修复 16例 ,喉组织瓣 2例 ,胸大肌肌皮瓣与胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣联合重建下咽 2例。结果 :术后 8例Ⅰ期恢复吞咽及喉功能 ,1例下咽狭窄 ,Ⅱ期行残喉切除。余 2 0例中 16例Ⅰ期恢复吞咽功能 ,1例下咽狭窄经扩张进食 ,3例咽瘘 ,其中 1例咽瘘行Ⅱ期胃咽吻合术。 1、3及 5年的生存率分别为 92 %、6 4 .7%和 4 6 .2 %。结论 :保留喉功能的下咽或下咽及颈段食管缺损可直接修复或采用胸大肌皮瓣修复 ,不保留喉功能者 ,可采用舌瓣、胸大肌皮瓣修复或咽胃吻合术。肌皮瓣和肌筋膜瓣联合重建全下咽易引起下咽狭窄或咽瘘     

带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜皮瓣修复喉气管缺损的初步研究

目的:探讨带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜皮瓣修复肿瘤切除术后喉气管缺损的可行性。方法:回顾2007-2013年6例因甲状腺乳头状癌(4例)及声门下喉鳞状细胞癌(6例)(T1~2N1~2M0,UICC,2002)手术切除致喉气管部分缺损病例,以带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜皮瓣修复喉气管缺损区,术腔置喉模支撑成形,术后半年,如局部无复发,气管套管堵管无困难,则拔管封闭气管造瘘口。随访半年~3年。结果:6例患者中4例顺利拔管,1例间断堵管,1例保留气管套管呼吸。结论:选择适当病例,用带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜皮瓣可以修复喉气管部分缺损,在发音和呼吸方面达到满意的临床效果。     

岛状肌皮瓣在头颈外科中的应用

采用岛状肌皮瓣修复头颈部缺损,具有成活率高、可做大幅度转移和可一期修复咽食管瘘等优点。本文报告采用岛状肌皮瓣修复颈部缺损共3例,取得较好效果。例1男48岁,喉鳞癌,先行根治量放疗,后行喉切除重建术,术后感染形成咽瘘约2×4cm,曾两次采用邻近部位皮瓣及颈侧皮瓣修补,均告失败,后采用胸锁乳突肌岛状肌皮瓣修补咽瘘,获得成功。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.