Uchi-komi avec charge,une approche physiologique d'un nouveau test spécifique au judo

Objective

The aim of this study was to elaborate and validate a specific test to evaluate the physical condition of judo players.

Subjects and methods

Twenty-three volunteers, males, aged 22 ± 3.62 years old took part in our experiment. They did the progressive test of Leger et al. (1984), vertical Jump test (Sargent test), Australian shuttle run test and a specific judo test.

Results

The observed results showed significant correlations between muscular power and the number of Uchi-komi on the judo test reference scale (R = 0.52, P < 0.01). Furthermore, there were other correlations between the number of Uchi-komi at the two first sets of specific judo test and the anaerobic power represented by the distance covered in 30s at the Australian shuttle test (R = 0.86, P < 0.01), also between the anaerobic capacity represented by the whole distance covered and the total number of Uchi-komi achieved at the judo test (R = 0.88, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The test reproduces the physiological characteristics of judo fight. It is a good indicator of the judoka's physical fitness and their cardiovascular adaptation in a physical effort.     

Effets d'une restriction hydrique et alimentaire prolongée (ramadan) sur la performance et les réponses cardiovasculaires au cours d'un exercice incrémental en milieu tropical chaud

Backgroung

Previous studies showed that maximal oxygen uptake and maximal heart rate were not different during prolonged fasting (ramadan) compared to normal feeding period. However, the effect of ramadan on the blood pressure response during incremental exercise has not been investigated.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the evolution of blood pressure during incremental trial in ramadan period.

Methods

Twelve young trained male aged 24 ± 4 yrs participated as voluntary subjects. Their anthropometric parameters, maximal aerobic power and maximal heart were measured in fasting and in normal feeding periods during incremental trial on cycle ergometer.

Results

No significant difference was observed in any anthropometric parameter. Maximal aerobic power of fasting period was significantly less (P < 0,05) compared to normal feeding. Heart rate at rest, at maximal exercise and during a 15 min period of recovery was not significantly affected. Systolic blood pressure of fasting period at maximal power was significantly lower than during the control period (P < 0,05).

Conclusion

Ramadan negatively influences the capacity of maximal power and cardiovascular response at maximal power.     

30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test et répétition de sprints

Introduction

The maximal running velocity (V_IFT) reached at the end of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Tests (30-15_IFT) is very well related to most physiologic determinants of team-sport performance: explosive power of lower limbs, speed, maximal aerobic power and the ability to recover between exercise bouts. Nevertheless, its relationship with repeated sprint ability (RSA) was unknown.

Synthesis of the facts

Present results in 84 team-sport athletes show that V_IFT is very well related to mean sprint time during a RSA test (p > 0.001).

Conclusion

We conclude that V_IFT is highly representative of most physiologic determinants of performance in team-sports, and could thus been used to monitor athletic performance of team-sport players.     

Effets d'une complémentation nutritionnelle en vitamines et minéraux sur la chute de force et les marqueurs biologiques consécutifs à un exercice excentrique chez des personnes âgées

Purpose

The effects of vitamins and minerals complex supplementation on maximal voluntary contraction decrease (FMV) and biological markers following an eccentric exercise at old people.

Method

Sixteen elderly subjects took either placebo (Pl group) or vitamins and minerals (Isoxan Senior, NHS, Rungis, France) (group S) for 21 d before an eccentric exercise and for 3 d after the exercise. The FMV and surface EMG activity (RMS) of the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus médialis (VM) and rectus fémoris (RF) were recorded before (Pre), immediately after (Post), 24 h (Post 24) and 48 h (Post 48) after the exercise. CCVThe creatine kinase (CK), lactate déshydrogénase, malondialdéhyde, and tumor necrosis Factor (TNFα) levels were analyzed.

Results

The reduced MVC (S: 11,2 ± 4,8%; Pl: 17,8 ± 10,4%, P < 0,01) after exercise was associated with a significant reduction in RMS VL, RMS VM and RMS RF values for both groups. A faster FMV recovery appeared at 48 h for the S group (P < 0.05). CK and TNFα values increased in post-exercise.

Conclusion

A dietary supplementation of a vitamin and mineral complex does not attenuate the loss of contractile function immediately after the running exercise, and it may accelerate the recovery of maximal force capacity after 48 h by limiting the post-exercise pro-inflammatory processes.     

Relationship among explosive power,body fat,fat free mass and pubertal development in youth soccer players: a preliminary study

Purpose

Changes in body size and functional capacities are highly individual during puberty, and the performance of a soccer player is often closely related to their maturity status. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationships among explosive power, body fat, fat free mass and pubertal development in young soccer players.

Methods

Explosive power (countermovement jump—CMJ), body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (%BF), fat free mass (FFM) and a Self-Administered Rating Scale for pubertal development (PDS) values of 11 “Giovanissimi” (age 13 year), 13 “Allievi” (age 15 year) and 10 “Juniores” (age >17 year) male soccer players were compared. The statistical analysis was performed using an analysis of variance among categories with Fisher’s post hoc as appropriate. Furthermore, Pearson correlations among variables were calculated considering all subjects and also within categories.

Results

Statistical differences emerged among categories in CMJ (F _(2,30) = 28.3, p < 0.01), body fat weight (F _(2,31) = 29.2, p < 0.01) and PDS (F _(2,29) = 18.5, p < 0.01), while %BF values showed statistical differences only for “Giovanissimi” and “Juniores” (F _(2,31) = 3.4, p = 0.01). CMJ showed significant correlations with FFM (r = 0.68) and PDS (r = 0.63), PDS with FFM (r = 0.66) and BMI with %BF (r = 0.71) and FFM (r = 0.71). A high correlation was found within categories.

Conclusion

Since we found differences between categories and no correlation between chronological age and pubertal status, this study highlights the importance of assessing of puberty in youth soccer team.     

Effects of different half‐time strategies on second half soccer‐specific speed,power and dynamic strength

This study compared the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) and a field‐based re‐warm‐up during half‐time (HT) on subsequent physical performance measures during a simulated soccer game. Ten semi‐professional male soccer players performed 90‐min fixed‐intensity soccer simulations (SAFT⁹⁰), using a multi‐directional course. During the HT period players either remained seated (CON), or performed intermittent agility exercise (IAE), or WBV. At regular intervals during SAFT⁹⁰, vastus lateralis temperature (T_m) was recorded, and players also performed maximal counter‐movement jumps (CMJ), 10‐m sprints, and knee flexion and extension contractions. At the start of the second half, sprint and CMJ performance and eccentric hamstring peak torque were significantly reduced compared with the end of the first half in CON (P≤0.05). There was no significant change in these parameters over the HT period in the WBV and IAE interventions (P>0.05). The decrease in T_m over the HT period was significantly greater for CON and WBV compared with IAE (P≤0.01). A passive HT interval reduced sprint, jump and dynamic strength performance. Alternatively, IAE and WBV at HT attenuated these performance decrements, with limited performance differences between interventions.     

Psychological,biochemical and physiological responses of Brazilian soccer players during a training program

Aims of the study

The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of the physiological, biochemical and psychological parameters in Brazilian soccer players during a training program.

Materials

Fifteen athletes were evaluated at the beginning (T1), in the middle (T2) and at the end (T3) of the training program. On the first day, at 7:30 am, before the blood collecting at rest for the determination of serum creatine kinase (CK), serum creatinine and serum urea, the athletes had their psychological parameters assessed by the profile of mood state questionnaire (POMS). After 90 min, they performed a 250-m sprint. On the second day at 8:30 am, the athletes had their alactic anaerobic performance measured and, after 40 min, they completed the aerobic test. Friedman test was used to verify the behavior of overtraining markers.

Results

There was a decrease in vigor score in T3 (p = 0.01) compared with T1 and T2. In T3 (p = 0.01), the athletes also showed an increase in serum creatinine levels compared to T1. Furthermore, in the same period, we verified a diminishing in the team performance.

Conclusion

The training program developed between T2 and T3 led to the fall of the vigor score, the increase in serum creatinine concentrations and the diminishing in team performance.     

Effet d'un entraînement en endurance sur les concentrations de l'IGF-1 plasmatique chez le rat

Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of endurance training on IGF-1, corticosterone and insulin levels in male sedentary and trained rats.

Facts

IGF-1 concentrations decrease after training (p < 0.05), those of corticosterone increase (p < 0.01) whereas insulin levels remain stable.

Conclusion

A short period of endurance training leads to catabolic state with a decrease in IGF-1 concentrations and increase in corticosterone levels.     

Promoting lower extremity strength in elite volleyball players: Effects of two combined training methods

ObjectivesTo compare the impact of short term training with resistance plus plyometric training (RT+P) or electromyostimulation plus plyometric training (EMS+P) on explosive force production in elite volleyball players.DesignSixteen elite volleyball players of the first German division participated in a training study.MethodsThe participants were randomly assigned to either the RT+P training group (n = 8) or the EMS+P training group (n = 8). Both groups participated in a 5-week lower extremity exercise program. Pre and post tests included squat jumps (SJ), countermovement jumps (CMJ), and drop jumps (DJ) on a force plate. The three-step reach height (RH) was assessed using a custom-made vertec apparatus. Fifteen m straight and lateral sprint (S15s and S15l) were assessed using photoelectric cells with interims at 5 m and 10 m.ResultsRT+P training resulted in significant improvements in SJ (+2.3%) and RH (+0.4%) performance. The EMS+P training group showed significant increases in performance of CMJ (+3.8%), DJ (+6.4%), RH (+1.6%), S15l (?3.8%) and after 5 m and 10 m of the S15s (?2.6%; ?0.5%). The comparison of training-induced changes between the two intervention groups revealed significant differences for the SJ (p = 0.023) in favor of RT+P and for the S15s after 5 m (p = 0.006) in favor of EMS+P.ConclusionsThe results indicate that RT+P training is effective in promoting jump performances and EMS+P training increases jump, speed and agility performances of elite volleyball players.     

Criterion-related validity of four clinical tests used to measure hamstring flexibility in professional futsal players

Objective

To examine the criterion related validity of the sit-and-reach test (SR), toe touch test (TT), modified sit-and-reach test (MSR) and back-saver sit-and-reach test (BSSR) for estimating hamstring flexibility measured through the passive straight leg raise test (PSLR) in professional futsal players.

Design

Correlation laboratory study.

Setting

Controlled laboratory environment.

Participants

One hundred and three futsal players (55 males age 26 ± 4 years, 48 females age 23 ± 5 years).

Main outcome measures

Two trials of SR, TT, MSR, BSSR (left and right) and PSLR right and left (hamstring criterion measure) in a randomized order.

Results

Regression analysis was performed to examine the association of SR, TT, MSR and BSSR with PSLR in both males and females separately. In males, only MSR test had moderate association criterion with PSLR (R² = 0.57). In females, SR (R² = 0.86), TT (R² = 0.85), MSR (R² = 0.53) and average BSSR (R² = 0.82) were associated with PSLR.

Conclusions

SR, TT, MSR and BSSR had moderate criterion related validity for estimating hamstring flexibility in female but not male professional futsal players. The authors recommend that researchers, clinicians, and physical therapists adopt one angular test as a measure of hamstring muscle length in futsal players.     

Impact of prior anterior cruciate ligament,hamstring or groin injury on lower limb strength and jump kinetics in elite female footballers

ObjectiveTo compare lower limb strength and countermovement jump (CMJ) kinetics between elite female footballers with and without a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), hamstring strain, or hip/groin injury.DesignCross-sectional.SettingField-based.Participants369 elite female Australian football, soccer and rugby league players aged 15–35.Main outcome measuresIsometric hip adductor and abductor strength, eccentric knee flexor strength, and CMJ vertical ground reaction forces, including between-leg asymmetry. Players reported their lifetime history of ACLR, and whether they had sustained a hamstring strain, or hip/groin injury in the previous 12-months.ResultsPlayers with a unilateral history of ACLR (n = 24) had significant between-leg asymmetry in eccentric knee flexor strength (mean = −6.3%, 95%CI = −8.7 to −3.9%, P < .001), isometric hip abductor strength (mean = −2.5%, 95%CI = −4.3 to −0.7%, P = .008), and CMJ peak landing force (mean = −5.5%, 95%CI = −10.9 to −0.1%, P = .046). Together, between-leg asymmetry in eccentric knee flexor strength, isometric hip abductor strength, and CMJ peak landing force distinguished between players with and without prior ACLR with 93% accuracy.ConclusionElite female footballers with a history of ACLR, but not hamstring or hip/groin injury, exhibit persistent between-leg asymmetries in lower limb strength and jump kinetics following a return to sport.     

Propriétés psychométriques d'un questionnaire de mesure de l'activité physique chez l'enfant scolarisé âgé de six à dix ans : QAPE-semaine

Aims

To elaborate a physical activity questionnaire for school children aged between 6 and 10 years (QAPE-semaine) and to study the psychometric properties (face validity, acceptability, test-retest reproducibility, criterion validity).

Methods

The questionnaire measures physical activities at school, during leisure-time and other activities. Three scores are calculated: variety of physical activities, intensity and sedentary. The questionnaire was pre-tested to study the content validity, and was administered twice to 185 children from two elementary schools. The validity was studied by comparing the results of the questionnaire outcomes with a one day-recall (QAPE-hier) filled out in two occasions (to measure activities during a non school-day and a school-day). The statistic used was the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

The QAPE-semaine was acceptable. The ICC for the reproducibility of variety of physical activities, intensity and sedentary scores were 0.54, 0.47 and 0.68, respectively; and 0.54, 0.56 and 0.64 for the criterion validity of variety of physical activities, intensity and sedentary scores, respectively. All the ICC were significant (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The psychometric properties of the QAPE-semaine are satisfactory (moderate to good). Its administration in classes with school professor's help seems however essential.     

Qualités physiques requises pour la performance en sprint avec changements de directions types sports collectifs

Purpose

To explore qualities necessary to succeed in (swerve-sprinting) sprints with changes of direction.

Method

Two biometric measurements (body mass (MC); lean body mass (MM)) and three tests (20 m sprint two-point start 20 Da, 20 m swerve-sprint: 20Dc on track equipped with a force platform, and half squat) are carried out by nine players of team sports.

Results

The multiple linear regression shows that 44% of 20Dc performance are explained by relative maximum force (developed on the 20 Da) and the MM relative.

Conclusion

Coordination could represent 50% of unexplained 20Dc performance.     

Puissance critique de l’enfant prépubère et de l’adulte

Aim

The aim of the study was to compare aerobic and anerobic abilities of prepubertal children and adults with the critical power concept.

Methods

Sixteen children (10.3 ± 0.9 years) and 15 adults (23.5 ± 3.6 years) performed five tests: a maximal-graded test and four constant load exercises until exhaustion. Critical power (CP) and anaerobic-work capacity (CTA) were determined from the power-1/time (P-t) linear relationship.

Results

Determination coefficients for P-t were 0.94 ± 0.05 in children and 0.96 ± 0.04 in adults. PC values were significantly (p < 0.01) lower in children (2.7 ± 0.4 W/kg) than in adults (3.1 ± 0.3 W/kg). CTA values were significantly (p < 0.001) lower in children (136.4 ± 50.8 J/kg) than in adults (247.1 ± 45.7 J/kg).

Conclusion

Satisfying determination coefficients for CP and CTA were found in children and adults. Children have a lower CP and CTA than adults. This result is in accordance with literature.     

Quantification of myocardial delayed enhancement and wall thickness in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Multidetector computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging

Objectives

To evaluate the accuracy of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in assessing myocardial delayed enhancement and left ventricle wall thickness in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) compared with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) as the reference standard.

Materials and methods

Eighty consecutive patients (59 male; 53.2 ± 13.0 years) were examined with MDCT, followed by CMR 1 day later. Cardiac CT angiography and a delayed CT were performed. CMR was performed according to a standardized protocol. Left ventricle wall thickness and positions of myocardial delayed enhancement were identified in both CMR and CT images according to the American Heart Association left ventricle 17-segment model. Myocardial delayed enhancement was characterized as “dense” (areas with clear defined borders) or “diffuse” and then quantified using both techniques.

Results

Left ventricle wall thickness determined by MDCT was significantly correlated with CMR (R = 0.88, P < 0.01). Compared with CMR, MDCT accurately diagnosed 74 of 78 (94.9%) patients and 1243 of 1326 (93.7%) segments. For dense myocardial delayed enhancement, MDCT significantly correlated with CMR (R = 0.88, P < 0.01) and slightly underestimated myocardial delayed enhancement (mean, −3.85%; lower and upper limits of agreement, −13.40% and 5.70%, respectively).

Conclusions

MDCT provides reliable quantification of myocardial delayed enhancement and evaluation of left ventricle wall thickness and has a good correlation with CMR in patients with HCM when a comprehensive cardiac CT protocol is used and can be applied for intervention planning.     

Évolution chez l'homme de l'Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I dans le liquide interstitiel musculaire suite à un exercice en résistance

Introduction

The impact of resistance exercise on the growth of the vastus lateralis was assessed through interstitial microdialysis measurement of free Insulin-like Growth Factor-I at +3 h30, +4 h50 and +6 h after exercise in 4 healthy subjects.

Results

We observed 3 h30 after exercise an interstitial increase in 3 over 4 subjects, and thereafter a progressive decrease. In the mean time, free or total plasma concentrations did not change.

Conclusion

Resistance exercise seemed to induce an early increase of muscle interstitial free Insulin-like Growth Factor-I in order to initiate muscle growth by an autocrine – paracrine way.     

Traumatismes de l'épaule chez les joueurs français de rugby de haut niveau

Aim of the study

Specify the frequency and the type of injuries of the shoulder arising during the practice of professional rugby in France. Outcomes were studied according to the treatments performed.

Materials and methods

It is a matter of a retrospective study on 154 players of high level. Any shoulder injury endured during the practice of rugby was registered. The age of the player, his experience, his position on the field, the type of injury, the game phase, the treatment and eventual residual disability were specified.

Results

Ninety-eight players (64%) reported at least one injury of the shoulder. Thirty (19%) reported at least two injuries on the same shoulder. The acromio-clavicular joint injuries were the most frequent (49%). The treatment was medical in most of the cases. A rest of 17 days in average was noted. All the players came back to their better level. Instability of the gleno-humeral joint was retrieved by 15% of the players. A secondary treatment by surgical stabilization was noted in more than half of the cases. The rest was in average of one week after the injury. It was in average of 4 months after surgery. A significant persistent discomfort was retrieved by 43% of the non operated cases and by 27% of the operated cases.Different other injuries were noted: 17 clavicular fractures, 6 sterno-clavicular sprains, 5 rotator cuff injuries and 4 muscular contusions.

Discussion

Injuries of the shoulder are frequent among high level rugby players and represent an important source of morbidity. Injuries of the acromio-clavicular joint are the most frequent. The medical treatment allows a quick return to sport without level loss in mostly cases. Gleno-humeral instability represents the second traumatism in terms of frequency. A secondary treatment by surgical stabilization is preferable.     

Relationship between balance capacity and jump ability in amateur soccer players of different ages

It is a well known fact that in many sport activities, a technical gesture is more effective and easier to perform in a situation of balance. Short-term balance training (BT) seems to be effective for rapidly improving muscular strength and for reducing imbalances between corresponding limbs. Moreover, reducing imbalances between corresponding limbs may be useful for the prevention of injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the link between balance and strength in young soccer players. The experiment was carried out on 133 young male soccer players (age: 18.2±1.9). The Libra Fixed Point (LPF)-Libra Closed Eye (LB) balance tests as well as the Counter Movement Jump (CMJ-CMJMono) tests were significantly (p<0.05) correlated (r=0.43 and r=0.63, respectively; p<0.01). Significant correlations (p<0.05) were found between the balance LPF and CMJ (r=−0.36, p<0.01), between LB and CMJ (R=−0.22, p<0.05), between LPF and CMJMono (r=−0.48, p<0.01) and between LB and CMJMono tests (r=−0.42, p<0.01). These results may have interesting implications for the effects of BT.     

Physical capacity,not skeletal maturity,distinguishes competitive levels in male Norwegian U14 soccer players

The main aim of the present study was to compare skeletal maturity level and physical capacities between male Norwegian soccer players playing at elite, sub-elite and non-elite level. Secondary, we aimed to investigate the association between skeletal maturity level and physical capacities. One hundred and two U14 soccer players (12.8-14.5 years old) recruited from four local clubs, and a regional team were tested for bone age and physical capacities. Bone age was estimated with x-ray of their left hand and used to indicate maturation of the skeleton. Players went through a comprehensive test battery to assess their physical capacities. Between-groups analysis revealed no difference in chronological age, skeletal maturity level, leg strength, body weight, or stature. However, elite players were superior to sub-elite and non-elite players on important functional characteristics as intermittent-endurance capacity (running distance: 1664 m ± 367 vs 1197 m ± 338 vs 693 m ± 235) and running speed (fastest 10 m split time: 1.27 seconds ± 0.06 vs 1.33 seconds ± 0.10 vs 1.39 seconds ± 0.11), in addition to maximal oxygen uptake (), standing long jump, and upper body strength (P < .05 for all comparisons). Medium-to-large correlations were found between skeletal maturity level and peak force (r = 695, P < .01), power (r = 684, P < .01), sprint (r = −.471, P<.001), and jump performance (r = .359, P < .01), but no correlation with upper body strength, , or intermittent-endurance capacity. These findings imply that skeletal maturity level does not bias the selection of players, although well-developed physical capacity clearly distinguishes competitive levels. The superior physical performance of the highest-ranked players seems related to an appropriate training environment.     

Analyse de l'électrocardiogramme et de l'échocardiographie de 181 footballeurs professionnels tunisiens

Objectives

The aim of our work was to determine the frequency of various cardiovascular abnormalities and atypical aspects observed in Tunisian competitive athletes.

Material and methods

Our population was constituted of 181 professional football players (average age 23.1 ± 3.9 years) consulted in “Centre National de la Médecine et des Sciences de Sport” of Tunis with to obtain medical certificate authorizing professional football practice.

Results

Electrocardiogram was strictly normal in 67 players (37%). Twenty-nine players had conduction abnormalities. Repolarisation abnormalities were noted in 20 players. Echocardiography was normal in 129 players (71.3%). Ten cases of valvular heart disease were found. The mean left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was 53 ± 4 mm and the mean left ventricular mass was 202.6 ± 42.7 g. The mean relative wall thickness was 0.380. The left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 42 players.

Conclusion

Cardiovascular abnormalities found in electrocardiogram and echocardiography in the Tunisian professional football players are comparable with those usually observed in elite athletes.