睫状神经营养因子防治强脉冲噪声对豚鼠内耳损伤的实验研究

目的探索应用睫状神经营养因子（ｃｉｌｉａｒｙｎｅｕｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＣＮＴＦ）防治强脉冲噪声对豚鼠内耳损伤的可能性,为强脉冲噪声致聋的防治提供新的方法。方法制作强脉冲噪声致聋豚鼠模型３６只,１８只应用ＣＮＴＦ肌内注射３周,１８只等量的生理盐水作对照,正常对照豚鼠１８只,进行耳蜗铺片计算机图像分析毛细胞计数,螺旋神经节细胞计数、耳蜗乙酰胆碱酯酶染色铺片观察和ＡＢＲ反应阈测定。结果正常对照组、噪声暴露后２１ｄ的生理盐水对照组和ＣＮＴＦ组耳蜗毛细胞平均总数（ｘ±ｓ,下同）分别为９０９４±１０３．６、７３５１±１９６．５、８５２２±２０３．１;而螺旋神经节细胞计数在耳蜗中轴切片第二回下段３组间差异有显著性,分别为５１±４．７２、２７±６．９４、３７±１０．４。乙酰胆碱酯酶染色铺片结果示ＣＮＴＦ组较生理盐水对照组耳蜗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性损失轻、范围小。结论ＣＮＴＦ在一定程度上能防止受损的螺旋神经节细胞及外毛细胞发生变性坏死,并可能促进其损伤的修复。     

The protective effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor on inner ear damage induced by intensive impulse noise]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of using ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF) to treat intensive impulse noise-induced inner ear damage. METHODS: The guinea pigs were given either CNTF (CNTF group) or 0.9% sodium chloride (NS group) for 3 weeks after impulse noise exposure. The animals receiving neither medicine nor noise served as a control group. ABR threshold shifts, the cochlear AchE staining as well as the hair cell and spiral ganglion cell counting were carried out in three groups of animals. RESULTS: The numbers of damaged hair cells and spiral ganglion cells in the CNTF group was less than that in the NS group. AchE activity alteration was also less severe in the CNTF group. Similar to the morphological results, changes in the auditory function, represented by the ABR threshold shifts, was less in the CNTF group. CONCLUSION: CNTF can protect cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion cells against intensive impulse noise exposure by decreasing degeneration and necrosis of the hair cells in some extent and expedite hearing recovery.     

Experimental vibratory damage of the inner ear

The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of whole-body vibration on the inner ear. The investigations were carried out on 40 guinea pigs, subjected to sinusoidal vibration (10 Hz/5 mm/1.4 g rms) for 1 to 6 months in a noiseless apparatus. Cochlear microphonic measurements were done with a phase-sensitive detection technique for the levels 70, 80 and 90 dB and the frequencies of 0.26, 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz from the apex of the cochlea and for 4 and 8 kHz from the region of the round window. Analysis of 1,440 measurements suggested the possibility of damage appearing in the upper turnings of the cochlea. The subsequent morphological analysis was based on the estimation of the state of the hair cells (a three-degree scale of injury) in a Zeiss DSM 950 scanning microscope and of the structure of the fibers of the acoustic nerve in a Zeiss EM 900 transmission microscope. Vibration-induced changes were seen in all the examined inner ears of the experimental groups. Hair-cell damage was more often seen in the region of the apex, spreading gradually in the direction of the base and from the circumference (outer hair cells of the third row) to the modiolus. The most characteristic vibrational changes of the acoustic nerve fibers occurred in 100% of the examined myelin sheaths and were visible as decreases in their electrodensity. The changes in both the assessed elements of the inner ear appeared simultaneously but independently and were directly connected with the duration of the experiment. The results obtained allow an explanation of the mechanism of hearing loss in persons subjected to whole-body vibration. The damages done to the inner ear structures may cause a worsening of hearing there, especially in the low and medium frequencies.     

复方中药制剂对大鼠糖尿病性早期内耳损伤的治疗作用研究

目的观察复方中药制剂对糖尿病性早期内耳损伤的治疗效应。方法复制糖尿病动物模型，随机分为模型组及中药治疗组，并设立正常对照组（均n=10）。模型组及正常组动物以生理盐水灌胃；中药治疗组每日以复方中药制剂（主要药物为黄芪、党参等）灌胃，连续14天。实验开始前及实验结束后分别检测各组动物血糖水平及畸变产物耳声发射（DPOAEs）并进行比较分析。结果给药前模型组和治疗组大鼠血糖水平均明显升高，组间差异不明显（P〉0．05），同时伴有DPOAE反应幅值下降，与正常组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。疗程结束时，中药治疗组大鼠血糖水平明显下降，DPOAEs反应幅值明显升高，与模型组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论以黄芪、党参为主药的中药复方制剂可以改善糖尿病模型大鼠的早期听力损害。     

The protective effect of erdosteine against ototoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats

The elimination of cisplatin ototoxicity is an ongoing concern. This experimental study was undertaken to investigate the effect of oral erdosteine in ameliorating cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Twenty-eight adult female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group A received an oral carrier vehicle of the drug erdosteine with 0.2 ml of 0.9% saline. Group B was administered only erdosteine (per oral 10 mg/kg twice a day) for 6 days. Group C was injected with cisplatin intraperitoneally (i.p.) on day 0 (16 mg/kg body weight), once only. Group D was given erdosteine (per oral 10 mg/kg/day) 1 day before and for 5 days consecutively after cisplatin injection (16 mg/kg, i.p.). Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were elicited in different frequency regions, ranging from 1,001 to 6,299 Hz as DPgram and input/output (I/O) functions from the control and experimental animals. All experimental animals were killed under general anesthesia on day 5, following the last otoacoustic emission measurements. Prior to death, blood samples were drawn for measurement of superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase (XO), malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. Initial DPgram and I/O function baseline measurements were similar in all groups prior to any drug administration ( P>0.05). On day 5, intra-subject measurement parameters of DPgrams and I/O functions in the cisplatin group showed significant deterioration ( P <0.05). The other groups revealed no differences between their pre- and post-test drug administration DPgrams and I/O functions at any test frequency ( P>0.05). Comparison of the amplitudes of DPgrams and I/O functions between the cisplatin and control groups showed significant changes ( P <0.05). Biochemical studies noted an increased XO activity following cisplatin administration ( P <0.007). The other biochemical results did not show significant differences between the study and control groups. This study demonstrates that, in rats, erdosteine is protective for cochlear function against the disruptive effects of cisplatin as measured by DPOAEs.     

Development of otology specific outcome measure: Ear Outcome Survey-16 (EOS-16)

PurposeAn important outcome measure of patient care is the impact on the patient’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Current ear-specific HRQoL instruments are designed for one diagnosis and emphasize different subdivisions such as symptoms, hearing problems, psychosocial impact, and the need for care. The optimal length of the recall period has not been studied. For these reasons, a new survey is needed that would cover most chronic ear diseases.MethodsA preliminary 24-item survey (EOS-24) was created. Untreated adult patients (included n = 186) with one of seven different chronic otologic conditions from all university hospitals in Finland were recruited to respond to EOS-24 and the 15D general HRQoL instrument. The recruiting otologists evaluated the severity of the disease and the disability caused by it. A control group was recruited. Based on the patients’ responses in different diagnosis groups, the items were reduced according to pre-defined criteria. The resulting survey was validated using a thorough statistical analysis.ResultsThe relevance and necessity of the original 24 items were thoroughly investigated, leading to the exclusion of 8 items and the modification of 1. The remaining 16 items were well-balanced between subdivisions and were useful in all seven diagnosis groups, thus constituting the final instrument, EOS-16. The most suitable recall period was three months.ConclusionsEOS-16 has been created according to the HRQoL survey guidelines with a versatile nationwide patient population. The survey has been validated and can be used for a wide range of chronic ear diseases as a HRQoL instrument.     

模拟失重和噪声复合因素对豚鼠内耳淋巴液容积的影响

目的探讨模拟失重和噪声复合因素对豚鼠内耳淋巴液容积的影响。方法健康豚鼠24只随机分为单纯失重组12只、单纯噪声组6只、失重+噪声组6只,分别测试实验前、实验5天及实验结束后3天听性脑干诱发电位(ABR)阈值及内耳MRI扫描,并用自制专用软件对内耳淋巴液容积进行计算。结果单纯噪声组实验前后内耳容积无差异(P>0.05);单纯失重组实验5天与实验前、实验结束后3天与实验5天相比有显著性差异(P<0.01),实验结束后3天与实验前相比无明显差异(P>0.05);失重+稳态噪声组实验5天及实验结束后3天豚鼠内耳容积较实验前明显增大(P<0.01),实验5天与实验结束后3天豚鼠内耳容积无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论失重环境可使豚鼠内耳淋巴液容积变大,但是短期单纯失重环境豚鼠内耳淋巴液容积变化可恢复,失重加噪声复合因素会加重内耳淋巴液容积变化,且实验后3天后内耳淋巴液容积无恢复。     

速尿与硫酸卡那霉素联合用药对大鼠内耳毒性的实验观察

目的探讨速尿与硫酸卡那霉素联合用药对大鼠内耳的毒性作用,为大鼠药物性耳聋动物模型的制备和相关研究提供参考。方法大鼠静脉注射速尿后,立即肌肉注射硫酸卡那霉素,对照组不做处理。用药7天后行听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)阈值检测、耳蜗铺片免疫荧光染色和颞骨常规切片观察,并对耳蜗进行扫描电镜观察。结果联合注射速尿与硫酸卡那霉素后,大鼠ABR阈值明显提高;铺片和切片观察发现内、外毛细胞完全缺失的大鼠,耳蜗支持细胞大部分完整,前庭毛细胞未见损伤;电镜观察发现耳蜗毛细胞纤毛明显受损。结论速尿和硫酸卡那霉素联合用药可导致大鼠听力和耳蜗毛细胞严重受损,但对耳蜗支持细胞和前庭毛细胞损伤较轻,为耳蜗毛细胞损伤后再生等实验研究提供了一种简单、快速而有效的建立大鼠耳聋动物模型的方法。     

A long-term high-fat diet increases oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in the inner ear of D-galactose-induced aging rats

In humans, chronic dyslipidemia associated with elevated triglycerides may reduce auditory function. However, there is little evidence available in the literature concerning the effects of a long-term high-fat diet (HFD) on the inner ears of animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 month-HFD on the inner ear of Sprague-Dawley rats and on the D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging process in the inner ear. We found that 12 month-HFD markedly elevated the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold in the high-frequency region. The HFD significantly increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expressions of NADPH oxidase (NOX) and the uncoupling proteins (UCP). Furthermore, an elevated accumulation of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) common deletion (CD) and mitochondrial ultrastructural changes in the inner ear suggested that there was mitochondrial damage in response to the excessive fat intake. The expression level of cleaved caspase-3 and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end-labelling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the inner ear were increased by the HFD. The effects of D-gal on the inner ears were similar with 12 month-HFD. We found that rats receiving both the HFD and D-gal exhibited a greater shift in the ABR threshold, larger increases in the expression levels of NOX, UCP and cleaved caspase-3 and an increased number of TUNEL-positive cells in the inner ear. The present study demonstrated that HFD may induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in the inner ear, and it provided evidence regarding the link between HFD and an increased risk of age-related hearing loss.     

Potential role of angiotensin II in noise-induced increases in inner ear blood flow

Guinea pigs were exposed to 120 dB white noise for 30 min and evidenced a four-fold elevation in plasma concentration of the potent vasoconstricting hormone angiotensin II (AII). Anesthetized animals received intra-arterial injections of AII at doses that approximated the endogenous levels measured following noise exposure. A marked decrease in skin blood flow was observed with a concomitant increase in cochlear blood flow as measured by laser Doppler flowmeters. Increased cochlear blood flow appeared to be secondary to the increases in systemic blood pressure induced by AII. These findings suggest that cochlear blood flow may increase during periods of intense noise exposure.     

Considerations on the physiopathological mechanism of inner ear damage induced by intravenous cocaine abuse: cues from a case report

Objective

Aim of the following paper is to discuss about the possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms of inner ear damage induced by cocaine abuse. Unfortunately the data concerning this topic are very limited; the authors are then presenting a literature review, also discussing the clinical presentation and the possible therapeutical approach of a clinical case of bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss following i.v. injection of cocaine.

Patients

Case report.

Intervention

A strictly audiological evaluation has been performed, in order to identify the cochlear lesion site(s) and to provide the best medical treatment.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report of acute cocaine intoxication with sudden bilateral hearing loss. Further studies are required in order to understand the effects of these substances on the inner ear cells and metabolism.     

含抗内耳抗原特异性抗体的体液转移免疫致豚鼠先天性感音神经性聋的实验研究

目的：证实针对内耳组织抗原特异性抗体通过胎盘可造成子鼠先天性自身免疫性感音神经性聋。方法：同种粗制内耳抗原（CIEAgs）免疫豚鼠,造成自身免疫性感音神经性聋（ASNHL）动物模型。ELISA法测定示其血清抗体水平升高,耳蜗电图（ECochG）示其听神经复合动作电位和（或）耳蜗微音器电位阈值或伪阈升高。取其血清（含特异性抗内耳组织抗原抗体）持续转移免疫妊娠豚鼠,采用ECochG测试被动免疫妊娠母鼠和子鼠的听觉功能,再采用颞骨火棉胶切片和苏木精一伊红染色,光镜观察内耳组织形态学改变。结果：各组出现听觉损伤的动物是：采用ASNHL模型动物血清被动免疫的8只妊娠母鼠中有5只（7耳）和其所产子鼠8只中有6只（10耳）,采用非ASNHL模型动物血清免疫的妊娠豚鼠所产子鼠5只中有1只（2耳）。出现听力损失的被动免疫母鼠和子鼠内耳病理形态学改变主要为螺旋神经节细胞变性和Rosenthal管中炎性细胞（以单个核细胞为主）浸润,部分动物出现膜迷路积水。结论：同种体液转移免疫可造成自身免疫性内耳病变,子鼠产生听觉功能障碍主要是由于母鼠所产生的特异性抗内耳组织抗原抗体经胎盘到达子鼠体内所致。