用日本血吸虫感染新模型兔血清筛选噬菌体随机肽库的初步研究

目的在建立一种有成虫寄生但无虫卵肉芽肿形成的日本血吸虫感染小鼠及家兔新模型,并观察其具有较高的抗攻击感染保护力的基础上,用新模型兔血清筛选噬菌体随机12肽库,并初步鉴定阳性噬菌体克隆诱导小鼠抗日本血吸虫感染的免疫保护作用.方法用大肠杆菌抗原吸收后的新模型兔血清,经抗体捕获法筛选噬菌体12肽库,经3轮亲和筛选、富集后获得阳性多克隆.用常规ELISA法检测阳性多克隆噬菌体的抗原性.用滴度为1×1014pfu的阳性多克隆噬菌体按0-2-4周方案皮下多点注射免疫小鼠,末次免疫4周后,用日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染,同时设立常规感染兔血清筛获的阳性克隆免疫组、原始肽库免疫组、攻击感染对照组.结果①新模型兔血清筛获的多克隆噬菌体(滴度为1×1014pfu)与新模型兔血清(稀释度为1:400)反应为强阳性,与常规感染兔血清(1:400)反应为弱阳性,与正常兔血清(1:400)反应为阴性.②用新模型兔血清筛获的多克隆噬菌体、常规感染兔血清筛获的多克隆噬菌体及原始肽库分别免疫小鼠后诱导抗攻击感染的减虫率及每克肝脏减卵率分别为27.2%和38.8%、17.8%和35.0%、4.5%和6.0%.结论与用日本血吸虫常规感染模型兔血清筛获的多克隆噬菌体比较,经新模型兔血清筛获的含有模拟日本血吸虫抗原表位的多克隆噬菌体能诱导小鼠更高的抗攻击感染减虫率(P＜0.05)及相似的减卵率(P＞0.05);与原噬菌体随机肽库相比较,能诱导小鼠较高的抗攻击感染减虫率(P＜0.01)及减卵率(P＜0.05).     

日本血吸虫雌虫抗原模拟表位的筛选及免疫保护性

目的　筛选日本血吸虫雌虫抗原的模拟表位 ,并探讨其抗日本血吸虫的免疫保护效果。　方法　用日本血吸虫雌虫免疫兔血清IgG作配体对噬菌体随机 12肽库进行 3轮亲和筛选 ,随机挑取 18个噬菌体克隆用Dot ELISA检测其特异性 ,并对其中的 4个阳性克隆进行测序。分别在 0、2、4周用混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠 3次 ,第 6周每鼠经腹部感染 40条日本血吸虫尾蚴 ,42d后剖杀冲虫 ,计数虫数和每克肝卵数。　结果　经 3轮筛选 ,特异性噬菌体富集了 2 0 0多倍 ,随机挑取的 18个克隆经Dot ELISA鉴定有 17个能与雌虫抗原免疫兔血清呈阳性反应。DNA自动测序的 4个序列与GenBank的已知序列均无同源性。与对照组相比 ,混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠的减虫率为 2 6.5 7% ,减卵率为 65 .3 4%。　结论　采用噬菌体随机肽库技术可获得模拟日本血吸虫雌虫特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 ,这些短肽分子能诱导一定程度的保护性免疫。     

东方田鼠肝脏裂解物筛选日本血吸虫噬菌体展示抗原的免疫预防效果

目的寻找东方田鼠抗日本血吸虫抗性靶基因。方法选取利用东方田鼠肝脏裂解物筛选日本血吸虫成虫噬菌体展示文库获得的4个阳性噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠,评估观察其对小鼠日本血吸虫病的免疫预防效果。结果与噬菌体对照组、佐剂对照组和PBS对照组相比,1号克隆免疫组分别获得了28.23%、31.12%、29.86%的减虫率和51.73%、48.02%、55.58%的肝脏减卵率;4号克隆免疫组分别获得了24.28%、27.32%、26.00%的减虫率和45.52%、41.13%、49.86%的肝脏减卵率。结论 1号克隆展示的SJCHGC06713蛋白以及4号克隆展示的SJCHGC068068蛋白作为抗血吸虫疫苗值得进一步研究。     

日本血吸虫模拟短肽诱导小鼠的免疫保护性研究

目的　研究日本血吸虫模拟短肽对小鼠的免疫保护效果,预测其在抗血吸虫感染中的作用。　方法　用粗提纯大鼠血清IgG为配基对噬菌体肽库进行3轮免疫学筛选。随机挑取噬菌体克隆,检测其特异性并进行序列分析;用阳性克隆免疫小鼠,以40条日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染,感染后42d剖杀取虫,计算减虫率和减卵率;用ELISA测定免疫鼠抗体反应。　结果　经过3轮筛选,特异性噬菌体得到有效富集;自动测序仪测序获得2个模拟肽分子;将其用于免疫小鼠后,各免疫组与对照组相比,2个模拟肽混合免疫组的减虫率为34.9%P<0.05,肝内减卵率为67.6%(P<0.001)。 2个模拟肽分子分别免疫小鼠 ,各组的减虫率为31.0%(P<0.05)和14.5%(P>0.05)及肝内减卵率为61.2%(P<0.001)和35.7%(P<0.05)。ELISA检测其免疫组鼠血清特异性IgG抗体滴度均大于1∶6 400以上。　结论　利用噬菌体表面呈现技术获得的2个模拟肽分子均可诱导部分抗日本血吸虫感染的免疫保护力     

日本血吸虫雌虫抗原模拟表位的筛选及免疫保护性

目的筛选日本血吸虫雌虫抗原的模拟表位，并探讨其抗日本血吸虫的免疫保护效果。方法用日本血吸虫雌虫免疫兔血清IgG作配体对噬菌体随机12肽库进行3轮亲和筛选，随机挑取18个噬菌体克隆用Dot-ELISA检测其特异性，并对其中的4个阳性克隆进行测序。分别在0、2、4周用混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠3次，第6周每鼠经腹部感染40条日本血吸虫尾蚴，42d后剖杀冲虫，计数虫数和每克肝卵数。结果经3轮筛选，特异性噬菌体富集了200多倍，随机挑取的18个克隆经Dot-ELISA鉴定有17个能与雌虫抗原免疫兔血清呈阳性反应。DNA自动测序的4个序列与GenBank的已知序列均无同源性。与对照组相比，混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠的减虫率为26．57％，减卵率为65．34％。结论采用噬菌体随机肽库技术可获得模拟日本血吸虫雌虫特异性抗原表位的短肽分子，这些短肽分子能诱导一定程度的保护性免疫。     

树突状细胞和巨噬细胞诱导抗日本血吸虫保护性免疫作用比较(英文）

目的 比较树突状细胞(DCs)和巨噬细胞诱导抗日本血吸虫感染的保护性免疫作用。方法 用日本血吸虫可溶性虫卵抗原(SEA)体外分别负载DCs和巨噬细胞,将负载和未负载的DCs和巨噬细胞分别免疫BALB/c小鼠3次,血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染42 d后门静脉灌注法收集成虫,计数肝脏中的虫卵,比较各组小鼠血吸虫成虫负荷和雌虫生殖能力,以评估DCs和巨噬细胞诱导抗日本血吸虫感染的保护性免疫作用.ELISA检测血清特异性抗体水平。结果 SEA负载的DCs免疫组小鼠减虫率为26.3%,减卵率为37.9%,明显高于SEA负载的巨噬细胞组(22.0%和30.7%)和未负载的DCs及巨噬细胞对照组(16.3%,17.3%和11.7%,12.0%),攻击感染后42 d各组小鼠血清特异性抗体水平均升高,以负载的DCs免疫组小鼠最为明显。结论 体外抗原负载后,DCs诱导的抗日本血吸虫感染的保护性免疫力高于巨噬细胞.     

日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位免疫学活性的初步研究

目的　研究从噬菌体 12肽库中筛选得到的日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位的免疫学活性。　方法　以日本血吸虫急感患者血清免疫球蛋白 (Ig)作为靶分子 ,筛选噬菌体 12肽库。经过 3轮吸附 -洗脱 -扩增的淘筛过程 ,在筛选得到的阳性噬菌斑中随机挑取 42个扩增 ,用ELISA检测不同寄生虫病患者和正常人血清 ,以分析其敏感性和特异性。并进一步免疫昆明株小鼠 ,经日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染后剖检 ,计算减虫率和减卵率 ,以分析其在小鼠体内诱导的免疫保护性。　结果　在挑取的 42个阳性克隆中 ,有 9个与日本血吸虫急感患者血清有不同程度的结合 (6.2 5 %～ 10 0 % )。除其中 1个灵敏性较低的克隆与其它寄生虫病患者血清有一定的交叉反应外 ,其余均未发现。而经其免疫后的小鼠也分别获得了 2 9.3 %减虫率和 3 5 .9%减卵率。　结论　从噬菌体 12肽库中筛选到的日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位具有较高的特异性和敏感性 ,并能够在小鼠体内诱导一定的免疫保护力。     

日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位免疫学活性的初步研究

目的研究从噬菌体12肽库中筛选得到的日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位的免疫学活性。方法以日本血吸虫急感患者血清免疫球蛋白(Ig)作为靶分子，筛选噬菌体12肽库。经过3轮吸附-洗脱-扩增的淘筛过程．在筛选得到的阳性噬菌斑中随机挑取42个扩增，用ELISA检测不同寄生虫病患者和正常人血清，以分析其敏感性和特异性。并进一步免疫昆明株小鼠，经日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染后剖检，计算减虫率和减卵率，以分析其在小鼠体内诱导的免疫保护性。结果在挑取的42个阳性克隆中，有9个与日本血吸虫急感患者血清有不同程度的结合(6．25％～100％)。除其中1个灵敏性较低的克隆与其它寄生虫病患者血清有一定的交叉反应外，其余均未发现。而经其免疫后的小鼠也分别获得了29．3％减虫率和35．9％减卵率。结论从噬菌体12肽库中筛选到的日本血吸虫抗原模拟表位具有较高的特异性和敏感性，并能够在小鼠体内诱导一定的免疫保护力。     

噬菌体表达短肽模拟血吸虫致弱尾蚴特异性抗原表位的研究

目的　从噬菌体随机肽库中筛选模拟血吸虫致弱尾蚴特异性抗原表位的噬菌体克隆 ,并探讨其免疫保护效果。方法　用紫外线致弱尾蚴免疫兔血清IgG筛选以融合蛋白形式在丝状噬菌体外壳蛋白Ⅲ表达的随机 7肽库 ,三轮免疫筛选后获得的噬菌体克隆经皮下免疫小鼠 3次 ,攻击感染 45d后剖杀 ,观察减虫和减卵效果。结果　经三轮筛选 ,特异性结合的噬菌体富集增加了 10 0多倍 ,随机挑取 2 4个噬菌体克隆经ELISA测定 ,有 2 2个克隆能与致弱尾蚴免疫兔血清IgG特异性反应。混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠试验的减虫率与减卵率分别为 33.5 7%和 5 6 .0 7% (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。结论　采用噬菌体随机肽库技术可获得模拟致弱尾蚴特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 ,这些短肽分子能诱导一定程度的保护性免疫     

噬菌体表达短肽模拟旋毛虫抗原表位及其抗血吸虫保护性免疫研究

目的　从噬菌体随机肽库中筛选出模拟旋毛虫特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 ,探讨其抗血吸虫的交叉免疫保护效果。　方法　以纯化的旋毛虫感染鼠血清IgG为配基 ,亲合筛选法富集特异性噬菌体 ,随机挑取噬菌体克隆用ELISA检测其特异性 ;混合噬菌体克隆经皮下免疫小鼠 3次 ,攻击感染后第 4 5天剖杀小鼠 ,观察减虫和减卵效果。　结果　经 3轮筛选 ,特异性噬菌体得到了有效的富集 ,第三轮洗脱噬菌体的产量约为第一轮的 15 0倍。随机挑取 2 4个噬菌体克隆经ELISA测定 ,有 2 1个克隆能与旋毛虫感染鼠血清IgG特异性反应。与对照组相比 ,混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠的减虫率与减卵率分别为 4 2 8%与 6 6 3% (P <0 0 0 1)。　结论　利用噬菌体随机肽库技术可获得模拟旋毛虫特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 ,这些短肽分子能诱导明显的抗血吸虫的保护性免疫。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.