不同年龄正常人群记忆错误的比较

目的探讨不同年龄正常人群记忆错误(FM)的特征。方法对青年组(20～30岁)、中年组(40～50岁)及老年组(65～85岁)各30名健康人在神经心理学背景测试[包括简明精神状态检查(MMSE)量表、词汇流畅性测试(VFT)、数字广度(DS)、画钟测试(CDT)、Rey-听觉词汇学习测试(AVLT)]的基础上,进行图片诱发情景记忆错误试验。结果 (1)神经心理学背景测试结果:与青年组和中年组比较,老年组MMSE、DS顺背、CDT、AVLT即刻和延迟回忆得分明显降低(均P<0.05);青年组、中年组和老年组在DS倒背、AVLT的延迟再认得分依次明显递减(均P<0.05);(2)图片诱发情景记忆错误试验结果:与青年组和中年组比较,老年组卡片回忆率[(68±17)%]、故事成份回忆率[(77±14)%]、正确再认率[(73±12)%]明显降低(均P<0.05);记忆错误率[(24±13)%]、记忆错误发生率[(25±7)%]均明显高于中年组[(14±6)%、(15±4)%],中年组明显高于青年组[(8±7)%、(9±6)%](均P<0.05)。结论随着年龄的增长情景记忆下降,情景记忆错误增加,可能是导致老年人主观抱怨增加的主要原因。     

颞叶癫痫对前瞻性记忆的影响

目的 探讨颞叶癫痫对基于事件的前瞻性记忆(event-based prospective memory,EBPM)和基于时间的前瞻性记忆(time-based prospective memory,TBPM)的影响,验证颞叶参与前瞻性记忆的神经机制假说.方法 采用McDaniel等建立的前瞻性记忆神经心理学试验方法,测试62例颞叶癫痫患者(33例服用抗癫痫药物和29例未服用药物,颞叶癫痫组)和年龄、教育程度相匹配的30名健康者(健康对照组)的EBPM和TBPM.结果 颞叶癫痫组简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、数字广度测试(DS)、词汇流畅性测试(VFT)的成绩均低于健康对照组,且MMSE、VFT两组间差异有统计学意义.与健康对照组[ EBPM测试(6.83±1.34)分,TBPM测试(5.00±1.70)分]相比,颢叶癫痫组的EBPM测试[(3.95±2.77)分]和TBPM测试[(3.08±2.42)分]的成绩差异均有统计学意义(t=6.72、4.39,均P＜0.01),且TBPM测试得分均低于EBPM.其中服药和未服药两组间EBPM测试成绩[(3.82±2 70)、(4.10±2.90)分]差异无统计学意义(t=-0.40,P ＞0.05),两组间TBPM测试成绩[(2.55±2.20)、(3.69±2.55)分]差异亦无统计学意义(t=-1.90,P＞0.05).结论 颞叶癫痫患者存在前瞻性记忆损害,提示颞叶参与前瞻性记忆的神经机制过程;与EBPM相比,TBPM损害更明显,提示TBPM需要更多的自我发动过程.     

颞叶内侧癫痫病人的项目记忆和源记忆的神经心理学研究

目的检验内侧颞叶参与源记忆执行的假说及源记忆与项目记忆相互分离的假说。方法选用实义词和实物简图,测试20名健康志愿者（对照组）和18名内侧颞叶癫痫（mesial temporal lole epilepsy,MTLE）行选择性海马杏仁核切除的病人（病例组）,手术前、手术后3个月的项目记忆和源记忆,并对结果进行分析。结果病例组与对照组比较,MTLE病人术前源记忆差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而项目记忆差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;术后源记忆和项目记忆差异均有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。与对照组比较,行左侧选择性海马杏仁核切除的MTLE病人,术前源记忆差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,项目记忆差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;术后源记忆和项目记忆均有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。与对照组比较,行右侧选择性海马杏仁核切除的MTLE病人。术前源记忆和项目记忆差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;术后源记忆差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而项目记忆差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论内侧颞叶参与源记忆执行,源记忆与项目记忆存在相互分离,且左右侧具有不对称性。     

早期未治疗帕金森病患者前瞻性记忆损害和事件相关电位改变的特点

目的 探讨早期未治疗PD患者前瞻性记忆损害情况和事件相关电位(ERPs)改变的特点.方法 选择自2007年1月至2010年10月在河南省人民医院神经内科门诊确诊的早期未治疗的PD患者33例(PD组)和同期该家医院31名健康体检者(健康对照组)进行研究,研究项目包括基于事件的前瞻性记忆(EBPM)、基于时间的前瞻性记忆(TBPM)和ERPs综合检查.结果 PD组EBPM和TBPM评分均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05); PD组N2、P300潜伏期均较健康对照组明显延长,P300波幅与对照组比较明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).相关分析结果显示,PD患者的P300潜伏期与EBPM和TBPM均呈明显正相关,r值分别为0.628、0.582,P值均为0.000.结论 早期未治疗PD患者存在EBPM和TBPM损害；P300潜伏期可作为判定PD患者EBPM和TBPM损害程度的电生理指标.     

中年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对认知功能及记忆的影响

目的探讨中年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)对认知功能及记忆的影响。方法选择年龄45～59岁的中年OSAHS患者80例为OSAHS组,另入选60例同期健康体检者为正常对照组。采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和临床记忆量表对受试者的认知功能及记忆进行评分,并比较2组间评分的差异。结果 (1)OSAHS组在MMSE量表中即刻记忆评分(2.88±0.36)、注意力和计算力评分(3.18±0.41)、短时记忆评分(1.82±0.34)和MMSE总量表评分评分(1.82±0.34)各项得分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)OSAHS组在临床记忆量表中指向记忆评分(11.91±5.14)、联想学习评分(13.52±4.18)、图像自由回忆评分(11.28±4.12)、无意义图形再认评分(15.27±5.06)、人像特点回忆评分(12.92±6.28)、总分(67.34±16.03)和记忆商评分(MQ)(76.32±12.53)各项等值量表分得分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中年OSAHS患者存在明显的认知功能及记忆损害。     

精神分裂症患者项目记忆和源记忆的研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者和正常人的项目记忆与源记忆的差异,检验项目记忆与源记忆有不同神经基础的假说,检验项目记忆与源记忆成绩和精神症状是否有关联性。方法采用对高频中文实义词的学习和再认的项目记忆任务与对同类物体的实义词、图片、想象三种表现方式的学习和再认的源记忆任务,对一般状况匹配的54例精神分裂症患者(研究组)和54名正常人(对照组)进行测试,比较两组项目记忆和源记忆成绩的差异,并对精神分裂症患者组进行双分离分析和阳性及阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分。结果研究组的项目记忆成绩Pr值和源记忆成绩I值分别为0.60±0.16和0.62±0.16,与对照组(分别为0.82±0.08和0.88±0.09)比较,差异均有显著性(P<0.001)。项目记忆成绩Pr值与精神症状不相关;而源记忆的成绩I值与PANSS总分、阳性症状评分之间存有相关性,分别为r=-0.283,P=0.038;r=-0.288,P=0.035。结论精神分裂症患者的项目记忆和源记忆均明显受损。有限的神经心理学研究分析显示,作为情景记忆的不同组成成分,项目记忆和源记忆的神经基础可能不同。     

早期未治疗帕金森病患者情绪记忆损害的特点

目的 探讨早期未治疗帕金森病(PD)患者情绪记忆损害的特点。方法 利用标准的情绪图片(包括正性、负性和中性效价)对33例PD患者和31名年龄、性别和教育程度相匹配的健康对照组进行情绪记忆测试。结果 与对照组[负性(13.4±1.4)分]相比,PD组[(8.9±1.0)分]负性情绪效价图片再认成绩差异有统计学意义(t= - 14.87,P＜0.01);PD组正性[(11.8±1.0)分]和中性[(7.9±1.4)分]情绪效价图片再认成绩与对照组[正性(12.4±2.2)分,中性(8.2±1.3)分]比,差异均无统计学意义。结论 早期未治疗PD患者负性效价情绪记忆存在损害,而正性和中性效价情绪记忆相对保留。     

经颅磁治疗改善无抽搐电休克所致记忆障碍

目的 探讨经颅磁治疗对精神分裂症患者无抽搐电休克(MECT)后记忆障碍的作用.方法 将60例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,一组在MECT后给予经颅磁治疗(研究组),另一组不进行经颅磁治疗(对照组),以韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)为工具,评估MECT前后患者记忆功能.结果 在WMS的累加、联想、背数3个测验及MMSE测验中,MECT结束后2周及4周2个时点上,研究组分数高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在记图测验中,MECT结束后4周时点上,研究组分数高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组不良反应发生率无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 经颅磁治疗可改善无抽搐电休克导致的记忆障碍,且安全性良好.     

轻度认知功能障碍患者情绪记忆损害特征

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者情绪记忆的改变。方法采用情绪记忆神经认知心理学检查评价22例MCI患者(MCI组)及22名健康成年人(正常对照组)的情绪记忆,并采用事件诱发电位(ERPs)检测P300的潜伏期和波幅。结果与正常对照组比较,MCI组MMSE、词汇流畅性试验、数字广度试验评分均显著降低(均P 0. 01)。MCI组与正常对照组正性、中性和负性情绪图片效价度差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。与正常对照组比较,MCI组正性和负性图片再认正确率均显著降低(P 0. 05～0. 01),中性图片再认正确率差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。MCI组及正常对照组正性、负性与中性图片再认正确率差异有统计学意义(F=6. 27,F=39. 13;均P 0. 05)。与正常对照组比较,MCI组正性和负性图片再认反应时间差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05～0. 01),中性图片差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。MCI组及正常对照组正性、负性与中性图片再认反应时间差异有统计学意义(F=3. 74,F=16. 48;均P 0. 05)。MCI组与正常对照组学习阶段ERPs-P300的潜伏期、波幅差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。与正常对照组比较,MCI组再认阶段正性和负性图片ERPs-P300潜伏期显著增加,波幅显著降低(P 0. 05～0. 01);中性图片潜伏期及波幅差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。MCI组学习阶段(F=55. 20,P 0. 05; F=43. 12,P 0. 05)及再认阶段(F=29. 36,P 0. 05; F=19. 39,P 0. 05)正性、负性与中性情绪图片ERPs-P300潜伏期及波幅差异均有统计学意义;正性与负性ERPs-P300潜伏期及波幅比较差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。正常对照组的学习阶段(F=55. 66,P 0. 05; F=39. 33,P 0. 05)及再认阶段(F=114. 48,P 0. 05; F=51. 77,P 0. 05)正性、负性与中性情绪图片ERPs-P300潜伏期及波幅差异均有统计学意义。结论 MCI患者存在情绪记忆的受损及反应时间延长,且情绪效价"正向"选择性偏向受损。     

阿尔茨海默病记忆特征分析

目的 研究阿尔茨海默病患者的记忆特征.方法 2005年12月~2007年9月在宝鸡市6所干休所和4个社区采用流行病学方法调查1126人,其中男652人,女474人,采用<简易精神状态量表>(MMSE)进行筛查,对达到痴呆诊断标准且能进行<临床记忆量表>的52例与文化程度相当、性别比例适当的44例比较.结果 (1)病例组男女各项记忆指标比较,仅无意义图形再认存在差异;(2)病例组文化程度与MMSE和联想学习呈正相关;(3)对照组各年龄与MMSE、图像自由回忆、无意义图形再认呈显著负相关,文化程度与图像自由回忆和人像特点联系呈显著正相关;(4)AD组MMSE和<临床记忆量表>的各项指标与对照组比较均有明显差异.结论 AD患者记忆系统全面受损,记忆损害是其固有特征.     

项目记忆和来源记忆随年龄增长变化特征的实验研究

目的 探讨项目记忆与来源记忆随年龄增长的变化特征.方法 青年组、中年组1、中年组2、老年组各30名被试接受神经心理学量表检查,完成行为学实验以评估项目记忆与来源记忆.结果 来源判断的正确率在四个年龄组被试间差异有统计学意义（F3,116=10.6,P＜0.01）,老年组显著低于青年组和中年组1（均P＜0.05）,与中年组2比较差异无统计学意义.再认击中率在四个组间差异有统计学意义（F3,116=7.2,P＜0.01）.老年组显著低于青年组和中年组（均P＜0.05）.老年组来源判断正确的反应时间显著长于青年组和中年组1（均P＜0.05）,但与中年组2比较差异无统计学意义.结论 来源记忆在中年后期即开始退化,项目记忆保留到老年才开始退化.     

The effects of working memory demands on the neural correlates of prospective memory

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the reciprocal costs of working and prospective memory loads on the neural correlates of the realization of delayed intentions and the detection of target stimuli. The electrophysiological data revealed several interesting results: (1) distinct modulations of the ERPs were elicited by working memory targets and prospective memory cues, (2) working memory load modulated the amplitude of the N300 elicited by prospective memory cues, (3) prospective memory load was associated with a broadly distributed sustained modulation that began shortly after stimulus onset, and (4) brain-behavior correlations between the neural correlates of prospective memory and working memory varied with the working memory demands of the ongoing activity. These findings appear to indicate that attentional processes associated with the detection of prospective memory cues are sensitive to the working memory demands of the ongoing activity and that different processes may support prospective memory depending on the working memory demands of the ongoing activity.     

Emotional memory is perceptual

In two experiments it was investigated which aspects of memory are influenced by emotion. Using a framework proposed by Roediger (American Psychologist 45 (1990) 1043-1056), two dimensions relevant for memory were distinguished the implicit-explicit distinction, and the perceptual versus conceptual distinction. In week 1, subjects viewed a series of slides accompanied with a spoken story in either of the two versions, a neutral version, or a version with an emotional mid-phase. In week 2, memory performance for the slides and story was assessed unexpectedly. A free recall test revealed superior memory in the emotional condition for the story's mid-phase stimuli as compared to the neutral condition, replicating earlier findings. Furthermore, memory performance was assessed using tests that systematically assessed all combinations of implicit versus explicit and perceptual versus conceptual memory. Subjects who had listened to the emotional story had superior perceptual memory, on both implicit and explicit level, compared to those who had listened to the neutral story. Conceptual memory was not superior in the emotional condition. The results suggest that emotion specifically promotes perceptual memory, probably by better encoding of perceptual aspects of emotional experiences. This might be related to the prominent position of perceptual memories in traumatic memory, manifest in intrusions, nightmares and reliving experiences.     

Long-term memory following transient global amnesia: an investigation of episodic and semantic memory

BACKGROUND: Several studies noted persistence of memory impairment following an episode of transient global amnesia (TGA) with standard tests. AIM: To specify long-term memory impairments in a group of patients selected with stringent criteria. METHODS: Both retrograde and anterograde memory were investigated in 32 patients 13-67 months after a TGA episode with original tasks encompassing retrograde semantic memory (academic, public and personal knowledge), retrograde episodic memory (autobiographical events) and anterograde episodic memory. RESULTS: Patients had preserved academic and public knowledge. Pathological scores were obtained in personal verbal fluency for the two most recent periods, and patients produced less autobiographical events than controls. However, when they were provided time to detail, memories were as episodic as in controls regardless of their remoteness. Anterograde episodic tasks revealed a mild but significant impairment of the capacity of re-living the condition of encoding, i.e. the moment at which words were presented. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have suffered from an episode of TGA manifest deficits of memory focused on the retrieval of both recent semantic information and episodic memories and especially the capacity of re-living. These deficits may not result from a deterioration of memory per se but rather from difficulties in accessing memories.     

Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory

Many recent neuroimaging studies have highlighted the role of prefrontal regions in the sustained maintenance and manipulation of information over short delays, or working memory (WM). In addition, neuroimaging findings have highlighted the role of prefrontal regions in the formation and retrieval of memories for events, or episodic long-term memory (LTM), but it remains unclear whether these regions are distinct from those that support WM. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify patterns of prefrontal activity associated with encoding and recognition during WM and LTM tasks performed by the same subjects. Results showed that the same bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal regions (at or near Brodmann's Areas [BA] 6, 44, 45, and 47) and dorsolateral prefrontal regions (BA 9/46) were engaged during encoding and recognition within the context of WM and LTM tasks. In addition, a region situated in the left anterior middle frontal gyrus (BA 10/46) was engaged during the recognition phases of the WM and LTM tasks. These results support the view that the same prefrontal regions implement reflective processes that support both WM and LTM.     

Parent ratings of working memory are uniquely related to performance-based measures of secondary memory but not primary memory

Introduction: Existing evidence suggests that performance- and rating-based measures of working memory (WM) correlate poorly. Although some researchers have interpreted this evidence as suggesting that these measures may be assessing distinct cognitive constructs, another possibility is that rating-based measures are related to some but not all theoretically motivated performance-based measures. The current study distinguished between performance-based measures of primary memory (PM) and secondary memory (SM), and examined the relation between each of these components of WM and parent-ratings on the WM subscale of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF–WM). Because SM and BRIEF–WM scores have both been associated with group differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), it was hypothesized that SM scores would be uniquely related to parent-rated BRIEF–WM scores.

Method: Participants were a sample of 77 adolescents with and without an ADHD diagnosis, aged 11 to 15 years, from a midwestern school district. Participant scores on verbal and spatial immediate free recall tasks were used to estimate both PM and SM capacities. Partial correlation analyses were used to evaluate the extent to which estimates of PM and SM were uniquely related parent-rated BRIEF–WM scores.

Results: Both verbal and spatial SM scores were significantly related to parent-rated BRIEF–WM scores, when corresponding PM scores were controlled. Higher verbal and spatial SM scores were associated with less frequent parent-report of WM-related failures in their child’s everyday life. However, neither verbal nor spatial PM scores significantly related to parent-rated BRIEF–WM scores, when corresponding SM scores were controlled.

Conclusion: The current study suggested that previously observed low correlations between performance- and rating-based measures of WM may result from use of performance-based WM measures that do not capture the unique contributions of PM and SM components of WM.     

The effects of perceived memory ability on memory conformity for an event

The present study investigated the impact of false feedback about individual memory performance relative to a co-witness on susceptibility to misinformation. Pairs of participants (n?=?130; 65 pairs) completed a visual memory test and received false feedback on their performance indicating that the memory ability of one participant in the pair was stronger relative to the other participant. The participants then viewed a crime video (either the same video or one slightly different to their partner) and discussed their memories for this video with their co-witness. Participants completed a semi-cued recall task and a recognition test about the video. False memory feedback indicating lower relative performance was associated with significant increases in sensitivity to misinformation. The results are discussed in reference to the potential contributions that co-witnesses' perceptions of both their partner's reliability and their own reliability have on event memory.     

Episodic memory,semantic memory,and amnesia

Episodic memory and semantic memory are two types of declarative memory. There have been two principal views about how this distinction might be reflected in the organization of memory functions in the brain. One view, that episodic memory and semantic memory are both dependent on the integrity of medial temporal lobe and midline diencephalic structures, predicts that amnesic patients with medial temporal lobe/diencephalic damage should be proportionately impaired in both episodic and semantic memory. An alternative view is that the capacity for semantic memory is spared, or partially spared, in amnesia relative to episodic memory ability. This article reviews two kinds of relevant data: 1) case studies where amnesia has occurred early in childhood, before much of an individual's semantic knowledge has been acquired, and 2) experimental studies with amnesic patients of fact and event learning, remembering and knowing, and remote memory. The data provide no compelling support for the view that episodic and semantic memory are affected differently in medial temporal lobe/diencephalic amnesia. However, episodic and semantic memory may be dissociable in those amnesic patients who additionally have severe frontal lobe damage. Hippocampus 1998;8:205–211. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

Interference of working memory load with long-term memory formation

Traditionally, it has been assumed that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is indispensable for long-term memory (LTM) encoding, but only plays a minor role for working memory (WM) maintenance. Recently, however, an increasing number of studies questioned this seemingly clear distinction by showing that the MTL does participate in some WM processes, especially if multiple items are being maintained. This would predict that WM maintenance of multiple items interferes with simultaneous LTM encoding. Here, we tested this idea in a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm that required subjects to encode stimuli into LTM during simultaneous WM maintenance of either single or multiple items. Indeed, we found that maintenance of multiple items deteriorates simultaneous LTM encoding as compared with maintenance of single items. WM-related activation of the hippocampus was more pronounced in the condition with high WM load; in contrast, hippocampal activation related to LTM encoding was stronger in the low WM load condition. Successful LTM encoding was associated with a high level of activity in the adjacent parahippocampal cortex (PHC), leading to pronounced parahippocampal subsequent memory effects in the high load condition. This suggests that the PHC is a locus of WM–LTM interaction. Functional connectivity analysis with a seed in the PHC confirmed this result by revealing strong connectivity with the medial frontal cortex, which was only active in the high WM load condition. Taken together, these findings suggest that high WM demands interfere with LTM encoding and thus support the idea that WM and LTM processes interact in the MTL.