西地那非对肺动脉高压大鼠肺血管重塑的影响

目的观察磷酸二酯酶V抑制剂西地那非对肺动脉高压大鼠肺血管重塑的影响及其机制。方法40只SD大鼠,体重220～230 g,随机分为4组(n=10)：对照组(C组)、肺动脉高压组(P组)、盐酸西地那非25 mg·kg~(-1)(S1组)、盐酸西地那非50 mg·kg~(-1)组(S2组)。P组、S1组、S2组腹腔注射野百合碱60 mg·kg~(-1)(用生理盐水稀释至1ml),C组给予等量生理盐水。S1组、S2组注射野百合碱后2周腹腔注射相应剂量的盐酸西地那非,每天1次,给药时间持续6周。测定平均动脉压(MAP)及平均肺动脉压(MPAP)后处死大鼠,计算右心室壁重量与左心室+室间隔之和的比值(右心室肥厚指数),光镜下观察肺组织的形态学,计算肺小动脉管壁与管腔厚度的比值(管壁/管腔比),用RT-PCR方法测定肺组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)mRNA表达,用Western blot方法测定肺组织总ERK_1/ERK_2、磷酸化ERK_1/ERK_2及MKPl水平。结果野百合碱可导致MPAP、右心室肥厚指数及肺小动脉管壁/管腔比增加,并可增加肺组织VEGF mRNA、磷酸化ERK_1/ERK_2、MKP1水平,但是对MAP无影响,西地那非除增加肺组织MKP1水平外,可减弱野百合碱诱发的上述改变。结论西地那非可减轻肺动脉高压大鼠的肺血管重塑,其机制与下调肺组织VEGF、ERK_1/ERK_2磷酸化水平有关。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对新生大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤时NF-κB活性的影响

目的 探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对新生大鼠内毒索性急性肺损伤时NF-kB活性的影响.方法 健康新生Wistar大鼠30只,雌雄不拘,日龄7 d,体重18～21 g,随机分为3组(n=10):对照组(C组)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组)和盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药组(P组).采用腹腔注射内毒素3 mg/kg的方法制备急性肺损伤模型,P组腹腔注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.5 mg/kg,30 min后制备模型,C组腹腔注射等容量生理盐水.于腹腔注射内毒素4 h时处死大鼠取肺,称重后计算肺湿,干重比,电镜下观察肺组织病理学结果,采用免疫组织化学法检测NF-kB p65的表达水平,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定TNF-α、IL-1 β及IL-10的含量.结果 与C组比较,ALI 组和P组肺湿/干重比、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10含量及NF-KB p65表达水平升高(P＜0.05);与ALI 组比较,P组肺湿/干重比、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10含量及NF-kBp65表达水平降低(P＜0.05).病理学结果显示:P组肺组织损伤程度较ALI组明显减轻.结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药可通过抑制肺组织NF-kB活化,降低炎性反应,减轻新生大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤时缺氧诱导因子-1α表达的影响

目的 评价盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤时缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)表达的影响.方法 健康成年雌性SD大鼠120只,体重180 ～ 220 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为3组(n=40):对照组(C组)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组)和盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药组(P组).采用腹腔注射内毒素5 mg/kg制备大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤模型.C组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,P组于注射内毒素前30 min时腹腔注射盐酸戊乙奎醚2 mg/kg.于注射内毒素后2、4、8和24 h时各组随机取8只大鼠处死取肺,采用RT-PCR法检测肺组织HIF-1α mRNA的表达.于注射内毒素后6h时随机取8只大鼠处死取肺,测定湿干重比(W/D比),用ELISA法检测肺组织IL-6的含量,光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与C组比较,ALI组和P组注射内毒素后6h时W/D比、IL-6含量、各时点HIF-1α表达水平升高(P＜0.05);与ALI组比较,P组注射内毒素后6h时W/D比、IL-6含量、各时点HIF-1α表达水平降低(P＜0.05).P组肺组织病理学损伤程度较ALI组减轻.结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药通过下调肺组织HIF-1α表达,抑制炎性反应,从而减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对内毒素血症大鼠全身炎性反应的影响

目的 探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚对内毒素血症大鼠血清TNF-α、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS),肺组织NF-κB亚基p65亲和肽(NF-κB p65)含量的影响. 方法 健康SD大鼠60只,采用随机数字表法分为5组(每组12只):对照组(C组)、内毒素组(LPS组)、LPS+低剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P1组)、LPS+中剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P2组)、LPS+高剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P3组).LPS组腹腔注射内毒素8 mg/kg制备内毒素血症模型,C组给予等量生理盐水,P1组～P3组给予相应剂量的盐酸戊乙奎醚5 min后注射LPS,给药6h后处死动物取标本.采用ELISA检测血清TNF-α含量,采用比色法测血清iNOS活力,Western blot检测肺组织NF-κB p65含量,并观察肺组织病理学改变. 结果 与C组比较,LPS组、P1组、P2组、P3组血清TNF-α含量显著升高(P＜0.05),iNOS活力水平明显升高(P＜0.05),肺组织NF-κB p65表达明显增高(P＜0.05);与LPS组比较,P2组、P3组血清TNF-α、iNOS活力水平和肺组织NF-κB p65含量均下降(P＜0.05),而P1组TNF-α、iNOS活力和NF-κB p65表达水平,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);P2组、P3组间各指标表达水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);P2组、P3组肺组织病理学损伤程度明显轻于LPS组(P＜0.05). 结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚可能通过下调TNF-α、NF-κB p65的表达,减少iNOS活化来抑制内毒素休克大鼠全身炎症反应.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对新生大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤时肺氧化应激和细胞凋亡的影响

目的评价盐酸戊乙奎醚对新生大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)时肺氧化应激和细胞凋亡的影响。方法清洁级健康雄性Wistar大鼠30只,7日龄,体重12~18g。采用随机数字表法分为三组:盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PHC组)、ALI组和生理盐水组(NS组),每组10只。PHC组和ALI组大鼠腹腔注射内毒素5.0mg/kg制备ALI模型。PHC组于内毒素注射前1h腹腔注射盐酸戊乙奎醚2.0mg/kg,NS组和ALI组给予等容量生理盐水。于注射内毒素4h后处死大鼠取肺组织标本,计算肺湿/干重比(W/D),采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定丙二醛(MDA)浓度,黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定大鼠超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,免疫组织化学法测定细胞色素C(Cyt-C)、半胱氨酸天冬蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)的含量,TUNEL法计数凋亡细胞,计算细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果与NS组比较,ALI组和PHC组肺W/D和MDA浓度明显升高,SOD活性明显降低(P0.05);与ALI组比较,PHC组肺W/D和MDA浓度明显降低,SOD活性明显升高(P0.05)。与NS组比较,ALI组和PHC组Cyt-C、Caspase-3含量和AI明显升高;与ALI组比较,PHC组Cyt-C、Caspase-3含量和AI明显降低(P0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚可能通过抑制肺组织氧化应激和细胞凋亡,减轻新生大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤。     

肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织肝细胞生长因子和c-met表达的变化

目的 观察肺动脉高压大鼠肺内肝细胞生长因子(HGF)及其受体(c-met)表达的变化.方法 雄性SD大鼠80只,7周龄,体重180～250 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=40):对照组(C组)和肺动脉高压组(PH组).PH组经左侧开胸行左肺切除术,手术结束后关胸,待自主呼吸恢复后拔除气管导管,2周后颈部皮下注射野百合碱60 mg/kg,制备肺动脉高压模型;C组仅开胸,2周后颈部皮下注射等容量生理盐水.分别于注射野百合碱前1 d(基础值)、注射野百合碱后7、14、21和28 d时,各取8只大鼠,监测肺动脉压(mPAP),计算右心室与左心室+室间隔质量比[RV/( LV+S)],计算肌型肺小动脉血管中膜相对厚度(RWT1和RWT分别表示直径为50～100 μm和100-150μm的血管中膜相对厚度).采用RT-PCR法检测肺组织HGF mRNA和c-met mRNA的表达,采用Western blot法检测肺组织HGF蛋白和c-met蛋白的表达,采用ELISA法检测肺组织转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)含量.结果 与C组比较,PH组注射野百合碱后14、21和28 d时mPAP、RV/ (LV+S)和RWT2升高,HGF蛋白表达下调,注射野百合碱后7、14、21和28 d时RWT1升高,肺组织HGF mRNA表达下调,TGF-β含量升高(P＜0.01),c-met mRNA及其蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 肺组织HGF合成不足可能参与了肺动脉高压的形成,其机制与肺组织TGF-β含量升高有关.     

粒细胞集落刺激因子对大剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚所致大鼠认知功能障碍的影响

目的观察粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)对大剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚所致大鼠认知功能障碍的影响。方法 24只14个月龄Wistar成年雄性大鼠随机分为三组:空白组(N组)、盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P组)和G-CSF治疗组(G组),每组8只。N组腹腔注射生理盐水1ml,P组腹腔注射盐酸戊乙奎醚2.56mg/kg,G组腹腔注射盐酸戊乙奎醚2.56mg/kg后皮下注射G-CSF 50μg/kg,连续5d。第1、3、5天给药后用Morris水迷宫测试其空间学习记忆能力的改变,末次水迷宫实验后用免疫组化法观察海马胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)阳性细胞表达个数。结果与第1天比较,第3天和第5天三组潜伏期和游泳距离均明显缩短(P<0.05),且第5天N组和G组明显短于P组(P<0.05)。与P组比较,N组和G组海马区ChAT阳性细胞个数均明显增多(P<0.05)。结论 G-CSF可以改善大剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚引起的大鼠认知功能障碍。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对吗啡依赖大鼠条件性位置偏爱重现效应的影响

目的 评价盐酸戊乙奎醚对吗啡依赖大鼠条件性位置偏爱重现效应的影响.方法 雄性成年SD大鼠40只,体重180～220 g,随机分为5组(n=8):对照组(C组)、吗啡依赖组(M组)和不同剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P1-3组).M组和P1-3组连续8 d交替皮下注射吗啡10 mg/kg(9:00)或生理盐水(16:00),诱导大鼠条件性位置偏爱效应;然后连续皮下注射生理盐水(9:00和16:00)10 d,使形成的条件性位置偏爱效应逐渐消退;单次引燃皮下注射吗啡4 mg/kg,诱导消退的条件性位置偏爱效应重现;C组用生理盐水替代.在单次引燃皮下注射吗啡前30 min时,P1-3组腹腔注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/kg,C组和M组腹腔注射等容量生理盐水.所有处理结束后进行条件性位置偏爱测试,记录大鼠15 min内在灰区停留的时间.结果 与M组比较,P1-3组灰区停留时间缩短(P＜0.05或0.01).与P1组比较,P2组灰区停留时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),P3组灰区停留时间缩短(P＜0.05).结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚可抑制吗啡依赖大鼠条件性位置偏爱重现效应,且与剂量有关.     

吸入和静脉应用盐酸戊乙奎醚对油酸诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的观察雾化吸入和静脉应用盐酸戊乙奎醚对油酸诱导大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响。方法采用静脉注射油酸复制ALI大鼠模型。将40只SD大鼠随机均分为四组:空白对照组(Ⅰ组)、ALI组(Ⅱ组)、盐酸戊乙奎醚雾化吸入组(Ⅲ组)和盐酸戊乙奎醚静脉注射组(Ⅳ组)。每隔60分钟记录大鼠BP、肺动脉压(PAP),并检验动脉及混合静脉血气。注射油酸240min后检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)蛋白定量、肺髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性。结果Ⅲ、Ⅳ组较之Ⅱ组能够缓解由注射油酸引起的PAP升高和PaO2/FiO2下降,Ⅲ组缓解更为明显(P<0.05)。Ⅲ、Ⅳ组BALF蛋白定量、白细胞计数和肺MPO活性均比Ⅱ组降低,Ⅲ组降低更为明显(P<0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚雾化吸入较静脉注射更能缓解油酸引起的ALI。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织CD14和Toll样受体4表达的影响

目的 探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织CD14和Toll样受体4(TLR4)表达的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠32只,2月龄,体重230 ～ 280 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为4组(n=8),对照组(C组):腹腔和尾静脉均注射生理盐水1 ml/kg;急性肺损伤组(ALI组):腹腔注射生理盐水1 ml/kg,30 min后经尾静脉注射内毒素5 mg/kg;盐酸戊乙奎醚低剂量组(LP组)和高剂量组(HP组):分别腹腔注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.3和1.0 mg/kg,30 min后经尾静脉注射内毒素5 mg/kg.静脉注射生理盐水或内毒素后6h时,取肺组织,分别采用Western blot法和RT-PCR法检测CD14、TLR4蛋白及其mRNA的表达水平,并观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与C组比较,ALI组、LP组和HP组肺组织CD14、TLR4蛋白及其mRNA表达上调(P＜0.05);与ALI组比较,LP组及HP组肺组织CD14、TLR4蛋白及其mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05).LP组和HP组CD14、TLR4蛋白及其mRNA表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).LP组和HP组肺组织病理学损伤较ALI组减轻.结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药可通过降低肺组织CD14、TLR4的活性减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤.     

银杏叶提取物对野百合碱所致肺动脉高压保护作用的实验研究

目的：探讨银杏叶提取物对野百合碱所致肺动脉高压（PAH）的早期保护作用。方法：30只雄性 SD大鼠随机分为3组：对照组、PAH 模型组和治疗组,每组10只。PAH 模型组和治疗组大鼠采用脊背部皮下注射1%野百合碱60 mg/kg的方法复制PAH 模型,注射后第2天开始每日予2 ml 0.9%氯化钠注射液（PAH 模型组）或60 mg/kg银杏叶提取物（治疗组）灌胃;对照组脊背部皮下注射等量溶剂,注射后第2天开始每日予2 ml 0.9%氯化钠注射液灌胃。第22天采用颈外静脉右心导管法测定平均肺动脉压（mPAP）、右心室收缩压（RVSP）,测定右心室、左心室、室间隔的重量,计算右心室肥厚指数（RVHI）;采用 HE染色观察肺细小动脉组织结构情况,并计算直径50~150μm的肺小动脉血管管壁厚度占血管厚度百分比（WA%）和血管管壁面积与血管面积比值（WV%）;采用免疫组化方法观察内皮型一氧化氮合成酶（eNOS）及内皮素-1（ET-1）在大鼠肺组织中的表达情况。结果：PAH 模型组、治疗组的 mPAP、RVSP、RVHI、WA%、WV%与对照组比较均明显升高（P〈0.05）,治疗组的 mPAP、RVSP、WA%、WV%较 PAH 模型组均降低（P〈0.05）,而治疗组与 PAH 模型组的RVHI差异无显著性。免疫组化结果显示,3组 eNOS表达,对照组〉治疗组〉PAH 模型组;3组 ET-1的表达, PAH 模型组〉治疗组〉对照组。结论：银杏叶提取物通过抑制 ET-1的合成、减轻内皮细胞损伤、维持 eNOS的表达,达到减缓PAH 进展的作用。     

Angiotensin converting enzyme activity and evolution of pulmonary vascular disease in rats with monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension.

We have investigated the role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the development of pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular disease in rats given a single subcutaneous injection of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline. Thirty-six young female Wistar rats were divided into a test group of 27 animals and a control group of nine animals. Each test rat was given a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (60 mg/kg body weight). On the first, third, fifth, seventh, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, seventeenth, and twenty-second days after the injection of monocrotaline the mean right ventricular systolic blood pressure was measured in one control and three test rats. The animals were then killed and we measured the specific activity of ACE in serum and lung homogenate. We also evaluated muscularisation of pulmonary arterioles, medial hypertrophy of muscular pulmonary arteries, and right ventricular hypertrophy. The sequence of changes was as follows: muscularisation of pulmonary arterioles and medial hypertrophy of muscular pulmonary arteries were apparent seven days after administration of monocrotaline; pulmonary hypertension and reduced lung ACE activity occurred after 10 days; right ventricular hypertrophy was detected after 12 days. Serum ACE activity was unchanged. It is concluded that the reduction in lung ACE activity is a result rather than a cause of the pulmonary hypertension. This reduction in lung ACE activity may be a protective mechanism designed to limit the elevation of the pulmonary arterial pressure.     

先心病肺高压病儿血浆内皮素与肺组织I、III型胶原含量的相关研究

目的　探讨先天性心脏病 (先心病 )肺动脉高压病儿血浆内皮素 1(ET 1)和胶原增生的相互关系及其在先心病肺动脉高压形成中的作用。方法　 2 0例左向右分流型先心病病儿分为肺动脉高压组(PH组 )和无肺动脉高压组 (对照组 ) ,用放射免疫学方法测定两组病儿血浆ET 1水平 ,用SDS 间断聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (SDS PAGE)测定肺组织I、III型胶原含量。结果　与对照组相比 ,PH组血浆ET 1水平和肺组织I、III型胶原含量明显增加 (P <0 0 1)。PH组血浆ET 1水平与肺组织I、III型胶原含量呈显著正相关。结论　先心病肺动脉高压的形成可能与ET 1水平升高 ,诱导肺组织I、III型胶原增生有关。     

Gene transfer of a TIE2 receptor antagonist prevents pulmonary hypertension in rodents

OBJECTIVES: Overexpression of angiopoietin 1 in the lung has been associated with human pulmonary hypertension. We hypothesized that inhibiting angiopoietin 1 signaling in the lung by administration of a receptor antagonist would block the development of pulmonary hypertensive vasculopathy in rodent models. METHODS: We injected 2 and 4 x 10(10) genomic particles of adeno-associated virus containing an extracellular fragment of the TIE2 receptor (AAV-sTIE2) into the pulmonary artery of 60 rats by using adeno-associated virus-lacZ and carrier-injected rats as control animals. Pulmonary hypertension was then induced by each of the following methods: (1) monocrotaline (group 1); (2) angiopoietin 1 expression in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle by adeno-associated virus gene transfer (group 2); or (3) oxygen deprivation (group 3). Animals were sacrificed at serial time points. At each time point, pulmonary artery pressures were measured, and pulmonary angiography was performed. Lungs were harvested for pathologic-molecular analysis. RESULTS: Each rodent pulmonary hypertension model demonstrated a significant increase in pulmonary artery pressures compared with that seen in control animals (P < .01). Administration of AAV-sTIE2 prevented pulmonary hypertension in the monocrotaline and angiopoietin 1 groups (from 44.6 +/- 2.1 to 18.8 +/- 1.9 mm Hg in the monocrotaline group and from 31.2 +/- 3.7 to 18.2 +/- 1.8 mm Hg in the angiopoietin 1 group, P < .001) but did not affect pulmonary hypertension in the hypoxia group. Pathologic analysis of group 1 and 2 lungs treated with AAV-sTIE2 demonstrated absence of smooth muscle cell proliferation within arterioles. Pulmonary angiography confirmed a lack of small pulmonary vessel occlusion in group 1 and 2 animals treated with AAV-sTIE2. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular blocking of the interaction between angiopoietin 1 and its endothelial receptor, TIE2, in the lung prevents pulmonary hypertension in 2 animal models of the disease. These experiments suggest a new strategy for understanding pulmonary hypertension based on the molecular biology of the pulmonary vascular wall.     

二氯乙酸盐对肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织KV1.5表达的影响

目的 探讨二氯乙酸盐对肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织Kv1.5表达的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠32只,8周龄,体重200～250 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为4组(n=8):正常对照组(C组)、二氯乙酸盐对照组(D组)、肺动脉高压组(PAH组)和二氯乙酸盐治疗组(PD组).采用左肺切除术联合皮下注射野百合碱60mg/kg的方法制备肺动脉高压模型.PD组于皮下注射野百合碱后,给予二氯乙酸盐80mg/kg灌胃,1次/d,连续28 d,PAH组给予等量生理盐水;D组不制备模型,给予相同剂量二氯乙酸盐灌胃.于皮下注射野百合碱后28 d时测定肺动脉压(PAP),随后处死,取肺组织,计算肺小动脉中膜厚度百分比和右心室肥厚指数,采用Western blot法检测增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和Kv1.5蛋白的表达水平,采用RT-PCR法检测Kv1.5 mRNA的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,PAH组和PD组PAP、中膜厚度百分比及右心室肥厚指数升高,肺组织Kv1.5 mRNA及其蛋白表达下调,PCNA表达上调(P＜0.05),D组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与PAH组比较,PD组PAP、中膜厚度百分比及右心室肥厚指数降低,肺组织Kv1.5mRNA及其蛋白表达上调,PCNA表达下调(P＜0.05).结论 二氯乙酸盐减轻大鼠肺动脉高压与上调肺组织Kv1.5表达,抑制肺血管重构有关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of dichloroacetate on the expression of Kv1.5 in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) .Methods Thirty-two male SD rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 8 each): normal control group (group C), dichloroacetate control group (group D),PAH group, and PAH + dichloroacetate group (group PD). PAH was induced by left lung resection combined with subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline 60 mg/kg in PAH and PD groups. In group PD, dichloroacetate 80 mg/kg was given through a gastric tube into stomach once a day for 28 consecutive days after monocrotaline injection,while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead of dichloroacetate in group PAH. Group D only received dichloroacetate 80 mg/kg through a gastric tube into stomach once a day for 28 consecutive days. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was measured at day 28 after monocrotaline injection. The rats were then sacrificed and lung tissues were removed to calculate the percentage of thickness of the tunica media of pulmonary artery and right venicular hypertrophy index and to determine the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Kv1.5 protein expression (by Western blot) and Kv1.5 mRNA expression (by RT-PCR).Results Compared with group C, the PAP,percentage of thickness of the tunica media, right ventricular hypertrophy index were significantly increased, Kv1.5 mRNA and protein expression was down-regulated and PCNA expression was up-regulated in groups PAH and PD ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group PAH, the PAP, percentage of thickness of the tunica media, right ventricular hypertrophy index were significantly decreased, Kv1.5 mRNA and protein expression was up-regulated and PCNA expression was down-regulated in group PD (P ＜ 0.05). There was no significant difference in the indexes mentioned above between group C and group D ( P ＞ 0.05). Conclusion Dichloroacetat alleviates PAH through upregulating Kv1.5 expression in lung tissues and inhibiting pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats.     

The effects of single lung transplantation in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Acute haemodynamic change after single lung transplantation for primary pulmonary hypertension was evaluated using a rat transplantation model. Inbred Fisher 344 rats were administered with 40 mg/kg monocrotaline in order to induce pulmonary hypertension. The rats whose mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was over 30.0 mmHg received a left lung isograft from a normal donor after right heart catheterization. In the control group, PAP increased after single lung transplantation. On the other hand, in the pulmonary hypertensive group, PAP was significantly decreased 60 min after the transplantation, but 3 and 6 h after the transplantation, the PAP significantly increased again. On the day after the operation, it again decreased significantly. Left-to-right lung blood flow ratio was significantly increased in rats with pulmonary hypertension compared to rats with normal pulmonary pressure on both the 1st and 3rd postoperative days. The oedema of the grafted lung was more severe in the pulmonary hypertensive group than in the control group in the acute phase. In conclusion, single lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension shifted pulmonary blood perfusion to the grafted lung and this shift made pulmonary oedema of the grafts more severe in the acute phase. These oedematous changes, which were more pronounced in the grafts in the pulmonary hypertensive rats, might have contributed to the transient rise in PAP in those rats after single lung transplanation.     

Single lung transplantation in rats with chemically induced pulmonary hypertension.

Physiologic effects of single lung transplantation on pulmonary hypertension were studied in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Inbred rats treated with monocrotaline (40 mg/kg) received a left lung isograft from a normal donor 2 weeks later, when pulmonary hypertension became significant (transplant group; n = 6). These rats and control rats treated with monocrotaline (mediated control group; n = 11) or vehicle alone (normal control group; n = 9) were followed up weekly by metabolic treadmill testing for exercise tolerance and oxygen consumption up to 6 weeks after monocrotaline (4 weeks after transplantation), when all rats underwent hemodynamic and histologic examinations. Whereas maximal oxygen consumption and exercise tolerance consistently deteriorated in the medicated control group of rats, indices in the transplant group stopped deteriorating 2 weeks after lung transplantation and remained at levels similar to those of normal control rats. Severe pulmonary hypertension (68 +/- 19 mm Hg) and right ventricular hypertrophy (right ventricular/left ventricular weight ratio, 0.95 +/- 0.19) were confirmed in medicated control rats in contrast to transplant animals, in which these two indices remained at normal control levels. Whereas left-to-right lung perfusion ratio was constant among rats not receiving transplants (0.69 +/- 0.16), it was significantly elevated (2.27 +/- 0.65; p less than 0.001) in those receiving transplants, suggesting preferential flow through the lung isograft. The results suggest that, in the early phase of pulmonary hypertension, single lung transplantation shifts pulmonary perfusion to the grafted lung, avoiding right ventricular pressure overload and thereby preserving exercise tolerance at a nearly normal level in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension.     

Right ventricle-sparing heart transplantation effective against iatrogenic pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Right heart failure is the predominant cause of death following heart transplantation, occurring with disturbingly high frequency in patients with severe antecedent pulmonary hypertension. We have recently reported a novel technique of heart transplantation that spares the recipient right ventricle, excising only the recipient left ventricle. The resulting model has 2 right hearts and 1 left heart. The aim is to preserve the recipient's right ventricle, which is already conditioned to pulmonary hypertension. The hope is that, in this way, death due to right heart failure can be prevented in humans. Our prior report was a feasibility study in normal dogs. This study challenges this new technique by creating iatrogenic pulmonary hypertension in the recipient animals. METHODS: Iatrogenic pulmonary hypertension was created in 4 recipient canines by intravenous injection of the pulmonary toxin monocrotaline pyrrole (single bolus of 3.5 to 4.5 mg/kg intravenously [i.v.]). RESULTS: Within 6 weeks of monocrotaline administration, relative pulmonary hypertension occurred (mean pulmonary artery [PA] pressure 20 mm Hg vs 10 mm Hg for controls [p < 0.01]) (pulmonary vascular resistance [PVR] 4.2 vs 1.5 Wood units [P < 0.01]), and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy developed (RV thickness 11 mm vs 2 mm [P < 0.04]). Histologic examination confirmed severe muscle infiltration and thickening of the media of the pulmonary arterioles. RV-sparing heart transplantation was performed successfully in all 4 animals with pulmonary hypertension. In all cases, the animals were weaned without difficulty from cardiopulmonary bypass, despite the ambient pulmonary hypertension, on low-dose epinephrine, maintaining systolic blood pressure of 104 mm Hg at right atrial pressure of 7 mm Hg. Both right hearts contracted well without dilation or strain. A single "control" traditional orthotopic transplant experiment in an animal with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension resulted in immediate death from right heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Right ventricle-sparing heart transplantation ("one-and-one-half heart model") can handle pulmonary hypertension without difficulty. This evidence adds impetus for further pursuing of right ventricle-sparing heart transplantation to decrease the incidence of death from right heart failure in recipients with severe antecedent pulmonary hypertension.     

大鼠野百合碱肺高压模型血小板衍生生长因子mRNA的表达及作用

目的 观察血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)A、B及其α,β受体在大鼠野百合碱肺高压模型中的表达,探讨PDGF在肺血管重构中的作用.方法 SD大鼠24只,体质量250～300g,随机分为野百合碱注射组(MCT,12只)和对照组(Con,12只).MCT组给与野百合碱60 mg/kg单次皮下注射.喂养6周后,使用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)观察肺组织PDGF-A、PDGF-B及其α、β受体mRNA转录量的变化.结果 MCT组肺组织中PDGF-A、PDGF-B、PDGFR-α、PDGFR-β的mRNA转录水平都高于对照组(1.5609±0.1246比0.4057±0.0007,P＜0.05;0.4810±0.0733比0.2639±0.0070,P＜0.05:0.4963±0.0137比0.3038±0.0859,P＜0.05;1.1257±0.2490比0.0736±0.0185,P＜0.05).结论 血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)-A、PDGF-B及其α、β受体活性表达的增强,参与了肺动脉高压肺血管重构的机制.     

静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚或多索茶碱对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者非开胸手术时呼吸力学的影响

目的 评价静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚或多索茶碱对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者非开胸手术时呼吸力学的影响.方法 择期行非开胸手术的COPD患者135例,年龄55～86岁,体重44～78 g,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=45):对照组(c组)、盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P组)和多索茶碱组(D组).麻醉诱导:静脉注射芬太尼4μg/kg、异丙酚1.5 mg/kg和顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg,气管插管后行机械通气,维持PErCO2 40mm Hg.气管插管后5 rin时P组静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01 mg/kg,D组静脉注射多索茶碱4 mg/kg,C组静脉注射等容量生理盐水.麻醉维持:静脉输注异丙酚5mg·kg-1·h-1和顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg·kg-1·h-1,间断静脉注射芬太尼.术中维持听觉诱发电位指数15～20.于给药前即刻、给药后30、45和60min时,记录气道峰压、气道平台压、肺顺应性和气道阻力.结果 与C组比较,给药后各时点P组和D组气道峰压、气道平台压和气道阻力均降低,肺顺应性升高(P＜0.05);P组和D组各时点呼吸力学各参数比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚和多索茶碱均可改善COPD患者非开胸手术时的呼吸力学,有利于通气.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of intravenous penehyclidine hydrochloride or doxofylline on respiratory mechanics during non-thoracotomy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods One hundred and thirty-five ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients with COPD, aged 55-86 yr, weighing 44-78 kg,scheduled for elective non-thoracotomy under general anesthesia, were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 45 each): control group (group C), penehyclidine hydrochloride group (group P) and doxofylline group (group D).Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 4 μg/kg, propofol 1.5 rg/kg and cis-atracurium 0.2 mg/kg. The patients were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated. PETCO2 was maintained at 40 mm Hg. At 5 rin after tracheal intubation, penehyclidine hydrochloride 0.01 mg/kg was injected intravenously in group P, and doxofylline 4 mg/kg was injected intravenously in group D. The equal volume of normal saline was injected intravenously in group C. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol 5 mg· kg- 1 · h- 1, eis-atracurium 0.2 mg· kg- 1 · h- 1, and intermittent iv boluses of fentsnyl. The auditory evoked potential index was maintained at 15-20 during operation. The peak airway pressure, airway plateau pressure, lung compliance and airway resistance were recorded immediately before administration, and at 30, 45 and 60 rin after administration. Results Compared with group C, the peak airway pressure, airway plateau pressure and airway resistance were significantly decreased, while the lung compliance was significantly increased at each time point after administration in groups P and D ( P ＜ 0.05 ). There was no significant difference in the parameters of respiratory mechanics at each time point between group P and group D ( P ＞ 0.05). Conclusion Both intravenous penehyclidine hydrochloride and doxofylline can improve respiratory mechanics during non-thoracotomy in patients with COPD.