经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光治疗肾和输尿管上段结石

目的探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光治疗肾和输尿管上段结石的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析了56例采用输尿管软镜下钬激光治疗肾和输尿管上段结石的临床资料,术前均经过超声、CT或静脉肾盂造影诊断为。肾或输尿管上段结石,分析该术式的手术时间、术后并发症,术后结石清除率等。结果单次输尿管软镜进镜成功率92．9％（52／56）,平均碎石时间为（55．3±6．5）min,总体碎石成功率98．1％（53／54）,术后4周复查超声或KUB提示结石排净率90．7％（49／54）,所有患者均未出现严重并发症。结论输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾和输尿管上段结石安全、可靠、成功率高。     

钬激光治疗泌尿系结石(附155例报告)

目的：探讨钬激光治疗泌尿系结石的疗效。方法：总结利用Versa Pulse Select钬激光机经输尿管镜或膀胱镜治疗155例泌尿系结石患者的临床资料。结果：8例肾结石和7例膀胱结石均1次碎石成功;140例输尿管结石患者单次手术结石粉碎率为95．7％（134／140）,平均结石排净时间2．5周;平均手术时间25min、平均术后住院天数2．5d。术中无输尿管穿孔、撕裂等并发症。结论：钬激光治疗泌尿结石是一种有效的腔道泌尿外科碎石方法。     

钬激光腔内治疗泌尿系结石(附126例报告)

目的：探讨泌尿系结石腔内钬激光治疗效果及安全性。方法：总结钬激光结合腔内泌尿外科技术治疗126例泌尿系结石的临床资料。结果：5例肾结石和11例膀胱结石，均一次碎石成功，109例输尿管结石，单次碎石率为96.3%(105/109)，复杂结石1例数次行输尿管腔镜下碎石。平均结石排净时间2.8周，平均手术时间30min，平均术后住院2d。术中除1例输尿管穿孔外，无其他并发症。结论：钬激光结合腔内泌尿外科技术治疗泌尿系结石，是一种较新的、安全的、有效的方法。     

软性输尿管镜钬激光治疗肾盂输尿管连接部结石61例体会

目的 总结软性输尿管镜钬激光治疗肾盂输尿管连接部结石碎石取石的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析本院2011年10月～2013年1月软性输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗61例肾盂输尿管连接部结石患者的临床资料,结石直径7 ～20 mm.术前均留置F7 Bard D-J管1周,术中使用Olympus F7.9输尿管软镜,术后常规留置F7 D-J管2～4周.术后1个月、3个月时复查KUB或双肾CT平扫,评估结石排净率.结果 本组软性输尿管镜一次性碎石成功率为58/61 (95.1％),清石率为57/61(93.4％).输尿管穿孔3例,中转经皮肾镜碎石取石3例,术后残留结石需震波碎石1例.结论 软性输尿管镜钬激光治疗肾盂输尿管连接部结石清石率高,并发症少,可作为治疗肾盂输尿管连接部结石的首选术式.     

经皮肾镜超声碎石术与输尿管钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效研究

目的 探讨经皮肾镜超声碎石取石术与输尿管钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的临床疗效.方法 选取徐州医学院附属医院2012年12月-2014年10月收治的156例经B超及CT等影像学检查确诊为输尿管上段结石的患者作为研究对象.将156例患者按入院时住院号的末尾数字的单双号随机分为2组,对照组实施输尿管钬激光碎石术治疗,治疗组采用微创经皮肾镜碎石术治疗,观察并比较两组治疗效果,结石清除率,术后恢复以及并发症发生情况.结果 经皮肾镜组与输尿管钬激光组相比,手术时间分别为（28.6±7.4）min、（43.4±12.4） min,住院时间分别为（7.5±1.0）d、（4.2±1.3）d,手术成功率分别为100％、93.4％,结石清除率分别为100％、85.5％,残石率分别为0％、15.7％,差异均有统计学意义（p＜0.05）.经皮肾镜组并发症发病率明显低于输尿管钬激光组（P＜0.05）.术后发热发病率,两组分别为15％、6％,差异无统计学差异（P＞0.05）.结论 结石较小及离肾盂输尿管连接部较远时,建议采用输尿管钬激光碎石术;较大的输尿管上段结石及肾盂输尿管连接部结石建议采用经皮肾镜超声碎石取石术治疗.     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗泌尿系结石（附417例报告）

目的 探讨输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗泌尿系结石的疗效。方法 采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗泌尿系结石417例，其中肾结石43例，输尿管上段结石219例，输尿管下段结石198例，双侧输尿管结石27例，肾结石合并输尿管结石19例，膀胱结石8例，尿路结石1例。结果 钬激光碎石术的一次性碎石治疗后结石排净率为91％（378／417）。手术时间20～105min，平均51min；术后住院1～10天，平均5．3天；结石排净时间2～7周，平均3周。术中结石移位20例、输尿管穿孔6例、13例肾结石术中出血较多中途终止碎石术。结论 输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗泌尿系结石具有安全、有效、并发症少的特点，是治疗泌尿系结石的一种可靠方法。     

输尿管软镜联合硬镜与经皮肾镜钬激光治疗肾盂大结石临床疗效对比研究

目的 输尿管软镜联合硬镜与经皮肾镜钬激光治疗肾盂大结石临床疗效对比研究.方法 回顾和分析本院2010年7月～2012年8月应用输尿管软镜联合硬镜碎石术治疗肾盂大结石33例与采用经皮肾镜钬激光治疗肾盂大结石37例的治疗效果对比.结果 采用输尿管软镜结合硬镜碎石术治疗肾盂大结石的碎石率为95.3％,高于经皮肾镜钬激光法碎石术的90.5％.输尿管软镜结合硬镜的碎石排净时间为12d,显著少于经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术的14d.结论 采用输尿管软镜结合硬镜碎石术治疗肾盂大结石临床效果相比于经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术较好.     

钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管结石87例报告

目的：探讨复杂性输尿管结石经钬激光腔内治疗的有效性及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2003年12月-2004年12月收治的经输尿管镜钬激光治疗复杂性输尿管结石87例患者的临床资料。87例均伴有患侧轻～中度肾孟积水,其中46例合并结石远端输尿管狭窄,69例合并息肉或肉芽组织包裹,21例为ESWL治疗失败后。结果：87例中,83例单次手术碎石成功,单次手术结石粉碎率达95．4％（83／87）,2例结石在钬激光碎石过程中移位于肾盏,术后再行ESWL治疗;1例进镜时输尿管穿孔,1例术中退镜时输尿管黏膜撕脱改为开放手术。结论：输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管结石安全、有效,尤其适用于ESWL治疗效果不佳的患者。     

新型组合式输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的初步疗效观察（附37例报告）

目的：讨论新型组合式输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的安全性和疗效,初步评价新型组合式输尿管软镜的临床应用价值。方法：我院2011年12月～2012年11月应用新型组合式输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石患者37例,男19例,女18例,年龄35～65岁,平均50岁。结石位于肾盂22例,肾中、上盏12例,肾下盏3例。结石直径16～22mm,平均19mm。术后常规留置F3-6双J管和导尿管,评估手术时间、出血量及并发症情况。术后4周复查B超或KUB,评估结石排净率。结果：一次性碎石率89．1％（33／37）。手术时间45～160min,平均113min;术后住院2～5d,平均3d;结石排尽时间3～6周,平均4周。无脓肾、输尿管穿孔等并发症。结论：新型组合式输尿管软镜手术视野清晰,操作简便,克服了常规输尿管软镜维修费用昂贵的缺点,联合钬激光治疗肾结石安全,疗效满意。     

一种新型输尿管管路封堵器在输尿管镜钬激光碎石术中的应用初探

目的：研究英诺伟TMIVX-SCIO输尿管管路封堵器在输尿管镜钬激光碎石术中的临床疗效并评价其安全性。方法：对23例单侧输尿管结石患者于输尿管镜工作通道内安置英诺伟TMIVX—SCIO输尿管管路封堵器,完全超越结石后操作体外手柄使叶片折叠成球状防止结石上移,而后使用钬激光碎石,并使用封堵器叶片折叠球将结石碎片拖出输尿管开口。所有患者术后留置双J管两周。结果：1例息肉包裹的肾盂一输尿管连接处结石于安置输尿管管路封堵器前出现结石漂移至患侧肾下盏,改用输尿管软镜以钬激光碎石。术中无患者出现输尿管穿孔或输尿管黏膜撕脱。术后无患者出现发热及菌血症。术后4周影像学随访,除1例结石漂移入肾下盏的患者结石尚未排空外,余22例无明显结石残留,结石清除率为95．7％。结论：输尿管管路封堵器能显著减少输尿管碎石术中结石漂移、提高结石清除率,临床应用价值高、治疗成本低且使用安全,对于输尿管上段结石尤其适用,可望成为输尿管镜手术中重要附属器械之一。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.