应对松花江水污染突发公共事件的实践与体会

2005年11月13日，中石油吉化公司双苯厂发生爆炸事故，造成松花江水体严重污染，使黑龙江省哈尔滨市及松花江沿岸市、县人民的生产、生活受到极大的影响，关系到国计民生、百姓健康、社会稳定的大事。全省疾病控制系统在应对这场松花江水污染突发公共事件中，准确定位，科学应对，沉着有序，做出了卓有成效的工作，为政府科学决策提供技术支撑，保证了哈尔滨市及松花江沿岸居民饮用水卫生安全，有效地预防控制了非常时期水传疾病的发生。笔者亲历了松花江水污染事件的处理工作，对疾病预防控制体系应对重大社会公共事件有所思考。     

卫生部关于对黑龙江省卫生厅应对松花江污染事故工作予以表扬的通报

卫监督发〔2006〕52号各省、自治区、直辖市卫生厅局,新疆生产建设兵团卫生局,中国疾病预防控制中心、卫生部卫生监督中心:2005年11月13日,中石油吉林石化公司双苯厂发生爆炸事故,造成松花江水体污染,对沿江居民健康安全构成了严重威胁。黑龙江省卫生厅在省委、省政府的正确领导下,反应迅速,精心组织,行动及时,与有关部门密切配合,保证了沿江居民的正常生产和生活,取得了应对重大水污染事件阶段性胜利。2005年11月21日,省政府召开应对松花江水污染工作会议后,省卫生厅党组本着“组织有—22—序、分级负责、快速反应、高效处理”的原则,采取…     

“水边”化工厂，水污染的源头

由于化工企业生产过程需要大量用水与排水，因此大量化工企业建在水边，遍布长江、黄河、珠江、松花江等大江大河沿线。一旦发生事故．将对当地乃至流域的环境生态、饮用水源．公共安全构成严重威胁。如松花江硝基苯污染、潢川小黄河流域化工污染、北江镉污染、湘江镉污染，以及近来发生的紫金矿业渗水事件、吉林化工桶事件、南京塑料厂爆燃事件等化工企业引发水污染事件．引起了社会各界的普遍关注。     

德尔菲研究法在突发饮水污染事件卫生应急预案研究中的应用

近年来,我国曾发生了多起饮水污染事件。据统计显示,自2005年底松花江苯污染事件以来,我国共发生140多起水污染事故,平均两三天便发生一起[1]。由于我国目前突发饮水污染事件应急的相关法制尚不健全,缺乏专门的应急预案,导致在处理中存在部门间职能不明确,信息流欠通畅等问题,影响了应急处     

松花江水污染事故公共卫生应急工作案例

2005年11月13日,中石油吉林双苯厂苯胺车间发生爆炸,爆炸产生的100吨苯类污染物排入了松花江。11月23～27日哈尔滨市区停水,约400万人的生活饮用水受到影响。作者总结了哈尔滨市卫生行政部门采取21项防控水污染措施,并对取得的经验和应吸取的教训进行了深入分析。对今后我国卫生行政部门处理水污染事故具有一定的参考价值。     

突发饮水卫生事件应急型人才队伍的建设与管理

突发饮水公共卫生事件是环境卫生中较为常见的应急工作之一。自2003年SARS之后,我国应对突发公共卫生事件的能力有明显提升,应急储备系统及其应急人才队伍建设日趋完善。而近年来我国饮水卫生事件频发,松花江水污染事件、湘江镉污染事件、秦皇岛水源水藻污染等,使得饮水卫生应急处置机制的完善和发展变得更加紧迫和必要.     

心血管疾病的发生发展与环境污染

空气污染、生产和生活用品的污染以及水污染都与心血管疾病的发生以及促发心血管事件密切相关。     

松花江沿岸某城市浅层地下水有机污染特征

对2005年11月12日中石油吉林石化分公司双苯厂发生爆炸事故所引起的松花江沿岸某城市浅层地下水污染状况进行了调查研究。结果表明,研究区浅层地下水中,除1,2-二氯丙烷、氯苯、苯和乙苯浓度在个别采样井点检出超过《地下水质量标准》三类水质标准外,其它各有机污染物浓度都普遍较低;城区浅层地下水有机污染程度远远重于城郊,且分布在城区东部化工厂一带的工业区,个别地段地下水有机污染程度不容乐观。因此,松花江水与地下水的积极交替带仅限于几百米,研究区内浅层地下水的有机污染是历史因素和人为活动共同作用的结果。     

成都市2005年饮用水污染事故分析

分析总结2005年成都市CDC处理的水污染事件，寻找其潜在的规律，为以后处理类似污染事件提供依据。     

某省居民突发公共卫生事件认知及心理调查

进入21世纪以来只有短短几年的时间，我国就经历了数次规模不小的突发公共卫生事件，如SARS、禽流感、近期的松花江水污染。尤其是SARS爆发，对我国民众的健康理念和生活方式产生了深远的影响，政府对公共卫生更加重视，由此加快了突发公共卫生事件应对体系的建立和健全。为了探讨政府、传媒及公众认知互动在突发公共卫生事件预防和控制中的作用，对黑龙江省部分城乡居民进行了问卷调查。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.