后循环缺血患者脑血管病变的特点

目的探讨后循环缺血患者脑血管病变的特点。方法对74例后循环缺血患者进行CT血管成像(CTA)检查,分析血管病变的部位、性质和程度。结果本组74例后循环缺血患者中61例(82.4%)被CTA证实有血管病变。其中,血管动脉粥样硬化病变8例(10.8%),血管狭窄38例(51.4%),血管纤细22例(29.7%),血管发育不良12例(16.2%)。单纯前循环血管病变7例(9.5%),单纯后循环血管病变21例(28.4%),前后循环均有血管病变例33例(44.6%);前循环血管病变以颈内动脉颅外段狭窄为主,后循环血管病变以椎动脉颅外段和大脑后动脉病变最为多见;前、后循环血管病变狭窄程度均以重度为主。结论后循环缺血患者的主要血管病变部位在椎动脉颅外段和大脑后动脉,其次为颈内动脉颅外段;最常见的病变性质是动脉粥样硬化和血管狭窄,且以重度狭窄最为多见。     

400例缺血性脑梗死患者数字减影全脑血管造影分析

目的 分析缺血性脑梗死患者的脑血管病因和病变血管的分布情况.方法 回顾性分析400例缺血性脑梗死数字减影全脑血管造影(DSA)结果,分析脑梗死的血管病因,并对动脉粥样硬化脑梗死者总结分析动脉病变的部位、分布及血管狭窄形态.结果 脑血管造影结果提示88.25％缺血性脑梗死患者为不同程度的动脉粥样硬化引起血管狭窄或闭塞(353例),此外11.75％缺血性脑梗死患者病因是由于动脉夹层、Moyamoya病、椎基底动脉扩张延长症、鼻咽癌放疗后脑动脉病变、血管迂曲、微血管病变等原因引起.353例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死中单纯前循环血管受累(45.61％)明显多于单纯后循环血管受累(34.27％),P＜0.01;前循环脑梗死中以颈内动脉(56.6％)和大脑中动脉(26.4％)受累最常见;后循环脑梗死中以椎动脉病变(33.0％)最多见.结论 脑血管造影显示缺血性脑梗死患者有最常见病因是动脉粥样硬化脑血管狭窄或闭塞,占88.25％.前循环脑梗死患者血管病变以颈内动脉起始部病变和大脑中动脉病变多见,后循环脑梗死中以椎动脉动脉病变多见.颅外血管狭窄以颈内动脉颅起始部和椎动脉起始部多见,颅内血管狭窄以大脑中动脉和椎动脉颅内段多见.     

106例缺血性脑血管病患者全脑血管造影分析

目的分析缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄的分布。方法对我院实施DSA检查的106例缺血性脑血管病的结果进行分析,均经头颅CT排除脑出血,TCD及颈动脉彩超检查后怀疑有动脉狭窄的缺血性脑血管病。所有患者均实施选择性全脑血管造影术,椎动脉和颈动脉均有正侧位血管造影像;根据患者的DSA检查结果,分析动脉狭窄的部位、受累血管数目及血管狭窄形态;重度狭窄的病例予以支架治疗和球囊成型术。结果血管造影结果提示89.6%患者有不同程度的血管狭窄或闭塞,其中75.5%为前循环受累,37.7%为后循环受累。前循环受累血管中以颈内动脉(56.6%)和大脑中动脉(26.4%)受累最常见,后循环受累血管中以椎动脉(33.0%)最多见。支架治疗和球囊成型术临床疗效显著。结论缺血性脑血管病造影显示大部分患者有肯定的脑血管狭窄和闭塞。脑梗死患者血管病变以颈内动脉病变为主,椎基底动脉供血不足亦以颈内动脉病变多见,支架治疗和球囊成型可作为重度狭窄的治疗方法。     

203例急性脑梗死患者脑供血动脉分布特点与分析

目的运用数字减影血管造影(Digital subtraction angiography DSA)技术,探讨急性脑梗死患者脑供血动脉狭窄的特点及侧枝循环代偿情况。方法回顾性分析203例急性脑梗死患者的DSA检查结果,明确脑供血动脉狭窄发生率、狭窄部位、程度及侧枝循环建立情况。结果 203例患者中发现单纯颅内动脉狭窄78例(43.09%),单纯颅外动脉狭窄46例(25.41%),颅内、颅外动脉均存在狭窄者57例(31.49%)。198处颅内动脉狭窄中,大脑中动脉狭窄72处(36.55%);214处颅外动脉狭窄中,颈内动脉颅外段狭窄77处(35.98%),椎动脉颅外段狭窄71处(33.18%)。分析可能引起同一侧枝循环途径的病变共174处,发现侧枝循环118例,Willis环代偿所占比例较高,其次为软脑膜吻合支。重度狭窄及闭塞组侧枝循环代偿发生率明显高于轻、中度狭窄组(P<0.05)。结论急性脑梗死患者颅内动脉狭窄发生率高于颅外,颅内动脉狭窄好发于大脑中动脉,颅外动脉狭窄好发于颈内动脉颅外段及椎动脉颅外段。侧枝循环途径以Willis环最常见,软脑膜吻合支次之,严重的脑供血动脉狭窄更易发生侧枝循环代偿。     

中青年与老年脑梗死患者脑动脉狭窄分布的DSA分析

目的应用数字减影血管造影对中青年与老年脑梗死患者脑动脉狭窄的分布特征进行分析。方法选择脑梗死患者86例,根据患者年龄分为中青年组（年龄〈60岁）48例,老年组（年龄≥60岁）患者38例,应用数字减影血管造影技术（DSA）对患者脑动脉病变血管狭窄程度及分布进行分析。结果 1老年组患者在颅外动脉病变以及前循环狭窄发生率明显高于中青年组（P〈0.05）,而颅内动脉病变以及后循环狭窄发生率却明显低于中青年组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,在脑血管病变及颅内外动脉同时受累发生率上,两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;2中青年组最常见为重度狭窄,发生率高于轻度及中度狭窄（P〈0.05）,好发部位为椎动脉开口处,发生率高于颈内动脉起始段及大脑中动脉MI段（P〈0.05）;老年组最常见为重度狭窄（P〈0.05）,好发部位为椎动脉开口处及颈内动脉起始段,发生率高于大脑中动脉MI段（P〈0.05）。结论中青年患者最常受累血管为颅内血管,病变发生部位多以椎动脉起始处居多;老年患者最常受累血管为颅外血管,最常受累血管为椎动脉起始处及颈内动脉。     

110例脑梗死患者的全脑数字减影血管造影的临床研究

目的探讨脑梗死患者与颅内-颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞的关系及其临床意义。方法选择符合脑梗死诊断标准的110例患者行全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,对颈内动脉系统脑梗死(ICA-CI)和椎-基动脉系统脑梗死(VB-CI)患者的颅内-颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞进行分析比较。结果 110例脑梗死患者中85例(77.27%)有动脉狭窄或闭塞。其中25例(22.73%)为单纯颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞,41例(37.27%)为单纯颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞,19例(17.27%)为颅内-颅外段动脉多发性狭窄或闭塞。DSA共检出动脉狭窄或闭塞173支,颅外动脉段狭窄或闭塞65支(37.57%),颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞108支(62.43%)。颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞发生率(62.43%)明显高于颅外段动脉(37.57%)。颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞的好发部位依次为:颈内动脉颅外段26支(15.03%),椎动脉颅外段19支(10.98%),颈总动脉14支(8.09%),锁骨下动脉6支(3.47%)。颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞的好发部位依次为:大脑中动脉37支(21.39%),颈内动脉颅内段25支(14.45%),椎动脉颅内段18支(10.40%),大脑后动脉11支(6.36%),大脑前动脉9支(5.20%),基底动脉8支(4.62%)。ICA-CI组单纯颅外段动脉狭窄或闭塞高于VB-CI组(P<0.05),ICA-CI组单纯颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞高于VB-CI组(P<0.01),ICA-CI组颅内-颅外段动脉多发狭窄或闭塞低于VB-CI组(P<0.05)。ICA-CI组单纯颅内段动脉狭窄或闭塞高于单纯颅外段动脉窄或闭塞,VB-CI组单纯颅内动脉段狭窄或闭塞高于单纯颅外动脉段狭窄或闭塞(P<0.05)。动脉狭窄及粥样硬化斑块与年龄、高血压、低血压、糖尿病、高甘油三酯(TG)、高总胆固醇(TC)、高低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、冠心病、肥胖、吸烟、酗洒有密切关系(均P<0.05)。结论 DSA检查有助于脑梗死患者的颅内-颅外段主要供血动脉狭窄与闭塞诊断,对脑梗死的治疗有重要指导作用。     

临床颈动脉系统TIA患者的脑血管造影分析

目的:以数字减影脑血管造影为手段,分析颈动脉系统TIA患者脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞的分布、程度以及侧枝循环建立情况。方法:颈动脉系统TIA患者70例均行脑血管造影检查,包括主动脉弓上造影及至少双侧颈总及锁骨下动脉四根血管造影。明确有无脑供血动脉的狭窄、狭窄的位置、程度及侧枝循环情况。结果:62例患者存在脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞,共检出病变132处,轻度狭窄40处(30.3%),中度狭窄34处(25.8%),重度39处(29.5%),闭塞19处(14.4%)。可判断责任血管者58例(85.0%):单纯前循环45例,前后循环联合病变有13例。以颈内动脉狭窄80处为对象,研究颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的侧枝循环情况。汇总邻近可能引起同一侧枝循环通路的病变,共分析病变58处,发现合并侧枝的病变有23处,有侧支数量36处。各种侧支循环中,Willis环出现频度最高,包括前交通代偿13处和后交通代偿5处。其次为软膜血管代偿13处。结论:颈动脉系统TIA患者,颅外血管病变多于颅内血管病变。责任血管不单纯是在前循环,还可以是前后循环联合病变。颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞最常见的侧枝循环是Wlliis环和软脑膜血管,严重的脑供血动脉狭窄更易引发侧枝循环建立。     

后循环缺血的磁共振血管成像探讨

目的探讨后循环缺血(PCI)患者的危险因素及MRA表现。方法对128例后循环缺血患者进行头颅MRA、TCD、颈动脉多普勒超声等检查,分析血管病变程度及部位与后循环缺血的关系。结果 84例有不同程度的血管狭窄,其中59例椎动脉狭窄,16例一侧椎动脉纤细,21例大脑后动脉狭窄,基底动脉狭窄4例,同时又有颈内动脉狭窄42例,分别为颈内动脉起始段、大脑中动脉起始段、大脑前动脉起始段。结论 MRA是检测后循环缺血简便、快捷、无创、有效的方法。     

炎症对颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞影响的临床研究

目的筛查颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的危险因素,探讨炎症对颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞部位的影响。方法纳入2018年9月至2019年4月诊断与治疗的100例大动脉粥样硬化型急性缺血性卒中病例,测定血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,参照北美症状性颈动脉内膜切除术试验标准判断颅内外动脉狭窄程度并分为重度狭窄/闭塞组或对照组以及不同亚组;单因素和多因素后退法Logistic回归分析筛查颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的危险因素。结果 Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病(OR=11.092,95%CI:2.288～53.774;P=0.003)和血清hs-CRP(OR=1.553,95%CI:1.184～2.036;P=0.001)是急性缺血性卒中患者颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的危险因素。亚组分析显示,颅内动脉病变(49例)、颅外动脉病变(11例)与颅内合并颅外动脉病变(12例;H=0.652,P=0.722),前循环病变(37例)、后循环病变(18例)与前循环合并后循环病变(17例;H=0.283,P=0.868),单支血管病变(41例)与多支血管病变(31例;Z=-0.530,P=0.596)各亚组患者血清hs-CRP水平差异均无统计学意义,不同责任血管病变亚组(大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉、基底动脉、椎动脉颅内段、颈内动脉颅内段、颈动脉颅外段、椎动脉颅外段、锁骨下动脉)患者血清hs-CRP水平升高比例差异亦无统计学意义(χ~2=2.628,P=0.917)。结论血清hs-CRP可以作为颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的炎性预测因子。但炎症对颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞部位和病变数目无明显影响,对不同血管的作用机制可能相似。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者颅内外动脉狭窄分布特征的分析

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者颅内外动脉狭窄的分布特征。方法对178例TIA患者进行全脑血管造影(DSA)检查,分析脑动脉颅内动脉狭窄、颅外动脉狭窄的发生率及其分布情况。结果在178例TIA患者中,124例(69.66%)存在脑动脉狭窄或闭塞,其中前循环动脉狭窄或闭塞50例(40.32%)、后循环为44例(35.48%)、前后循环均有病变为30例(24.19%);颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞29例(23.39%),颅外动脉为72例(58.06%),颅内、外动脉均有病变为23例(18.55%)。发现狭窄血管共237支,其中单支血管病变58例、多支血管病变66例。颅外血管狭窄以颈内动脉颅外段最多为81支,颅内血管狭窄以椎动脉颅内段最多为41支。结论 TIA患者常伴有脑血管狭窄,准确地评价患者脑动脉狭窄的分布情况及其程度,为临床提供了诊治依据。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.