厦门市两所中学学生膳食营养状况

目的：了解厦门市中学生营养状况并针对问题提出改进措施，以便为中学生提供合理的膳食营养。方法：采用24h膳食记录法和称重法，连续调查3d学生膳食状况，计算每人每日能量和营养素摄入量，与推荐摄入量进行比较。结果：男生能量摄入量占推荐摄入量为73．38％，女生为74．00％；蛋白质摄入量占推荐摄入量男生为87．88％，女生为77．13％；钙摄入量严重不足，男生仅为推荐摄入量的24．70％，女生为27．10％；视黄醇、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和锌、铁也存在不同程度的摄入不足。结论：应对学生进行营养教育，提高早餐质量，增加副食摄入，补充牛奶。     

广州卫生学校385名寄宿女生膳食营养状况

目的了解广州卫校寄宿学生营养状况、早餐特点及营养知识，探讨其影响因素，为指导学生合理营养提供依据。方法采用4d记账法计算每人每日的营养素摄入量，并与推荐摄入量进行比较。采用询问法询问24h膳食组成和对营养知识的知晓情况。结果能量摄入量占推荐摄入量的82，8％；蛋白质摄入量占推荐摄入量的84．0％；钙摄入量明显不足，占推荐摄入量的35．1％；视黄醇、维生素B1、维生素B2和维生素C有不同程度的摄入不足，分别占推荐摄入量的62．3％，75．0％，70．8％和63．0％；早餐中没有奶类食品的占68.0％，早餐质量较差的人数占52．3％；对营养知识的知晓率为80．0％。结论应在学生中开展营养知识教育，尤其是要加强平衡膳食的教育，明确早餐的重要性，并提高早餐的质量。     

K44次旅客列车乘务员膳食营养结构调查及评价

目的了解列车乘务员的膳食营养状况，为提供合理的膳食结构，平衡营养提供科学依据。方法通过对K44次旅客列车上212名乘务员在出乘运行途中3日内摄入的食物总量运用现场查帐法进行调查。计算出人均日摄入各种营养素的量，与推荐的每日膳食中营养素供给量(RDA)比较。结果K44次旅客列车乘务员人均每日摄入的各种营养素，除钙、核黄素(维生素B2)，视黄醇当量(维生素A)的摄入相对不足以外，其他营养素的摄入量基本充足。摄入的营养素主要来源于植物性食物，占74．24％；其次来源于动物性食物，占16．04％；豆类食物来源占9．72％。结论K44次旅客列车乘务员的膳食营养与中国营养协会推荐的RDA标准相比较，除钙、维生素B2、维生素A的摄入相对不足外，其他营养素的摄入量基本充足。     

宁夏吴忠市职业技术学院学生膳食调查

目的了解职业技术学院在校学生营养状况，促进平衡膳食、合理营养，为职业技术学院制订学生科学食谱提供依据。方法采用称量记帐法对吴忠市职业技术学院349名学生进行膳食调查。结果蛋白质摄入量占《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量，DRIs》的69％左右；能量摄入分布中，蛋白质供能不足，仅占9．4％(标准为12％～14％)；动物脂肪摄入量偏低；钙摄入量占DRIs的45％左右，严重缺乏；核黄素摄入量为DRIs的53％左右，维生素A摄入量占DRIs的65％左右；铁、硫胺素、尼克酸以及维生素C摄入量大于DRIs。结果吴忠市职业技术学院学生膳食结构不合理，应增加蛋白质、矿物质、钙和维生素A、B2的摄入量。     

2004年十堰市部分城区居民膳食营养状况调查

[目的]了解十堰市城区居民膳食营养状况，为制定有关营养促进方案提供科学依据。[方法]2004年11月，在十堰市城区采用分层多级抽样方法，抽取2个城区居委会、2个城乡结合部村，合计对81户居民，采用连续3日称重法进行膳食营养调查。[结果]调查81户、208人，水果、鱼、乳类食物未达到中国居民膳食平衡宝塔建议摄入量的要求，油脂的摄入量为标准的166．4％；营养素中，蛋白质、钙、钾、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素未达到中国膳食营养推荐摄入量标准；蛋白质中优质蛋白质占36．86％，脂肪中来自植物性食物的占79．50％，优质铁只占10．48％。[结论]居民水果、鱼类、乳类摄入不足，油脂摄入过多；营养素中，蛋白质及多种微元素、维生素摄入量不足。     

1999年福州市7所幼儿园儿童营养状况调查

目的：了解福州市区学龄前儿童的膳食结构及营养状况，促进儿童健康成长。方法：采用连续7d称重记帐法进行膳食调查，以Chinese DRIs为标准进行评价。结果：碳水化物产热明显不足，维生素C、钙摄入销不足，维生素E、Fe、P、Se和维生素B2及蛋白质摄入量较高，3餐中早餐质量偏低，午餐基本合理，晚餐摄入偏多。结论：应用加蔬菜、水果与奶类的摄入量，适当控制蛋白质摄入量，调整膳食结构，改善早餐质量，控制晚餐摄入量，促进营养平衡。     

徐汇区学龄前儿童早餐调查

目的：了解上海市学龄前儿童早餐情况。方法：分层随机整群抽取上海市徐汇区6所日托幼儿园共1137名3～7岁儿童进行问卷调查。结果：粮谷及薯类食用人数最多占98．77％。牛奶（78．54％）、鸡蛋（63．68％）也已成为儿童早餐的主要食品。49．34％儿童早餐热能摄入量低于供给量（RDA）90％。26．6％早餐蛋白质摄入量低于RDA的80％。碳水化合物摄入比例偏低。平均每天每人早餐蛋白质：脂肪：碳水化合物＝1∶0．8∶3．68（重量比）。蛋白质产热在总热能中比例较高。结论：学龄前儿童早餐饮食已多样化，一半儿童早餐热能及蛋白质摄入仍不充足，早餐营养素配比也不合理。     

中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量

目的：了解中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量。方法：早用1992年全国营养调查中的住户调查及连续3d24h回顾法膳食调查资料,对中国17719名中小学生早餐能量和营养素摄入量进行分析。结果：中国中小学生早餐蛋白质、钙、锌、硒、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、核黄素等营养素摄入量均未达到RDA的25％,其中钙、视黄醇当量和核黄素等摄入量严重不足,仅为RDA的10％左右,中小学生早餐来自蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的能量比例不当。比较来看,小学生早餐蛋白质、脂肪、钙、铁、锌、硒、硫胺素、核黄素和烟酸等摄入量占RDA百分比明显高于中学生。男生早餐蛋白质、铁、锌、硒、视黄醇当量和烟酸等摄入量占RDA百分比稍高于女生。乡村学生早餐能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、钙、铁、锌、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、烟酸及抗坏血酸等摄入量占RDA百分比高于城市学生,脂肪、硒和核黄素摄入量低于城市学生。结论：乡村中小学生早餐平均能量和营养素摄入量好于城市中小学生,但城乡中小学生早餐营养素摄入状况均有待改善。     

大连市甘井子区小学食堂午餐营养状况调查

目的了解大连市甘井子区小学生午餐的膳食结构、能量及营养素摄入水平,并分析其影响因素,为指导学生合理膳食提出建议。方法抽查甘井子区15所小学,采用记账法各小学食堂各类食物的一周消费量进行调查统计,连续记录4周,计算平均每人每天午餐食物、能量及各种营养素摄入状况。以《学生营养午餐营养供给量》(WS/T100-1998)作为标准,做出评价。结果①谷类摄入量适宜。②豆类及其制品摄入不足,动物性食品、蔬菜摄入均过量。③植物油摄入过量。④能量摄入过量。⑤来自动物及大豆的蛋白质、铁、维生素C的摄入量均过量,钙、维生素B1、维生素B2的摄入量低于建议标准。结论小学生午餐膳食结构不合理:豆类及其制品摄入量不足,动物性食品、蔬菜及植物油摄入量过多。②小学生午餐能量和各种营养素摄入不均衡:能量、优质蛋白、脂肪等摄入量均超过推荐值,钙、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量不足。     

早餐频次对我国中小学生能量和营养素摄入的影响

目的 了解早餐频次对中小学生能量和营养素的摄入。方法 利用1992年全国营养调查资料，分析17719名中小学生早餐频次对能量和营养素摄入的影响。结果 每天吃早餐组平均每天能量，蛋白质，钙，铁，锌，硒，视黄醇，硫胺素和核黄素等营养素摄入量占RDA的百分比明显高于不吃早餐组，也高于每天平均不到1次的早餐组，随着吃早餐次数的增加，营养素摄入量占RDA的百分比增加，不吃早餐的中小学生，尤其是农村不吃早餐组平均每天能量，蛋白质，钙，铁，锌，硒，视黄醇当量，硫胺素和核黄素等营养素摄入量占RDA不吃早餐的中小学生，尤其是农村不吃早餐组平均每天能量，蛋白质、钙、铁、锌，硒，视黄醇当量，硫胺素和核黄素等营养素摄入量占RDA的百分比明显低于每天吃早餐组，结论 不吃早餐可以引起全天能量和营养素的摄入不足，每天吃早餐中小学生的能量和营养素摄入比较充足。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.