妊娠期糖尿病的早期预防、治疗对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨通过妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的筛查并予早期心理、饮食、运动及药物干预措施对降低GDM母儿并发症的作用。方法对2008年1月至2009年1月在徐州市妇幼保健院进行产前检查并分娩的孕前健康,无合并症的4850例孕妇资料进行回顾性分析,将不同孕周筛查出GDM分为3组（早期干预组、中期干预组、晚期干预及未治组）进行母儿并发症的比较。结果 GDM的发病率为5.2%,糖耐量异常的发病率为4.2%,未经干预,糖耐量异常最终发展为GDM者为10.8%。早期及中期干预组较晚期干预及未治组GDM母儿并发症明显降低,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。晚期干预及未治组应用胰岛素治疗的孕妇较早期及中期干预组明显增加,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。结论对GDM进行早期心理、饮食、运动及药物干预可降低妊娠期糖尿病的并发症及新生儿患病率,减少胰岛素的使用率。     

甲状腺功能减低和妊娠结局相关性研究

目的妊娠甲状腺功能减低是妊娠的高危因素,研究表明妊娠期甲状腺功能减退症能够导致后代智力受损,及时诊断和有效的治疗有可能预防这些危害。方法回顾性分析124例妊娠合并甲减患者的资料,采用化学发光测定孕妇血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸FT3、游离甲状腺素FT4、总甲状腺素TT4、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸FT3浓度及其对妊娠结局和胎儿的影响。结果妊娠合并甲减孕妇的并发症、早产、新生儿甲减发生率均明显升高,治疗组高于对照组P〈0.05）。结论妊娠合并甲减患者妊娠合并症明显增加。妊娠期甲状腺功能异常的及时筛查、诊断和处理,对母婴有着极其重要的意义。     

孕妇血糖水平对妊娠结局的影响

目的通过对112例妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）孕妇进行回顾性分析,探讨血糖水平对妊娠结局的影响。方法97例经孕前筛查中确诊的GDM进行全程产前系统干预,对通过饮食控制及适量运动后血糖控制不理想者加用胰岛素治疗,使血糖控制在理想水平者78例,为Ⅰ组,Ⅱ组为产前虽确诊但孕期血糖控制不理想19例及产时才发现（即产前未治疗）15例。比较二组孕妇及围产儿并发症的发病率。结果孕期血糖控制理想的GDM孕妇,母婴并发症如妊高症、早产、剖宫产率、新生儿低血糖、新生儿窒息、巨大儿的发病率均显著低于孕期血糖控制不理想及未进行治疗组（P〈0.05）。结论对GDM要早筛查、早诊断、早治疗,一旦确诊即应进行孕期全程监护,控制血糖在理想范围,可显著降低GDM产妇及围产儿并发症的发病率。     

弓形虫感染对孕妇妊娠结局的影响

目的 :探讨感染弓形虫对孕妇妊娠结局的影响。方法 :采用孕妇外周血及新生儿脐血进行弓形虫抗体IgM检测 ,比较正常孕产组与异常孕产组感染弓形虫抗体IgM阳性率之差异 ,比较孕妇IgM阳性组与IgM阴性组的不同妊娠结局分布。结果 :孕妇外周血及新生儿脐血的正常孕产组与异常孕产组弓形虫IgM抗体阳性率具有显著差异 ,P <0 .0 5 ;弓形虫IgM阳性组孕妇出现低体重儿、早产显著高于阴性组孕妇 ,P <0 .0 5 ,IgM阳性组孕妇出现的畸形儿及不良结局小计显著高于阴性组孕妇 ,P <0 .0 1。结论 :提示孕妇感染弓形虫与异常生育密切相关     

高三酰甘油血症对BGGI孕妇妊娠结局和并发症的影响

目的评价高三酰甘油(TG)血症对交界性糖耐量受损(BGGI)孕妇妊娠结局和并发症,以及对孕妇产后恢复和新生儿生长的影响。方法216例合并高TG血症的BGGI孕妇作为高TG组,184例TG正常的孕妇作为对照组。比较两组孕妇妊娠结局和新生儿结局,比较产后6周时的FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、TC、低LDL和HDL水平,比较产后6周时的孕妇体重增加、糖尿病发生率和新生儿体重。结果与对照组比较,高TG组的孕妇体重增加和新生儿体重明显偏高,APGAR评分明显偏低,产后出血、剖宫产、GDM和巨大儿发生率上升,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。产后6周时高TG组的FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、TC和LDL明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。产后6周时高TG组糖脂代谢异常率、糖尿病发生率、孕妇及新生儿体重均显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示产后6周时孕妇体重增加、糖尿病和新生儿体重与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、TC和LDL呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论合并高TG血症的BGGI孕妇不良母婴结局的发生率相对偏高,并且产后糖、脂恢复较慢;糖、脂水平与产后孕妇恢复和新生儿生长发育具有一定的相关性。     

妊娠合并甲状腺功能减低29例临床分析

目的探讨妊娠期甲状腺功能减低的治疗时机及对围生结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2000年l0月至2010年10月于本院就诊的29例妊娠合并甲状腺功能减低患者的临床资料,根据其孕前是否开始治疗分为两组,比较两组妊娠结局及TSH、FT4在妊娠期的变化。结果妊娠合并甲状腺功能减低症占本院住院分娩数的1.05‰（29/27685）,尽管两组用药后甲状腺功能均得到改善,但妊娠前开始治疗的患者流产、早产及妊娠期糖尿病的发生率均较低,且新生儿Apgar评分较高,两组差异有统计学意义。结论甲状腺功能减低症应及时治疗,改善甲状腺功能减低后再妊娠对母儿均有利。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇发生妊高征的因素和妊娠结局分析

目的分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇发生妊高征(PIH)的因素和妊娠结局.方法对92例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的临床资料回顾分析.根据有无合并妊高征,分成妊高征组和非妊高征组.结果妊娠期糖尿病孕妇合并妊高征的发生率为21.74%.妊高征组孕妇的正规糖耐量试验服糖1、2、3小时血糖明显高于非妊高征组,p<0.05;妊高征组餐后2小时血糖和糖化血红蛋白明显高于非妊高征组,p<0.05;妊高征组难产和新生儿窒息的发生率明显高于非妊高征组,p<0.05.结论妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的抗胰岛素作用和血糖控制不良对妊高征的发病有明显的影响,也增加了难产和新生儿窒息的发生.临床上控制好血糖水平,可以降低妊高征的发生.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇发生妊高征的因素和妊娠结局分析

目的分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇发生妊高征(PIH)的因素和妊娠结局.方法对92例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的临床资料回顾分析.根据有无合并妊高征,分成妊高征组和非妊高征组.结果妊娠期糖尿病孕妇合并妊高征的发生率为21.74%.妊高征组孕妇的正规糖耐量试验服糖1、2、3小时血糖明显高于非妊高征组,p<0.05;妊高征组餐后2小时血糖和糖化血红蛋白明显高于非妊高征组,p<0.05;妊高征组难产和新生儿窒息的发生率明显高于非妊高征组,p<0.05.结论妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的抗胰岛素作用和血糖控制不良对妊高征的发病有明显的影响,也增加了难产和新生儿窒息的发生.临床上控制好血糖水平,可以降低妊高征的发生.     

孕期糖耐量异常对孕妇及围产儿的影响

目的：探讨妊娠期糖尿颊和孕期糖耐量降低对孕妇及围产儿的影响。方法：５８２例孕妇于孕２４－２８周行口服５０ｇ葡萄糖筛查,血糖≥７．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ者行口服７５ｇ葡萄糖耐量试验。结果：妊娠期糖尿病（ＧＤＭ）１７例（２．９０％）,孕期糖耐量降低（ＧＩＧＴ）３６例（６．１８％）。ＧＤＭ＋ＧＩＧＴ组妊娠高血压综合征（ＰＩＨ）、巨大儿、剖宫术、产后率及胎儿宫内窘迫的发生率均高于正常组。治疗满意组的新生儿窒息、     

186例妊娠糖尿病孕妇葡萄糖筛查及葡萄糖耐量试验结果分析

目的探讨妊娠糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）孕妇口服50g葡萄糖筛查（GCT）和75g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGIT）的特点,分析血糖水平对GDM的诊断和治疗的价值。方法回顾性分析广东省妇幼保健院2008年186例妊娠期糖尿病患者的临床资料和GCT及OGTT的结果。结果50g GCT以7．8mmol／L为界值,GDM的漏诊率约（7／186）3．76％,GCT平均血糖为（9．66±1．49）mmol／L;75g OGTT平均空腹血糖为（5．01±0．84）mmol／L,1h血糖为（11．15±1．71）mmol／L,2h血糖为（9．79±1．61）mmol／L,3h血糖为（6．93±1．94）mmol／L;其中血糖值2项异常有113例,3项异常有53例,4项异常有20例;OGTT血糖2项异常与3项、4项异常的GCT均有统计学意义;75g OGTT不检测3h血糖,将漏诊46例GDM,约24．7％;需饮食合并胰岛素治疗患者空腹及餐后2h血糖明显高于仅需饮食治疗患者。结论GCT以7．8mmol／L为界值漏诊率不高,应较适合本地区临床使用;GCT血糖值与OGTT异常程度有关;孕妇75g OGTT诊断可考虑降低空腹血糖标准,不宜省略OGTT 3h血糖的检测;对空腹及餐后2h血糖水平较高的GDM患者应注意治疗方案的选择。     

Diabetes mellitus in a young man with Bloom''s syndrome

Bloom's syndrome (BS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which diabetes mellitus unusually frequently develops as a complication. We report on a 21-year-old Japanese male patient with BS who exhibited impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in the initial oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and had developed patterns of diabetes mellitus by the second OGTT at the 2-years-and-2-months follow-up. German and Passarge reported that the onset of diabetes in patients with BS was in late adolescence or early adulthood. Our results support the findings of German and Passarge. Therefore, when a person with BS reaches late adolescence or early adulthood, an OGTT is necessary to ascertain whether the patient has IGT or diabetes mellitus as a complication, regardless of whether or not diabetic signs such as glucosuria are present.     

Abnormal glucose tolerance in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to analyse the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in Chinese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and to assess the ability of screening tests to predict these abnormalities within this population. METHODS: A total of 102 PCOS patients were evaluated. All patients underwent oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) with blood samples taken at 0, 1 and 2 h. The 2-h plasma glucose level was used to categorize subjects as having IGT or NIDDM. RESULTS: The prevalence of IGT was 20.5% and that of NIDDM was 1.9%. There was no significant relationship between BMI and 2-h plasma glucose levels. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for glucose to insulin ratio (G:I), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were 0.702, 0.734 and 0.733 respectively. ROC analysis suggested a threshold value of 10.7 in G:I ratio (73.9% sensitivity and 59.5% specificity), a value of 2.14 in HOMA (73.9% sensitivity and 73.4% specificity) and a value of 0.34 in QUICKI (73.9% sensitivity and 73.4% specificity) for the prediction of abnormal glucose tolerance (IGT and NIDDM). CONCLUSIONS: Chinese women with PCOS are at increased risk of IGT and NIDDM. Even though G:I, HOMA and QUICKI are easier than OGTT, they could not replace the role of 2-h post-challenge plasma glucose level in the screening of IGT and NIDDM in PCOS women.     

Impaired glucose tolerance and pregnancy outcome in Chinese women with high body mass index

To determine if impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) impacts on the outcome of singleton pregnancies in Chinese women with a high (>26 kg/m(2)) body mass index (BMI), a retrospective case-control study was performed on 128 women with IGT and 128 controls with normal oral glucose tolerance test results, who were matched for pre-pregnancy BMI (within 0.1 kg/m(2)) and delivered within the same 3 year period. The IGT group was older, with more multiparae, a higher incidence of previous gestational diabetes mellitus, higher booking haemoglobin and fasting glucose concentrations, but no difference in the pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, or weight or BMI at delivery. There was no difference in the obstetric complications, mode of delivery, or the gestational age or mean infant birthweight. However, the birthweight ratio (relative to mean birthweight for gestation), incidence of large-for-gestational-age (birthweight >90th percentile) and macrosomic (birthweight > or =4000 g) infants, and treatment for neonatal jaundice, were significantly higher in the IGT group. The results suggest that some of the complications attributed to gestational diabetes mellitus are probably related to maternal weight excess/obesity in the affected subjects, but IGT could still affect infant birthweight outcome despite diet treatment which has normalized gestational weight gain.     

不同水平高血糖与高血压共同危险因子的分析

探讨不同血糖水平与高血压病发病共同危险因子。对１４９９人做了葡萄糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）及血浆胰岛素、血脂、尿微量白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）和体重、腰臀围比、血压等检测并进行了吸烟史、、每日吸烟量的调查。（１）在糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）和糖尿病（ＤＭ）组中,血压≥１８．７／１２．０ｋＰａ者的比例分别为４８．７％、５５．９％明显高于正常精耐量（ＮＧＴ）组的３２．２％,Ｐ＜０．０１;（２）ＩＧＴ和ＤＭ组的血糖、胰岛素、血脂水平、尿微量白蛋白排泄率、体重指数、年龄与ＮＧＴ组比较明显增高,Ｐ＜０．０５～Ｐ＜０．０１;（３）高血压组上述临床和生化指标与非高血压组比较也明显增设,均Ｐ＜０刀１;（４）多元逐步回归分析：血糖与胰岛素、血脂水平、ＵＡＥＲ、体重指数、血压、年龄、吸烟量呈显著正相关;血压也与上述项目及血糖呈显著正相关,Ｐ＜０．０５～Ｐ＜０．０１。糖尿病与高血压病存在共同危险因子,是相关性疾病,而且在糖耐量低减患者,这些危险因子已经存在,应早期进行综合干预。     

糖耐量减低的绝经后女性血浆和肽素水平与血糖的相关性

目的:观察糖耐量减低的绝经后女性血浆和肽素水平与血糖的相关性.方法:将80例新发糖耐量减低(空腹血糖≤6.2 mmol/L,7.8 mmol/L≤甲餐后2h血糖≤9.4 mmol/L)的绝经后女性,年龄56～59岁,依据基线时和肽素水平,分成A组(＜5 pmol/L)、B组(＞20 pmol/L组),每组各40例.分析两组间基线时和6个月后和肽素、血糖的差异.结果:基线时,A组与B组组间的和肽素差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而在体重、空腹全血血糖、早餐后2h血糖、空腹血清三酰甘油、血清总胆固醇、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、平均动脉压、血清肌酐水平、年龄等指标上结果相似,差异无统计学意义.经调整生活方式及口服阿司匹林(100 mg/d)、瑞舒伐他汀(10 mg/d)6个月后,在和肽素水平、空腹血糖、早餐后2h血糖指标上,B组明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).B组中有新发糖尿病16例,而A组没有.结论:在糖耐量减低的绝经后女性中,高血浆和肽素水平会进一步加重糖耐量减低,促使糖尿病的发生.     

Comparison of area under the curve in various models of diabetic rats receiving chronic medication

IntroductionThe oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is widely used as a diagnostic tool for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in clinical settings and animal experiments. The area under the curve (AUC) is then developed to quantify the total increase in blood glucose during the OGTT. Similarly, attenuation of the increased AUC indicates the improvement of IGT in animals. Variations in fasting plasma glucose between individuals stimulate the development of incremental area under the curve (iAUC). However, the iAUC determined from subtracting the baseline value of fasting plasma glucose (similar to ΔAUC) has been challenged as problematic without evidence.Material and methodsWe developed four different diabetic animal models. In each model, rats were treated with metformin, dapagliflozin, and insulin respectively for 1 week. OGTTs were performed after 7 days of the drug treatment. The acute blood glucose changes induced by one-time treatment of drugs were also compared.ResultsAfter a daily application of each drug at an effective dose for 7 days, results indicated potency in the following order: insulin > dapagliflozin > metformin. This was determined by calculation using the AUC in all diabetic models. However, the order changed when using the calculation with iAUC. Additionally, signals were changed before the OGTT in each model that received repeated treatment of each drug. Notably, drug potency was shown to be the same in OGTT calculated from iAUC and AUC in diabetic rats receiving acute treatment.ConclusionsiAUC seems unsuitable for application in cases where subjects are receiving chronic medication(s).     

实时定量PCR检测技术应用于孕妇人巨细胞病毒感染

目的：用荧光定量聚合酶链反应（FQ-PCR）准确地定量检测孕妇血清中人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）的数量及其在与临床上的意义。方法：用FQ-PCR和ELISA方法同时检测300例孕妇及59例新生儿血清标本。结果：胎儿宫内感染的发生与孕妇血清中HCMVDNA数量有关,发生宫内胎儿感染的孕妇,其HCMVDNA拷贝数达10^6copies/ml以上,结论：孕妇血清中HCMVDNA含量升高是胎儿发生HCMV感染的重要因素之一,FQ-PCR可以准确定量检测HCMV的真实感染和制情况。对于临床诊断与治疗有一定的指导意义。     

Fluctuations in fasting blood glucose and serum fructosamine in pregnant women monitored on successive antenatal visits

Abstract Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum fructosamine are simple and commonly used tests for monitoring diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, both these parameters are associated with high error rates and therefore used with caution in high-risk populations. Setting high cut-off values for these parameters increases the sensitivity but at the cost of poor specificity (more false positives). Continued efforts have been made to evaluate the efficacy of FBG and fructosamine, singly or in combination, in avoiding a large number of unnecessary oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Therefore, to better understand their time-course trends, we analysed FBG and c-fructosamine in 211 blood samples from 51 Saudi pregnant women during their multiple (≥3) antenatal visits. The mean±standard deviation of FBG and c-fructosamine were 5.22±1.07 and 2.22±0.25 mmol/l respectively with a significant correlation between their individual values. Using the FBG cut-off >5.3 mmol/l, 19 subjects were classified as hyperglycaemic; this frequency was reduced to 1 when a FBG cut-off of >7.0 mmol/l was used. Combined values of FBG (>5.3 mmol/l) and c-fructosamine (>2.5 mmol/l) filtered 6 highrisk subjects with a prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Analysis of variance revealed high withingroup variance for FBG. These fluctuations were also confirmed by higher coefficient of variations (CVs) for FBG (13.27%) as compared to c-fructosamine (5.49%). The CVs of FBG were not correlated with those of corresponding CVs of c-fructosamine (R=0.007, P=0.962), indicating that the fluctuations in FBG were independent of fluctuations in c-fructosamine. These findings clearly suggest that the paired values of FBG and c-fructosamine would be more advantageous than their individual values in filtering high-risk patients on whom OGTT should be performed.