儿童非癫(癎)的癫(癎)样发作34例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童非癫(癎)样的癫(癎)样发作的临床特点及诊断.方法 对我院34例临床拟诊癫(癎)的发作性疾病做视频脑电图检查并进行分析.结果 34例临床拟诊癫(癎)病患儿视频脑电图检查结果 示患儿临床发作时同步脑电图无癫(癎)波发放.结论 诊断儿童癫(癎)病应慎重,视频脑电图是确诊癫(癎)与非癫(癎)可靠有效的方法.     

耐药性颞叶癫癎的研究进展

1耐药性癫?的概述
　　癫?是多种原因所致的慢性脑部疾病,其特征为脑部神经元异常过度放电引发身体某一部分或整个肢体非自主性抽搐,有时伴有意识丧失和尿便失禁。世界卫生组织的数据表明,全球约有5000万癫?患者［1］,而我国就有癫?患者900万人,且每年新增癫?患者40万人［2］。癫?在卫生保健需求、过早死亡以及丧失工作生产力方面给社会经济带来严重的负担。     

癫(癎)与可疑癫(癎)临床发作时的动态脑电图分析

目的探讨癫(癎)与可疑癫(癎)临床发作时的动态脑电图(AEEG)的变化特征.方法本文对316例癫(癎)临床发作时的动态脑电图进行分析.结果临床发作时癫(癎)组162例中,AEEG监测结果正常为49例(30.25%),异常为113例(69.75%);在临床诊断可疑癫(癎)的154例中,AEEG监测结果正常为110例(71.43%),异常44例(28.57%).癫(癎)组与可疑癫(癎)组临床发作时癫(癎)样波的发放有非常显著性差异(x2=53.56,P＜0.001).结论AEEG因大大增加了描记时间而使EEG阳性率明显提高,临床发作与同步的AEEG痫样波的发放对癫(癎)的诊断非常重要.尤其对许多非(癎)性发作性疾病与癫(癎)发作的鉴别诊断更有重要意义.     

奥卡西平治疗癫(癎)的临床研究

目的观察奥卡西平(OXC)治疗癫癎的疗效、耐受性和安全性。方法294例患者,120例加用OXC治疗,174例单用OXC治疗。通过逐步加量的方法达到目标剂量。结果本组总有效率为86.05%,完全控制为39.8%;其中单药治疗组控制率45.98%,总有效率为89.08%,添加治疗组控制率为30.83%,总有效率为81.67%。单药治疗组不良反应总发生率为15.52%,添加组不良反应发生率为26.67%,2组比较,添加治疗组出现的反应相对多于单药治疗组。结论奥卡西平治疗癫癎有效、安全、稳定。     

麻将癫癎（附9例临床报道）

目的:回顾分析麻将癫痫的临床表现。方法:从1996-2003年门诊求诊的9例麻将癫癎患者临床资料,随访记录及实验室资料进行分析。结果:本组9例患者均由玩麻将诱发癫癎发作(其中2例观看别人玩麻将发作),平均发病年龄(55.22±8.2)岁。6例患者以全身强直-阵挛发作,3例部分性发作继而全身发作。6例脑电图正常,1例局限性颞叶慢波,2例额颞部间歇性慢波活动。脑影像学(头颅CT或MRI)6例正常,1例有腔隙性梗死,2例脑萎缩。9例均无癫癎阳性家族史。9例行抗癫癎药物治疗均已控制。结论:麻将癫癎是反射癫癎的一种类型,可能在玩麻将时思考、紧张、制定决策等因素诱发。麻将癫癎容易控制,除用抗癫癎药物治疗外,避免玩麻将即可预防癫癎发作。     

妊娠期癫(癎)发作和抗癫(癎)药物对胎儿脑神经元突触素的影响

目的探索妊娠期癫发作和抗癫药对胎儿脑神经元突触素p38(synaptophysin)的影响,以加深对妊娠期癫发作危害胎儿脑发育的认识。方法6月龄引产胎儿分为3组:1组为妊母正常组(6例),2组为妊母应用抗癫药物控制发作组(6例),3组为妊母未应用抗癫药物控制发作组(6例)。运用免疫组化法检测突触素p38在各组胎儿脑部颞叶海马旁回的变化。结果1组免疫组化切片阳性表达产物光密度值(OD)为0.17±0.05,2组为0.16±0.08,3组为0.11±0.07,1、2组阳性表达产物无显著差异(P>0.05),而1、2组分别与3组比较,均有差异(P<0.05),p38在妊母未应用抗癫药物控制发作组胎儿海马旁回中的表达较妊母正常组及妊母应用抗癫药物控制发作组明显减少。结论研究结果表明妊期癫发作对胎儿脑发育的危害比抗癫药物对胎儿的毒性更大。     

癫(癎)性精神障碍患者临床用药调查

目的:了解癫性精神障碍患者临床药物使用情况。方法:对89例癫性精神障碍患者使用抗癫药和抗精神病药情况进行分析。结果:在癫性精神障碍治疗中,抗癫药以卡马西平使用频度最高达65.2%,抗癫药不良反应发生率为15.7%,抗精神病药不良反应以锥体外系反应居首位。结论:在癫性精神障碍治疗中,应合理使用抗癫药与抗精神病药。     

癫(癎)发作同步记录脑电图非典型癫(癎)样病理波发放的临床意义

目的 观察癫(癎)发作时棘、尖样波群以外有别于背景波的θ、δ波在癫(癎)诊断中的价值,正确认识癫(癎)发作同步记录脑电图未见到尖、棘样典型病理波发放的临床意义.方法 对2000-01～2007-01我院收治的具有(癎)样发作患者203例的录像监测脑电图(video-EEG)进行回顾性分析.结果 脑电图正常16例(7.5%),临床发作与典型癫(癎)样病理波同步发放者157例(77.3%),临床发作与非典型癫(癎)样病理波同步发放者30例(15.2%),发作间歇期有癫(癎)样波发放者56例,发作间歇期可见不典型癫(癎)样波发放者36例.结论 正确识别棘、尖波群以外有别于背景波的癫(癎)样波的演变过程及规律,可提高癫(癎)的准确诊断率.     

癫(癎)失神发作50例脑电图分析

目的通过50例癫(癎)失神发作患儿的脑电图分析,探讨脑电图在临床脑功能评价中的应用.方法采用日本光电4418型脑电图仪,对癫(癎)失神发作患儿进行检查.结果正常2例,异常48例,异常率96%.结论3Hz棘慢波综合为癫(癎)失神发作所特有波形,适当延长过度换气描记时间及做睡眠诱发试验可提高EEG阳性率.     

Noninvasive dynamic imaging of seizures in epileptic patients

Epileptic seizures are due to abnormal synchronized neuronal discharges. Techniques measuring electrical changes are commonly used to analyze seizures. Neuronal activity can be also defined by concomitant hemodynamic and metabolic changes. Simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG)‐functional MRI (fMRI) measures noninvasively with a high‐spatial resolution BOLD changes during seizures in the whole brain. Until now, only a static image representing the whole seizure was provided. We report in 10 focal epilepsy patients a new approach to dynamic imaging of seizures including the BOLD time course of seizures and the identification of brain structures involved in seizure onset and discharge propagation. The first activation was observed in agreement with the expected location of the focus based on clinical and EEG data (three intracranial recordings), thus providing validity to this approach. The BOLD signal preceded ictal EEG changes in two cases. EEG‐fMRI may detect changes in smaller and deeper structures than scalp EEG, which can only record activity form superficial cortical areas. This method allowed us to demonstrate that seizure onset zone was limited to one structure, thus supporting the concept of epileptic focus, but that a complex neuronal network was involved during propagation. Deactivations were also found during seizures, usually appearing after the first activation in areas close or distant to the activated regions. Deactivations may correspond to actively inhibited regions or to functional disconnection from normally active regions. This new noninvasive approach should open the study of seizure generation and propagation mechanisms in the whole brain to groups of patients with focal epilepsies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Ictal onset localization of epileptic seizures by magnetoencephalography

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to localize the ictal onset zone of focal epileptic seizures by magnetoencephalography (MEG) and to compare the results with interictal MEG localizations, ictal and interictal electroencephalography (EEG) results and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in epilepsy surgery candidates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of 13 patients with partial seizures during MEG recording were analysed. Measurements were performed with a Magnes II dual unit system. RESULTS: In six of 13 cases, the ictal onset zone could be localized by MEG, with all interictal MEG findings being confirmed by ictal MEG results. In four cases, the ictal MEG localization results were corresponding to the ictal EEG localization results. In two cases, EEG yielded no comparable information. CONCLUSION: Ictal onset localization is feasible with MEG. Both interical and ictal MEG contribute valuable information to the presurgical assessment of epilepsy patients.     

Pathogenesis of epileptic seizures and epilepsy after stroke

Stroke is an important cause of seizures and epilepsy in adults, particularly among the elderly. The incidence of stroke increases yearly as life expectancy increases and the number of patients with post-stroke seizures and epilepsy is also rising. Post-stroke epilepsy accounts for nearly 50% of newly diagnosed epilepsy among patients over 60 years of age. With increasing stroke awareness and advanced treatments, increased attention is paid to post-stroke seizures and epilepsy including its diagnosis and treatment. There has been a plethora of research on the pathogenesis of seizures and epilepsy after stroke. And thus, the research advances in the pathogenesis and related therapeutic targets of post-stroke seizures and epilepsy will be reviewed in this article.     

Evoked and psychogenic epileptic seizures: II. Inhibition

The inhibition of seizure activity by behavioural methods is becoming more popular. Lockhart's monkey model of focal epilepsy suggests a theoretical approach to behavioural seizure inhibition. Behaviour, by changing the pattern of excitation and inhibition surrounding a focus, is thus able to inhibit seizure activity. This article describes single case studies in which the behavioural methods of cued arousal, covert desensitization and relaxation have brought about a decrease in seizure frequency.     

Late epileptic seizures after cerebral infarction

OBJECTIVES: To determine the profile of late epileptic seizures following cerebral infarcts and the predictive clinical and radiological factors associated with their development. METHODS: We compared 86 patients who developed late seizures after cerebral infarction with 285 similar patients who did not develop seizures for at least 1 year after their stroke. Patients who had seizures only at the onset of the stroke were excluded. Odds' ratios were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Simple partial, and mainly motor seizures, with or without secondary generalization, accounted for 80% of the classifiable seizures but it was not possible to determine the seizure type in half of the cases. Factors that appeared to be predictive of seizure development were the presence of large cortical infarcts and the presence of apparently preserved cerebral tissue within the infarcted area. Seizures were rare in patients with lacunar infarction but the presence of associated leukoaraiosis increased the risk. The risk was also increased in patients with other medical problems known to lower seizure threshold, such as renal failure.     

神经外科患者癫痫反复发作处理分析

目的 探讨神经外科患者出现癫痫反复发作的临床特点、处理原则与方法.方法 回顾性分析沈阳军区总医院神经外科自2011年1月至6月收治的9例癫痫反复发作患者的临床资料,分析其加重的原因、发作特点及治疗方法和结果.结果 9例患者中3例合并胶质瘤、1例蛛网膜囊肿、1例海绵状血管瘤、1例脑软化灶;7例有癫痫病史,2例既往无癫痫病史;7例为额叶癫痫,2例颞叶癫痫.癫痫发作加重的原因:减药3例,新诊断的脑肿瘤2例,手术(颅内电极置入术)1例,原因不明3例.癫痫发作类型包括部分性发作与全面性发作,发作频率从间隔3min至间隔数小时发作一次.患者经给予多种抗癫痫药物联合用药治疗,包括口服与注射给药,癫痫得到控制,其中添加左乙拉西坦口服有较好的疗效.结论 神经外科患者出现癫痫反复发作多呈药物难治性,发作不易控制,其处理应使用对部分性癫痫发作有较好疗效的多种抗癫痫药物联合用药,剂量应高于常规初始剂量,包括静脉注射及肌注给药,以尽快控制癫痫发作.左乙拉西坦因口服吸收快、起效迅速及有较好的抗癫痫作用,对癫痫反复发作有较好的疗效.     

Eight years follow-up of a generalized epilepsy patient with eating-induced late-onset epileptic spasms and atypical absence with myoclonic jerks

PurposeEating epilepsy was previously known as a kind of focal reflex epilepsy. However, the development of eating-induced multiple generalized seizures and the associated EEG changes were rarely reported. Herein, we present a 13-year-old generalized epilepsy patient with eating-induced generalized seizures since the age of 5.Case presentationThe 13-year-old male patient had suffered from late-onset eating-induced epileptic spasms during the meal since the age of 5. Meanwhile, he also experienced spontaneous epileptic spasms during the period of sleep. The seizure frequency and type gradually increased from 7 years of age. In addition to epileptic spasms, he started experiencing atypical absence with myoclonic jerks during the meal. Ictal EEG presented as the appearance of an irregular slow-wave mixed with generalized polyspike wave with the intake of food, and gradually evolved to bursts of generalized polyspike wave complexes. At the end of the meal, the EEG returned to normal. Nevertheless, at the age of 13, his seizure frequency increased and appeared new seizure type, and besides epileptic spasm and atypical absence, he began to experience myoclonic seizure during sleep and awaking-generalized tonic-clonic seizure in the morning. In this period he started taking valproic acid, topiramate and clonazepam, and his seizure frequency was reduced.ConclusionIn conclusion, this case demonstrated the variability of eating induced multiple generalized seizure types, and eight years follow-up also indicates that generalized epilepsy progressed with age. The EEG and clinical changes of our patient contribute to a better understanding of the electro-clinical features of eating-induced multiple generalized seizures and the course of generalized epilepsy with such seizures.     

Lowering the extracellular potassium concentration elicits epileptic activity in neocortical tissue of epileptic patients

The increase in the extracellular potassium concentration ([K(+)](o)) is a well-established model of epilepsy (the so-called high potassium model). Therefore, it is generally accepted that for the prevention of abnormal excitability and seizure generation, increases of [K(+)](o) must be avoided. In this paper, however, we show that on the contrary, a reduction of [K(+)](o) also elicits epileptic activity in brain slices of man.