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目的 提高对胆石性肠梗阻的认识，及时明确诊断和手术治疗。方法 回顾性分析１３例胆石性肠梗阻的临床及影像学资料。结果 １３例均经手术治愈，仅３例术前确诊为胆石性肠梗阻。结论 滚动性梗阻是胆石性肠梗阻的特征，及时的Ｂ超和Ｘ线检查有助于早期明确诊断，手术解除结石梗阻是唯一的治疗手段。     

Gallstone ileus associated with impaction at Meckel’s diverticulum: Case report and literature review

Gallstone ileus due to erosion of one or more gallstones into the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction. The site of impaction is usually distal ileum, and less commonly the jejunum, colon, duodenum, or stomach. We report a rare case of gallstone ileus with impaction at the proximal small bowel and at a Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) in a 64-year-old woman managed with laparoscopic converted to open small bowel resections. Patient was discharged home in stable condition and remained asymptomatic at 6-mo follow up. We review the current literature on surgical approaches to MD and gallstone ileus. Diverticulectomy or segmental resection is preferred for complicated MD. For gallstone ileus, simple enterolithotomy or segmental resection are the most the most favored especially in older co-morbid patients due to lower mortality rates and the rarity of recurrent gallstone ileus. In addition, laparoscopy has been increasingly reported as a safe approach to manage gallstone ileus.     

胆石性肠梗阻的诊断和治疗

目的 本文旨在提高对胆石性肠梗阻的认识，及时明确诊断和手术治疗。方法 回顾性分析15例胆石性肠梗阻的临床及影像学资料。结果 15例均经手术治愈，5例术前确诊为胆石性肠梗阻，但入院前确诊仅1例。结论 提高胆石性肠梗阻发生的警惕性，早期诊断和早期手术，取得最佳治疗效果是可能的。     

Gallstone ileus associated with impaction at Meckel's diverticulum:Case report and literature review

Gallstone ileus due to erosion of one or more gallstones into the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction. The site of impaction is usually distal ileum, and less commonly the jejunum, colon, duodenum, or stomach. We report a rare case of gallstone ileus with impaction at the proximal small bowel and at a Meckel's diverticulum(MD) in a 64-yearold woman managed with laparoscopic converted to open small bowel resections. Patient was discharged home in stable condition and remained asymptomatic at 6-mo follow up. We review the current literature on surgical approaches to MD and gallstone ileus. Diverticulectomy or segmental resection is preferred for complicated MD. For gallstone ileus, simple enterolithotomy or segmental resection are the most the most favored especially in older co-morbid patients due to lower mortality rates and the rarity of recurrent gallstone ileus. In addition, laparoscopy has been increasingly reported as a safe approach to manage gallstone ileus.     

Laparoscopic management of gallstone ileus.

Gallstone ileus is an uncommon entity that was first described by Bartholin in 1654. Despite advances in perioperative care, morbidity and mortality remain high in patients with gallstone ileus because: 1) they are geriatric patients; 2) they often have multiple comorbidities; 3) presentation to the hospital is delayed; 4) many are volume depleted with electrolyte abnormalities; and 5) the diagnosis of gallstone ileus is difficult to make. Traditional management has entailed open laparotomy with relief of intestinal obstruction by enterotomy and stone extraction. Cholecystectomy and takedown of the cholecystoenteric fistula can be performed. We propose an alternative method of management in an attempt to limit operative trauma and improve morbidity and mortality. We review the literature and describe two patients with gallstone ileus who were managed laparoscopically. One patient underwent laparoscopic assisted enterolithotomy, and the other patient underwent diagnostic laparoscopy with disimpaction of the gallstone into the large bowel. They were discharged after their ileus had resolved on the fourth and sixth postoperative day, respectively. Laparoscopy is a powerful diagnostic and therapeutic tool that can be effectively used to treat gallstone ileus.     

El íleo biliar como causa de abdomen agudo. Importancia del diagnóstico precoz para el tratamiento quirúrgico

Gallstone ileus is an uncommon type of mechanical intestinal obstruction caused by an intraluminal gallstone, and preoperative diagnosis is difficult in the Emergency department. This study is a retrospective analysis of the clinical presentation of 5 patients with gallstone ileus treated between 2000-2010. Clinical features, diagnostic testing, and surgical treatment were analyzed. Five patients were included: 2 cases showed bowel obstruction; 2 patients presented a recurrent gallstone ileus with prior surgical intervention; and one patient presented acute peritonitis due to perforation of an ileal diverticula. In all cases CT confirmed the preoperative diagnosis. In our experience, gallstone ileus may present with clinical features other than intestinal obstruction. In suspicious cases CT may be useful to decrease diagnostic delay, which is associated with more complications.     

胆囊十二指肠瘘伴胆石性肠梗阻1例分析并文献复习

目的:探讨胆囊十二指肠瘘合并胆石性肠梗阻的术前评估、诊断和手术方式。方法:回顾性分析1例胆囊十二指肠瘘合并胆石性肠梗阻术前及术中的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果:患者术前CT检查考虑胆囊结石与胆石性肠梗阻。术中探查见回盲部40cm处结石嵌顿,随后成功行肠切开取石、十二指肠瘘口修补、胆囊切除。术后痊愈出院,随访至目前未见相关并发症。结论:胆囊十二指肠瘘合并胆石性肠梗阻临床罕见,早期的明确诊断及精确的评估是关键,应根据患者具体情况选择合适的手术方式。     

The operative management of gallstone ileus

INTRODUCTION

Gallstone ileus is an uncommon entity, which accounts for 1–4% of all presentations to hospital with small bowel obstruction and for up to 25% of all cases in patients over 65 years of age. Despite medical advances over the last 350 years, gallstone ileus is still associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The management of gallstone ileus remains controversial. Whilst open surgery has been the mainstay of treatment, more recently other approaches have been employed, including laparoscopic surgery and lithotripsy. However, controversy persists primarily in relation to the extent of surgery performed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A literature review was performed in an attempt to discover the optimal surgical treatment of gallstone ileus, particularly the timing of biliary surgery. Published articles were identified from the medical literature by electronic searches of Pubmed and Ovid Medline databases, using the search terms ‘gallstone ileus’, ‘gallstone/intestinal obstruction’ and ‘gallstone/bowel obstruction’. The related articles function of the search engines was also used to maximise the number of articles identified. Relevant articles were retrieved and additional articles were identified from the references cited in these articles.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The literature on gallstone ileus is composed entirely of retrospective analysis of small numbers of patients accumulated over many years. The question as to whether one stage or interval biliary surgery should be performed remains unanswered and it is unlikely that further case series will help decision making in the management of gallstone ileus. Whilst many authors conclude that enterolithotomy alone is the best option in most patients, a one-stage procedure should be considered for low-risk patients.     

Gallstone ileus associated with Crohn's disease

Gallstone ileus in association with Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum is a surprisingly uncommon occurrence. The diseased ileal segment may be responsible for gallstone lithogenesis as well as for luminal stenosis that prevents gallstone passage. We report only the third case of gallstone ileus in Crohn's disease and the first to be correctly diagnosed before surgery. The patient was successfully managed by planned ileal resection and cholecystectomy.     

A case of gallstone ileus displaying spontaneous closure of cholecystoduodenal fistula after enterolithotomy

INTRODUCTIONGallstone ileus, a rare complication of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, is a relatively rare cause of alimentary tract obstruction. It is usually associated with a cholecystoenteric fistula through which a gallstone has passed into the gastrointestinal tract. Cholecystoenteric fistula uncommonly closes spontaneously, the period between formation and closure having rarely been reported. In addition, endoscopic detection of cholecystoenteric fistulous closure has seldom been reported.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe report a 51-year-old Japanese man with gallstone ileus in whom spontaneous closure of a cholecystoduodenal fistula was observed by endoscopy 2 weeks after laparoscopy-assisted enterolithotomy.DISCUSSIONLaparoscopy-assisted enterolithotomy for gallstone ileus allows direct diagnosis of gallstone ileus and assessment of the status of adhesions affecting the biliary tract.CONCLUSIONEndoscopic confirmation of fistulous closure after laparoscopy-assisted enterolithotomy is a minimally invasive approach that may avert the need for biliary surgery.     

Gallstone ileus as a complication of cholecystolithiasis

Biliary fistula and gallston ileus are rarely found. The diagnosis is difficult. Gallstone ileus requires urgent and appropriate surgical therapy. Enterolitotomy remains the gold standard of operative treatment for gallstone ileus, but additional procedures of one-stage cholecystectomy and repair of fistula are necessary. Some researchers advise first to resolve the gallstone ileus and then to perform the elective operation for gallstone disease in more ideal circumstances. Our case had clinical evidence of ileus, which was confirmed by radiological exam. Ultrasonographic examination performed before operation did not confirm the presence of gallbladder; it did not detect a large stone located in the intestine. The patient, a 75-year-old woman, was operated on. During the procedure it was shown that the second part of the duodenum was involved in a scar and displaced to the hepatic hilus. There was no gallbladder; it was probably destroyed by a long-lasting vesicoduodenal fistula. Cholangiography also did not detect the gallbladder. Biliary passage through the common bile duct was sufficient. The hole in the duodenum wall was sutured, and Kehr drain was inserted into the common bile duct. The gallstone was removed by incision of the intestine down to the obstruction. The postoperative period was complicated by a small suppuration of the laparotomy wound. Vesicoduodenal fistula present for a long time can lead to atrophy of the gallbladder. The one-stage procedure seems to be appropriate if biliary fistula and gallstone ileus are found.     

胆石性肠梗阻五例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨胆石性肠梗阻的临床特点及诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析5例胆石性肠梗阻患者的临床资料,并复习2000-2009年国内相关文献,对胆石性肠梗阻的发病情况、临床表现、影像学检查、诊断及治疗情况进行总结.结果 本组5例患者中4例为60岁以上女性,其中3例有胆石病史,胆石经胆囊十二指肠瘘排入肠道 另2例有胆肠内引流术史,胆石经内引流口排入肠道.4例行肠切开取石并肠道胆道彻底手术,另1例行单纯肠切开取石 5例患者均手术治愈,术后无复发病例.国内文献复习共获取胆石性肠梗阻有效病例441例,占所有肠梗阻的1.15%,其中女性患者占67.12%,老年患者占73.56%.87.92%的胆石是经胆肠内瘘口排入肠道 64.17%的梗阻位于回肠.术前有71.89%的患者误诊为其他类型肠梗阻.225例行肠切开取石并肠道胆道彻底性手术,其术后复发率及胆囊癌变率低于216例行单纯肠切开取石患者（均P＜0.05） 而术后胆肠瘘、切口感染、肺部感染、治愈率及死亡率两种术式间差异则无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）.结论 胆石性肠梗阻发病率低,以老年女性多见 胆石多经胆肠内瘘口进入肠道,梗阻部位以回肠多见.单纯肠切开取石术后有一定的复发及胆囊癌变风险,故若患者全身情况允许,应首选肠切开取石并胆道肠道彻底性手术.     

胆石性肠梗阻的影像学诊断

胆石性肠梗阻是一种罕见且具有潜在危险性的胆石症并发症,临床表现不典型,术前诊断困难。2005年3月至2012年9月上海市浦东新区人民医院收治了19例经手术或内镜检查证实的胆石性肠梗阻患者。患者术前X线片、超声、CT、MRI检查诊断准确率分别为0／10、0／5、19／19、9／9。CT检查可作为胆石性肠梗阻的首选检查方法。典型的CT表现为Rigler三联征：肠腔异位结石、机械性肠梗阻及胆道积气。MRI检查对瘘口的显示优于CT检查,可提供更为丰富全面的影像学信息,对手术方案的制订及预后的判断有重要参考价值;X线片及超声检查仅作为筛查手段。     

Bouveret's Syndrome Complicated by Classic Gallstone Ileus: Progression of Disease or Iatrogenic?

Case Presentation

Bouveret's syndrome is a rare variant of gallstone ileus resulting in gastroduodenal obstruction from an impacted gallstone. We report two cases of Bouveret's syndrome that were complicated by classic (distal) gallstone ileus, which has previously been reported only twice. The first patient presented with vomiting, epigastric pain, and what was initially believed to be a duodenal diverticulum on computed tomography scan and endoscopy. He initially improved, but later developed symptoms of a small bowel obstruction. Repeat imaging revealed a classic distal gallstone ileus. The second patient presented with nausea, abdominal pain, and imaging consistent with Bouveret's syndrome. Multiple non-operative endoscopic techniques and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy were employed to fragment and retrieve the obstructing stone, and she subsequently developed a distal gallstone ileus from a stone fragment. Both patients were managed operatively with enterotomy and stone removal.

Discussion

These cases highlight a rare complication of Bouveret's syndrome, classic (distal) gallstone ileus, and juxtapose the natural history of a stone passing versus an iatrogenic etiology. We review the presentation and management of Bouveret's syndrome though no clear consensus exists as to the optimal treatment of these patients. We recommend that therapy should be decided on a case-by-case basis.     

Gallstone ileus in the absence of the gallbladder: case report and review of the literature

Although small-bowel obstruction due to gallstone ileus is uncommon, it assumes increasing importance with advancing age. The obstructing gallstone enters the bowel through an internal fistula between gallbladder and duodenum. The authors describe the case of a patient who had undergone cholecystectomy and in whom gallstone ileus occurred secondary to a stone that entered the bowel through a choledochoduodenal fistula. Treatment was traditional with removal of the obstructing stone, but the fistula was left undisturbed. The authors believe that further biliary tract symptoms are unlikely. The patient was well 8 weeks after operation and roentgenograms indicated that the internal biliary fistula was patent.     

Resolution of Gallstone Ileus with Spontaneous Evacuation of Gallstone: A Case Report

Gallstone ileus is an infrequent complication of cholelithiasis. The formation of a fistula between the gallbladder and duodenum may allow a gallstone to enter the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Gallstone ileus generally occurs in the elderly patients and is associated with significant mortality. Spontaneous resolution of gallstone ileus after passage of gallstone per rectally, though rare, has been reported Farooq et al. (Emerg Radiol 4(6):421–423, 2007). We describe a 60-year-old woman who presented with a 3-day history of vomiting, pain, distension and constipation .Radiological investigations revealed dilatation of small bowel loops with multiple air fluid levels with a large lamellated radio-opaque density measuring 4.4 cm × 4 cm seen in the right iliac fossa. A possibility of gallstone ileus was kept. Because of co-morbid conditions (post-myocardial infarct with cardiac failure), surgery could not be done and patient was kept on conservative management. Three days later patient had sudden relief of her symptoms after passing a large calculus per rectally suggesting a spontaneous evacuation of gallstone. This case highlights the possibility of spontaneous resolution of gallstone ileus after the passage of gallstone. It has been reported in stones less than 2.5 cm. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time in which a large stone measuring 4 cm × 3.8 cm passed spontaneously.     

Recurrent small bowel obstruction after laparoscopic surgery for gallstone ileus

Gallstone ileus is an uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction. A patient presenting with gallstone ileus was managed in our department by laparoscopic enterolithotomy. Postoperatively, the patient developed recurrent small bowel obstruction due to the presence of a second gallstone. It is therefore important to exclude the possibility of multiple gallstones at the initial operation.     

Evaluation and surgical management of the gallstone ileus. A single center experience

Gallstone ileus representing 1-4% of all bowel obstructions cholelithiasis. Impaction of a gallstone in the human of the bowel is a surgical emergency. Relief of the obstruction is the treatment of choice, but controversy exists regarding the repair of the fistula and cholecystectomy. Our experience in the management of gallstone ileus is presented in the following article.     

Subtotal colectomy in the course of gallstone-ileus surgery

A big gallstone penetrating through a bilio-digestive fistula into the bowel can make a complete obstruction of it in the majority of the cases requiring an urgent operation. It is a rare situation that a fistula like this leads into the colon and the stone makes a large bowel obstruction. A 72-year-old male patient was admitted to our department with the symptoms of colon obstruction. After the examinations he underwent an explorative laparotomy. During the course of the operation an obstruction was found in the proximal third of the descending colon. A subtotal colectomy was carried out. At the opening of the resected colon a big gallstone was found as the cause of the obstruction, which simulated a tumorous obstruction. We present through this case the possibilities and results of the diagnosis and treatment of gallstone ileus. We conclude that in the prevention of gallstone ileus, the early operative treatment of detected gallstone is essential.     

Gallstone ileus: a rare cause of colon obstruction. Report of a case

The colon is a rare site of gallstone ileus. We report the case of a woman with cholelithiasis who underwent a total colectomy and cholecystectomy for colon obstruction due to a gallstone impacted in the sigmoid colon narrowed by diverticulitis.