军队人员关节镜下重建前交叉韧带

目的 探讨军人前交叉韧带损伤患者采用自体四股半腱肌腱 股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带的手术方法及远期疗效.方法 关节镜下以自体四股半腱肌腱 股薄肌腱为前交叉韧带重建替代物,保留少许前交叉韧带残端作为定位标志物,对35例前交叉韧带损伤军人行重建术.结果 术后35例膝关节活动度均恢复至正常范围,无韧带撞击现象,前抽屉试验全部阴性,Lachman试验全部小于Ⅰ度.Lysholm评分由术前的平均52.3分提高到术后的平均88.5分,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01).大多数患者获得满意治疗效果,可继续从事日常工作.结论 关节镜下自体四股半腱肌腱 股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带是恢复膝关节稳定性较好的方法.关节镜下重建前交叉韧带是前交叉韧带损伤军人较为理想的手术方式,其创伤较小、卧床时间短、远期疗效较好.     

关节镜下应用LARS人工韧带同时重建前、后交叉韧带

目的 探讨关节镜下应用LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带(ACL)、后交叉韧带(PCL)同时损伤的方法及疗效. 方法 关节镜下同时重建13例ACL、PCL损伤的患者,重建材料采用LARS人工韧带.术后随访12～36个月,采用国际膝关节文件编制委员会(IKDC)韧带标准评价表和Lysholm膝关节功能评分表评估患膝功能,通过KT-1000检查膝关节前后松弛度.结果 术后无膝关节感染发生;均无伸膝受限,屈膝活动度105°～125°,平均117°.术后随访时IKDC评分:A类10例(77%),B类3例(23%).屈膝25°位KT-1000检查:双侧膝关节前向松弛度差异＜2 mm 12例,3～5 mm 1例;屈膝70°位检查:＜2 mm 12例,2～4 mm 1例.术前Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(63.8 ±2.9)分(49～69分),终末随访时为(91.1±2.7)分(88～95分),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01). 结论 关节镜下同时重建膝关节ACL、PCL是目前治疗ACL、PCL同时损伤的一种微创、安全、有效的手术方法,近期疗效佳.     

急性前交叉韧带断裂合并内侧副韧带、半月板损伤的临床研究

目的:研究急性前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂合并内侧副韧带(MCL)损伤时,内侧半月板(MM)、外侧半月板(LM)损伤的发生率及其相互关系。方法:1988年5月至2005年12月,对96例急性ACL断裂合并MCL损伤的患者进行膝关节镜检查,同时对合并的半月板损伤情况进行统计。按照MCL损伤程度分为Ⅰ度损伤组(5例)、Ⅱ度损伤组(21例)和Ⅲ度损伤组(70例);按照是否手术修补MCL分为手术组(51例)和非手术组(45例)。结果:在Ⅰ度、Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度损伤组中,MM和LM的损伤发生率分别为0和60%、4.8%和71.4%、17.1%和54.3%。在所有患者(手术组(非手术组)、非手术组和手术组中,MM和LM的损伤发生率分别为13.5%和58.3%、4.4%和62.2%、21.6%和54.9%。除Ⅰ度损伤组(P=0.05)外,其它各组中LM损伤发生率均显著高于MM(P<0.01)。结论:急性ACL断裂合并MCL损伤时,外侧半月板较内侧半月板更易受到损伤,这种三联损伤多是ACL、MCL和LM的联合损伤。     

急性膝关节前交叉韧带不完全损伤关节镜下诊治方法选择

目的探讨急性膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)不完全损伤的关节镜下诊断意义和早期临床治疗方案的选择。方法1999年8月-2003年10月收治急性膝关节ACL不完全损伤37例,所有患者均早期行关节镜检查确诊,其中关节镜下射频皱缩术后保守治疗8例,Ⅰ期行ACL加强手术19例,Ⅰ期行ACL重建手术10例,随诊10~23个月,并行临床效果评定。结果获随诊患者34例(92%),治疗康复6个月膝关节Lysholm评分,从术前(43.6±5.2)分提高到(91.8±2.3)分,与术前比较有显著提高(P<0.01)。结论急性膝关节ACL不完全损伤应早期首选关节镜检查以明确诊断,确定损伤程度,选择合理的临床治疗方案;Ⅰ期镜下修复或重建ACL,对早期恢复膝关节稳定有重要的临床意义。     

关节镜下双股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带80例

目的　介绍关节镜下双股半腱肌闭合拉出钢板法重建前交叉韧带(ACL)手术操作及其技巧。　方法　设计应用关节镜下双股半腱肌闭合拉出钢板法重建ACL,对80例患者手术操作经验进行总结。　结果　本组80例完成关节镜下重建ACL手术,平均手术时间为80min。术中出现穿导针弯曲、断裂,微型器械断裂,微型钢板骨隧道内受阻等情况。本组病例平均随访16个月,除2例术膝轻度胀痛外,其余患者无主诉症状。所有病例感觉膝部稳定,恢复原工作。Lysholm膝部评分,术前(48±12)分,术后(92±4)分（P<0．01）。　结论　关节镜下双股半腱肌闭合微型钢板固定法重建ACL,手术效果良好。临床实践中应掌握手术原则,严格按手术程序操作。     

关节镜下运用4股腘绳肌腱同期重建前后交叉韧带损伤

目的 关节镜下运用Intrafix和可吸收界面螺钉固定自体4股腘绳肌腱，同期重建前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）、后交叉韧带（posterior cruciate ligament，PCL），评估其疗效。方法 ACL、PCL同时损伤的患者16例，关节镜下以自体4股胭绳肌腱作为重建移植物，应用可吸收界面螺钉固定移植物股骨端，Intrafix钉鞘和可吸收锥形钉固定胫骨端，同期行ACL和PCL损伤重建术。7例行内侧副韧带修补，4例行外侧副韧带复合结构修复，2例行内外侧同时修复。所有患者按照国际膝关节评分委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee，IKDC）评分标准进行术前评估，均为D级。术前Lysholm评分为（36．5±3．7）分。结果 随访时间为12～18个月，平均14．6个月。终末随访时，IKDC总体评价：A级6例（38％），B级9例（56％），C级1例（6％），无D级患者。Lachman试验0～2mm8例；3～5mm6例；6～10mm2例（P〈0．05）。屈70°前后总位移0～2mm10例；3～5mm5例；6～10mm1例（P〈0．05）。屈70°后位移0～2mm12例；3～5mm4例（P〈0．05）。术后2个月Lysholm功能评分为（90．4±2．9）分，终末随访时为（93．4±3．5）分，与术前相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 关节镜下以自体4股胭绳肌腱作为移植物，应用可吸收界面螺钉、Intrafix钉鞘和可吸收锥形钉固定股骨胫骨端同期重建ACL和PCL损伤，有利于早期积极的功能康复，膝关节功能恢复满意。     

关节镜下双股半腱肌重建前交叉韧带

前交叉韧带（ＡＣＬ）损伤是常见膝部损伤，有关诊断、关节镜下修复重建的问题已引起临床界的重视〔１、２〕。采用我科自行研制的配套器械行双股半腱肌关节镜下重建ＡＣＬ手术，临床治疗５０例前交叉韧带损伤患者，随访资料完整３９例，取得满意的临床效果。１资料与方法...     

前交叉韧带断裂后半月板和软骨损伤的临床研究

目的　研究前交叉韧带 (ACL)断裂所致的膝关节不稳对关节半月板及软骨的影响。方法　回顾分析 1992～ 2 0 0 2年间收治的 4 8例ACL断裂患者半月板和软骨损伤的分布、程度、发生率与伤后不同时段的关系。　结果　半月板损伤率从急性期组→亚慢性期组→慢性期组分别为6例 (5 5 % ,6 11)、13例 (6 8% ,13 19)、17例 (94 % ,17 18) ,差异具有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;各组中内侧半月板损伤率明显高于外侧半月板 ;慢性期组内侧半月板后角损伤 10例 (5 6 % ,10 18) ,是该期半月板损伤的主要类型 ;亚慢性期、慢性期组内髁软骨损伤率明显高于外髁 ;随病程延长软骨损伤程度加重 ,至慢性期组 ,Ⅲ度软骨损伤达 32处 (6 8% ,32 4 7) ;内髁软骨损伤与内侧半月板并内髁软骨损伤发病率差异无显著性意义 ,而外髁软骨损伤与外侧半月板并外髁软骨损伤发病率差异具有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　ACL断裂后可并发半月板及软骨损害 ,并随病程延长而加重 ,ACL损伤后胫骨向前半脱位和过度内旋是造成内髁软骨损伤的主要原因 ,而外髁软骨损伤主要是由于外侧半月板损伤所致。     

关节镜下手术治疗膝关节前交叉韧带急性损伤

目的 探索关节镜下微创诊断、修复与重建急性膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）的方法 。方法 对356例ACL急性损伤的患者施行早期关节镜治疗,关节镜下采用自体中1/3髌韧带两端带骨块（B-PT-B）重建前交叉韧带,随访2年,采用Lysholm评分系统评价效果。结果 平均随访2年,Lysholm评分由术前平均40±6分提高到术后平均80±9分。结论 ACL急性损伤时,早期施以关节镜手术,创伤小,可同时处理合并伤,对于早期稳定膝关节有重要的作用。     

Anterior medial meniscus detachment and anterior cruciate ligament tear

This paper reports on two cases of medial meniscus injury involving detachment of the anterior horn together with a coronary ligament tear. Both cases were associated with tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament. The meniscal injuries observed were similar to those reported in the literature prior to the development of arthroscopic surgery. Variant attachments of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus are thought to have contributed to this injury.     

关节镜下自体半腱及股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带

 目的 探讨关节镜下以自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的手术方法及疗效.方法 自2006年3月～2007年12月,关节镜下绳肌腱修复膝前交叉韧带损伤39例.膝前小切口取半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱修整、对折后成四股,分别建立胫骨隧道及股骨隧道,用Endobutton和生物可吸收挤压螺钉固定肌腱,重建ACL的解剖结构和生理功能.术后即行功能锻练.结果 术后患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,8～10周膝关节屈伸功能恢复正常.随访时间3～15个月,平均8个月.抽屉试验和Lachman试验阳性者2例,可疑阳性者6例;余患者均为阴性.根据敖英芳临床判断标准,本组优23例,良11例,中3例,差2例.Lysholm评分术后(87.6±4.6),与术前(45.3±4.2)比较,差异显著(P<0.01).结论 绳肌腱具有良好的抗拉强度和刚度,在关节镜下用四股绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带是一种疗效可靠的治疗方式.     

Arthroscopic-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the central third patellar tendon A 5–8-year follow-up

We reviewed 89 arthroscopically assisted patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions for chronic isolated injuries with an average follow-up of 7 years (range 5.4 to 8.6 years). Pain was present in 7 knees (8%). Giving-way symptoms were reported by 7 patients (8%). A KT-2000 side-to-side difference over 5 mm at 30 lbs was recorded in 12 cases (16%). The pivot shift was glide in 17 cases (19%) and clunk in 10 (11%). A 3°– 5° extension loss compared with the normal side was present in 20 knees (22%) and 6°–10° in 4 knees (4%). The intra-articular exit of the femoral tunnel was misplaced in the anterior 50% of the condyles along the roof of the notch in 10% of the knees. This positioning significantly (P = 0.003) increased the frequency of graft failure (62.5%) compared with the cases with a more posterior placement (graft failure 12%). An anterior position of the intra-articular exit of the tibial tunnel (in the anterior 15% of the sagittal width of the tibia) significantly (P = 0.01) increased the frequency of extension loss > 5°. Medial meniscectomy was associated with a 35% incidence of narrowing of the medial joint space, which was significantly higher compared with knees with normal menisci (9%; P = 0.04) or with medial meniscal repair (7%; P = 0.05). In conclusion this study showed satisfactory anterior stability (KT-2000 side-to-side difference up to 5 mm and pivot absent or glide) in 83% of the knees. This percentage increases to 88% in the knees with a correct posterior and proximal femoral tunnel placement. Accuracy in tunnel positioning is essential for the success of ACL surgery. Meniscal repair was effective in decreasing joint space narrowing and should be attempted when possible. Received: 15 November 1996 Accepted: 17 March 1997     

韧带增强重建系统人工韧带重建前交叉韧带中期疗效分析

目的 评估韧带增强重建系统(ligament advancement reinforcement system,LARS)人工韧带重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)术后3-7年膝关节功能,了解LARS人工韧带在人体组织内的形态变化. 方法 选择符合标准的LARS人工韧带重建ACL患者57例(58膝),根据伤后至手术时间分为急、慢性损伤两组,对其进行多指标回顾性分析.其中对再手术患者(3例4膝)LARS人工韧带取材行组织学观察. 结果 LARS人工韧带重建ACL术后关节功能、膝关节运动水平明显高于术前(P＜0.01);两组间膝关节功能的主观评分及客观评估差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);X线片及MRI显示平均1.5年骨隧道呈不同程度进行性扩大,关节稳定性与骨隧道扩大程度无明显相关性(P＞0.05),胫骨和股骨骨隧道扩大发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).组织学观察可见术后2年有规则排列纤维组织长入LARS人工韧带内,单束及成捆聚酯纤维间见广泛纤维连接. 结论 (1)LARS人工韧带重建ACL能够较好地恢复膝关节稳定性及功能.(2)骨隧道扩大现象存在,1.5年后趋于稳定,关节稳定性与术后骨隧道扩大程度无相关性.(3)急性损伤与慢性损伤术后的各项评估资料对比一致.(4)人体正常纤维组织结构能够规律地长入LARS人工材料.     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft

Tendon–bone incorporation of a tendon graft within the bone tunnel is of priority concern when using for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Superior healing process and stronger healing strength can be achieved when periosteum is sutured on the tendon inserted into a bone tunnel. We applied this idea to ACL reconstruction for enhancing tendon graft–bone tunnel healing. This is a prospective clinical outcome study with this surgical technique at minimal 2 years follow-up. Periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft has been used in 68 patients. Data from 62 patients who had been followed up completely were analyzed. All patients suffered from a grade 3 or higher grade of Lachman and anterior drawer test with a positive pivot-shift test. Clinical assessments included the Lysholm knee scores, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, KT-1000 instrumented testing, thigh muscle assessment, and radiographic evaluation. The median Lysholm knee score was 59 (40–70) and 94 (60–100) points (P<0.01) before and after surgery. After reconstruction, 81% of patients were able to return to moderate or strenuous activity. Four (6%) patients were found to exhibit grade 2 or more ligament laxity. Complete range of motion could be achieved in 86% of patients. Three patients (5%) had positive pivot shift. Finally, 92% of patients were assessed as normal or nearly normal rating by IKDC guideline. Bone tunnels enlargement of more than 1 mm was identified in 5% of femoral tunnels and 6% of tibial tunnels. The study shows that a satisfactory result can be achieved with the periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft in ACL reconstruction. Periosteum can be easily harvested at the proximal tibia from a routine incision for hamstring tendon harvesting. Besides the potential for improving tendon–bone healing, enveloped periosteum may help to seal the intra-articular tunnel opening in the early postoperative period, and thus avoid synovial fluid reflux into the tunnel. Bone tunnel enlargement could be reduced.     

异体移植解剖重建前交叉韧带的疗效观察

目的观察前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤后应用深低温冷冻保存的异体骨-ACL-骨钮扣钢板固定法重建ACL后2～4年的中期临床疗效,探讨解剖重建ACL的可行性和必然性。方法自1999年9月至2002年10月,对15例应用深低温冷冻保存的异体骨-ACL-骨钮扣钢板固定法重建ACE的单侧膝关节ACL损伤患者进行回顾分析。平均随访36．9个月,对中期的肌力恢复程度、活动度、Lachman试验、轴移试验、Lysholm评分及X线片隧道扩大现象进行对比研究。结果大腿周径与健侧相差(0．976±0,119)cm。伸膝受限＜3°12例。屈曲受限＜5°13例。Lachman试验均阴性。Lysholm评分从术前(66．2±4．6)分提高至术后(89．4±3．2)分。X线片所显示的隧道无扩大现象。结论关节镜引导下应用深低温冷冻保存的异体骨-ACL-骨钮扣钢板固定法重建ACL,可以使ACL同时达到等长重建和解剖重建。在重建ACL方面,骨-ACL-骨更有利于ACL的功能恢复。     

Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with Leeds-Keio ligament in non-professional athletes

We report our experience using the Leeds-Keio artificial ligament for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The study relates the results of the first 40 patients subjected to arthroscopic reconstruction of the ACL with a Leeds-Keio ligament, with a mean follow-up of 73 months. No associated peripheral procedures were carried out on any patient. The average age of the patients at the time of the operation was 31 years (range 26–35 years). The rehabilitation protocol followed by all patients aimed at resumption of sport 4 months after the operation. Clinical assessment included IKDC and the Lysholm scoring scale. The KT-2000 system was used for instrumented evaluation of joint laxity. All patients underwent a radiographic check-up. Clinically there were 55% excellent or good results when using the IKDC scale, while with the Lysholm score, satisfactory results were obtained in 80%. Complete post-traumatic rupture of the ligament was observed in three patients. No patient suffered an episode of either hydrarthrosis or reactive synovitis, which indicates good tolerance to the ligament. The radiographic evaluation of the operated knees showed a close correlation between the appearance of degenerative phenomena and performance of arthroscopic meniscectomy. The results achieved with the Leeds-Keio artificial ligament 5 years after application, although not completely satisfactory and inferior to those obtained with autologous biological ligaments, should be considered an encouragement to promote new efforts in this interesting research field.     

Arthroscopic intra- and extra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with gracilis and semitendinosus tendons

Numerous surgical procedures have been developed and used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Patellar tendon is probably the most common graft used, but gracilis and semitendinous tendons present some interesting advantages: small incision, large graft when doubled, characteristics close to ACL, rapid harvest. We describe a combined intra- and extra-articular arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons which includes some original steps. The tendons are harvested, leaving the distal insertion intact, and sutured together. After drilling of the tibial tunnel, an over-the-top arrangement is formed, creating a groove in the posterolateral aspect of the femur. The tendons are then fixed with double staples in the groove, and their remaining part is fixed distally to Gerdy’s tubercle passing under the fascia, but over the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). This technique ensures sufficient strength in the graft and permits correction of any associated instability, because of the presence of the extra-articular portion of the tendons. Furthermore, the over-the-top arrangement reduces trauma and possible pitfalls related to tunnel construction and permits isometry of the extra-articular portion to be established. Forty patients involved in sports activity were prospectively selected and evaluated at a minimum 2 years’ follow-up. IKDC score and Lysholm score were used for clinical evaluation, and the KT-2000 was used for instrumental laxity measurements. Resumption of sport and time to that point were recorded as well as Tegner activity score. We had 92.5% normal and fairly normal knees according to IKDC score and only 7.5% abnormal knees. Mean Lysholm score was 95. Mean Tegner score was 7.2. KT-2000 showed a mean injured/uninjured difference of 2.1 mm. In all, 90% of patients resumed sports at the same level, 67.5% in 3–4 months and 27.5% in 4–6 months. The highly satisfactory results of this series with no major complications confirm the reliability of this techinque and the possibility of guaranteeing functional behaviour in the knee. Received: 5 April 1997 Accepted: 25 July 1997     

关节镜下保留与切除残迹前交叉韧带重建的远期临床比较

目的 评估比较关节镜下保留与切除残迹的前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)重建的技术方法 与远期临床效果. 方法 自1999年10月至2005年5月采用经典的经胫骨技术,常规切除ACL残迹,4股胭绳肌腱移植物重建ACL术87例.自2005年6月至2010年5月采用由外向内建立骨隧道,保留ACL残迹,4股胭绳肌腱移植物重建ACL术221例.仅选择两种手术处理中单纯ACL重建,并有完整3年以上随访记录的患者进行对比分析,保留残迹组66例,切除残迹组39例. 结果 两组患者术后随访均为36～ 60个月,两组随访时间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术前资料比较,两组在年龄、性别、损伤至手术时间、关节不稳定程度、膝关节功能评分等方面差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).随访资料比较,两组双侧股部周径差值、两组Lachman试验稳定程度差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).保留残迹组的关节活动度优于切除残迹组(P＜0.05),Lysholm评分显著高于切除残迹组(P＜0.05),前抽屉试验稳定性显著优于切除残迹组(P＜0.05),轴移试验稳定性显著优于切除残迹组(P＜0.05),国际膝关节文件编制委员会( IKDC)评级显著优于切除残迹组(P＜0.05). 结论 关节镜下由外向内建立骨隧道、保留残迹ACL重建术的远期临床效果,包括关节稳定性和关节功能,优于经典的经胫骨技术、切除残迹ACL重建术.