10年胆道再手术的临床分析

目的：对胆道再手术的原因，治疗方法及疗效进行综合评价。以避免或减少再手术的发生和次数。方法：总结南开医院1990－1999年收治的外科病人中各类胆道病人治疗后的再次胆道手术病例，从胆道疾病手术后再次手术的原因，处理方法及治疗效果等方面进行系统的分析比较，结果：10年间胆道再手术病人828例，胆道再手术原因以残余和（或）再生结石为多，占73．43％，其它依次为Oddi括约肌狭窄，胆管炎性狭窄，胆肠吻合口狭窄，损伤性狭窄和肿瘤等。多次再手术的主要原因是胆管和胆肠吻合口良性狭窄，再手术方式以不同形式的胆道成形及内引流为主，38．77％的病人因胆总管结石和（或）Oddi括约肌狭窄行单纯EST及网篮取石术，胆道再手术病死率3．87％。结论：（1）胆道再手术主要原因是胆管结石。（2）多次胆道再手术的原因则以胆管和胆肠吻合口狭窄为主。（3）胆道再手术以清除结石，纠正胆管狭窄和建立通畅引流为原则。     

联合手术治疗高位胆管狭窄及结石

本文报告了采用联合手术治疗高位胆管狭窄及结石１３７例的手术经验。其中８９例既往有１～４次胆道手术史，１１例为胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ─Ｙ术后再手术。全组行肝叶（段）切除６７例，胆管狭窄切开整形、大口径胆肠吻合１３４例，手术死亡率０．７３％，残石率５．１％，效果优良者为９４．８７％。文中讨论了影响手术疗效的原因；肝叶切除在治疗高位胆管狭窄及结石的地位和作用；高位胆管狭窄的矫正方法；胆肠吻合的要点。强调联合多种术式才能提高本病的远期疗效。     

良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术临床分析

目的 探讨良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术的原因和再手术的方法.方法 回顾性分析良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后28例再次手术患者的临床资料.文中数据统计分析计量资料采用t检验,多因素分析采用Stepwise logistic回归分析.结果 再次手术原因为残余结石合并胆管狭窄10例,单纯吻合口狭窄11例,胆管狭窄6例,吻合口漏和十二指肠漏1例.再手术方式为:肝叶或肝段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术18例,肝正中裂劈开+胆肠Roux-en.Y吻合术5例,右半肝切除术1例,吻合口狭窄段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例,腹腔引流+十二指肠造瘘+空肠造瘘术1例,胆管切开取石+T管引流术2例,术后发生并发症13例.结论 胆道再手术病情复杂,手术难度高,详细了解病情和正确的手术方式是良性胆管狭窄再手术成功的关键.     

胆道再次手术(胆肠吻合)的指征及术式选择

由于胆道结石复发、瘢痕狭窄以及感染等原因，胆道手术后须再次手术治疗的病人远多于腹部其他脏器须行再次手术者。多数情况下再次手术是处理胆道手术后的并发症，少数情况下是有意识安排的分期手术。胆道手术后早期出现出血、胆漏（瘘）、胆汁性腹膜炎或黄疸，需要早期再次手术。肝、胆、胰手术后远期还会出现一些并发症，如胆管良性狭窄、胆肠吻合口狭窄、胆管炎、阻塞性黄疸、胆管复发结石或残留结石、胆瘘、胆源性胰腺炎。黄志强统计4197例肝内胆管结石病人，以往曾有1次以上胆道手术史者占37．14％（1559例）。     

胆道镜微创技术联合常规手术治疗肝胆管结石合并狭窄

目的探讨肝胆管结石及狭窄常规手术治疗结合胆道镜微创技术以改善疗效、降低手术残石率及最终残石率的方法。方法对1981年11月～2004年12月收治的1076例肝胆管结石合并胆管狭窄的患者分别在术前、术中、术后采用胆道镜治疗（包括膜状狭窄胆管的扩张治疗），并根据术中胆道镜探查结果指导手术方式。手术分别采用或组合应用肝门部胆管切开成型术、肝叶切除术（包括肝叶、肝段、契形、不规则切除术）、肝实质切开取石术、胆肠吻合术（含皮下空肠盲襻）、肝内胆管引流术、肝内外胆管U形管引流术、胆总管T管引流术等术式。术后采用胆道镜取除残石、术后胆道镜介入下微创技术包括等离子体冲击波碎石、狭窄胆管球囊导管扩张、狭窄胆管微波切开治疗等。结果对带有T管的拟手术的4例肝内外胆管广泛结石患者，术前应用胆道镜治疗，手术费时少，术后较早拔除了T管。应用术中胆道镜，取除残留结石、扩张膜状狭窄胆管、指导术式选择，使手术残石率由78．0％（409／524）降低为24．4％（128／524）。术后经胆道镜取石治疗，最终残石率为2．4％（26／1076），其中17例胆管狭窄，经胆道镜球囊导管扩张治疗，狭窄胆管均有不同程度的扩张；15例胆管狭窄，经胆道镜微波切开治疗，狭窄得以解除；25例巨大的或嵌顿性残石，经胆道镜等离子体冲击波碎石，结石取净。结论肝胆管结石及狭窄常须手术联合胆道镜微创技术才能达到理想的疗效。术中胆道镜的应用有利于手术方法的正确选择，既可有效减少手术残石，又能减少手术创伤；术后胆道镜及胆道镜介入下的微创治疗直接关系到肝胆管结石及胆管狭窄的最终治疗效果，应争取常规应用。     

胆管空肠吻合联合空肠盲袢固定标记在复发肝胆管结石治疗中应用研究

目的 探讨胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合联合腹膜下空肠盲袢固定标记法在肝胆管结石病术后及其伴随的胆管狭窄治疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2017年12月在北京大学第一医院接受胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合联合腹膜下空肠盲袢固定标记术的113例肝胆管结石病病人的临床资料。并对术后经肠袢胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石和狭窄的情况进行总结。结果 113例病人全部完成胆肠吻合及盲袢固定标记术并在术后行胆道镜检查，其中79例行胆道镜取石治疗；49例行胆道镜下球囊扩张肝内胆管狭窄，7例发现有术后近期吻合口狭窄而行球囊扩张，71例证实结石取净或狭窄缓解后结束治疗。16例在治疗结束后因肝内胆管结石复发而在局麻下打开空肠盲袢，其中15例顺利完成再次治疗。结论 空肠盲袢固定标记法便于在胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合后进一步治疗肝内胆管结石及狭窄，并使多数复发病例避免了再次开放手术，对于易复发的肝胆管结石病是一种可供选择的治疗方法。     

胆肠吻合口狭窄再次手术的处理

目的 探讨胆肠吻合口狭窄再次手术的处理方式及预防要点。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2022年3月无锡市第二人民医院实施再次手术治疗的13例胆肠吻合口狭窄患者的病例资料。13例中12例有胆管结石伴胆管炎发作病史,另1例为腹腔镜下胰十二指肠切除术后早期梗阻性黄疸。其中8例行开腹胆肠吻合口重建,2例行ERCP下胆肠吻合口扩张术,2例行腹腔镜下胆肠吻合口重建,1例行PTCD下胆道扩张治疗。结果 本组患者经过治疗后黄疸、腹痛、胆道感染等症状均得到缓解,术后恢复良好并顺利出院。13例患者术后随访至2022年10月,其中12例患者术后无胆管炎及肝内胆管结石复发,1例合并胆管腺癌患者术后6个月因肿瘤进展死亡。结论 胆管结石复发是胆肠吻合口狭窄的最常见原因。胆肠吻合口拆除重建、经皮经肝胆管介入治疗和经内镜行ERCP治疗都是治疗胆肠吻合口狭窄的重要手术方式。初次手术实施规范化胆肠吻合术的是预防狭窄的重点。一旦出现胆肠吻合口狭窄,需要制定个体化的治疗方案。     

胆道再手术原因分析：附828例报告

目的:分析导致再次胆道手术的原因，以期减少胆道再手术率。方法:总结1990—1999年间收治的再次胆道手术患者828例的临床资料，对胆道疾病再次手术的原因进行归类分析。结果:再手术的主要原因是结石复发或残留，占65.10%;结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄占33.82%;单纯Oddi括约肌狭窄占9.54%;胆管损伤性狭窄和胆肠吻合口狭窄占10.39%;胆道系统肿瘤占6.52%。结论:胆道再手术的主要原因仍以结石复发或残留为主，其次为Oddi括约肌狭窄;损伤性胆管狭窄等与手术有关的因素不容忽视。减少胆道再次手术的关键在于初次手术的彻底性和手术方法的合理性。     

再次胆肠吻合术的围手术期处理

目的 探讨多次胆道手术后胆肠吻合术的围手术期处理方法。方法 回顾分析经治的102例病人的临床资料，总结取得的临床经验。结果 102例中男性4l例，女性6l例，年龄在17—77岁，平均年龄47岁。胆囊切除术后胆肠吻合术24例，胆囊切除、胆总管探查后胆肠吻合术39例，二次胆肠吻合术33例，三次胆肠吻合术6例。多次手术后需要再次行胆肠吻合术的原因主要为胆道狭窄和结石，主要表现为腹痛及黄疸，二次及三次胆肠吻合术病人多为中年人，再次手术的原因多数与首次手术不当有关。全部病例经过积极的术前准备施行了胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术，部分病例加行肝方叶或肝左外叶切除术，术后部分病例出现了切口感染、肺炎、消化道出血等并发症，但均获得了成功救治。结论 明确既往手术史，应用CT、MRCP、PTC、ERCP、B超等手段明确肝内外胆道影像，纠正肝功能及出凝血功能是术前处理的要点；沿肝脏脏面解剖游离出胆管，切开肝纤维板或切除肝方叶显露及整形二、三级胆管，形成尽可能大的吻合口，清除肝内结石或切除充满结石的肝脏左外叶是术中处理的要点；调控好肝脏及出凝血功能，通畅胆道引流，防治各种感染是术后处理的关键。     

胆肠吻合术再次手术的原因及诊治方法

目的探讨胆肠吻合术再手术的原因、诊断及处理方法。方法回顾分析我院从2003年6月~2013年6月53例胆肠吻合术后再次手术患者的临床资料。结果在53例患者中,胆道囊肿未完全切除5例;吻合口及胆道狭窄46例,其中单纯性胆道狭窄35例,合并吻合口、胆管结石11例,胆管恶性病变(含恶变倾向)2例。53例患者再次手术均以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为主,术后恢复良好,症状均得到解决,随访6个月~2年。结论胆肠吻合术再手术的原因以原发病灶去除不彻底、吻合口及胆道狭窄、初次手术的方式不当为主,处理的原则是"去除病灶、解除梗阻、通畅引流",胆管空肠Roux-enY吻合术是很好的再次手术方式。     

Prognostic factors in the treatment of the bile duct injuries and strictures

To describe the prognostic factors after surgical reconstruction data. were collected prospectively on 60 patients treated at the Scientific Center of Surgery named after M.Topchubashov and N5 City Hospital with major bile duct injuries and postoperative bile duct strictures between 2000 and 2009. Of the 60 patients 21 had bile duct injuries, other 39 had postoperative strictures. In 15 of 53 patients with iatrogenic injury of bile ducts trauma was recognized and repaired intraoperatively. In 22 patients was early, in 16 patients delayed recognition of bile duct injury. Most of patients had undergone a choledocho (8) or hepaticojejunostomy (33) by Roux. External drainage of bile ducts was performed in 24 patients. Of the 60 patients undergoing surgical reconstruction, 47 hud completed treatment. Of patients who had completed treatment, 82,9% were considered to have a successful outcome (24 patients excellent, 15 patients - good results) without the need for follow-up invasive, diagnostic, or therapeutic interventional procedures. Patients with reconstruction after injury or stricture-without external drainage had a better overall outcome (92,9% successful outcome) than patients with drainage of bile ducts (68,4% successful outcome). Number of stents and length of postoperative stenting also were significant predictors of outcome. Type of operation (laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy) had nd significant influence on outcome. At the same time a successful outcome, without the need for biliary stents, was obtained in 87,5% of patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus 71,8% after open cholecystectomy.     

Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy: a reappraisal of its indications and results.

A critical evaluation is made of 131 patients submitted to choledocho or hepaticojejunostomy. The main indications for hepaticojejunostomy were iatrogenic strictures of CBD (60 patients), and choledocholithiasis with markedly dilated duct (41 patients). The overall mortality rate was 4% representing principally renal hepatic failure, bile peritonitis and bleeding. The complications following hepaticojejunostomy included only in one case biliary fistula which required reoperation. The long-term results of 80 patients available for a followup study were as follows: 63 patients (78.7%) were symptom-free at 2-13 years followup; 8 patients had brief episodes of cholangitis which responded to antibiotic and corticosteroid treatment; 9 patients required reoperation for stricture of anastomosis. These overall results are a strong argument for hepaticojejunostomy which, compared with choledochoduodenostomy, avoids the hazards of the so-called sump syndrome and of the reflux of enteric contents in the CBD. An increased incidence of peptic ulcer disease in the patients submitted to hepaticojejunostomy was not observed. In very high strictures and in reinterventions anastomosis between left hepatic duct and Roux-en-Y jejunal limb was carried out. The results achieved with this technique, which was performed in 26 patients, were about the same following hepaticojejunostomy.     

The Hepp-Couinaud approach to strictures of the bile ducts. I. Injuries, choledochal cysts, and pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE. The results of operative repair of benign strictures of the bile duct after cholecystectomy, right hemihepatectomy, vagotomy and antrectomy, choledochal cysts in adults, and chronic pancreatitis, with particular reference to the use of the Hepp technique for hilar strictures and without the use of transanastomotic tubal stenting, were analyzed in 44 patients. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA. End-to-side bilio-enteric anastomoses have been reported to be associated with restricturing and reoperation in 12% to 25% of cases and operative morbidity and mortality rates of 10% and 5% to 8%, respectively. Long-term transanastomotic tubal stenting is widely practiced in an attempt to prevent or diminish anastomotic stricturing. METHODS. The Hepp technique of wide, accurate, mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis between the left hepatic duct and a jejunal Roux loop was used in 28 patients with hilar bile duct strictures. The same technical principle of wide side-to-side anastomosis was used in most of the lower strictures. Patients have been observed for 1 to 14 years (median, 7 years). RESULTS. The operative mortality rate was 7% (3 patients), but only 2.4% (1 patient) in 41 noncirrhotic patients. Two patients who had undergone standard end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy required reoperation (Hepp procedures) for recurrent strictures. No recurrent strictures occurred with the use of the Hepp technique for hilar strictures or wide side-to-side anastomosis for lower strictures. None of these patients experienced episodes of ascending cholangitis. CONCLUSIONS. The Hepp approach provides a safe, durable, and highly effective solution to the problem of strictures of the bile duct, including hilar strictures. Transanastomotic tube stenting is not necessary.     

Right hepatic lobectomy for recurrent cholangitis after combined bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report of two cases

BACKGROUND: Bile duct injuries in combination with major vascular injuries may cause serious morbidity and may even require liver resection in some cases. We present two case studies of patients requiring right hepatic lobectomy after bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENTS: Two patients sustained combined major bile duct and hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgical management consisted of immediate hepaticojejunostomy with reconstruction of the artery in one patient and hepaticojejunostomy alone in the other patient. In both cases the initial postoperative course was uncomplicated. RESULTS: After 4 and 6 months both patients suffered recurrent cholangitis due to anastomotic stricture. Both developed secondary biliary cirrhosis and required right hepatic lobectomy with left hepaticojejunostomy. The patients remain well 31 months and 4.5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of bile duct reconstruction may be worse in the presence of combined biliary and vascular injuries than in patients with an intact blood supply of the bile ducts. We recommend arterial reconstruction when possible in early recognized injuries to prevent late strictures. Short-term follow-up is most important for early recognition of postoperative strictures and to avoid further complications such as secondary biliary cirrhosis.     

Translaparoscopic jejunal approach for benign stricture of Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy

Although the Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is the most common surgical procedure for the treatment of bile duct strictures, providing durable long-term results in most patients, when a stricture is present, the management is more difficult, and a reoperation generally will be proposed. However, balloon dilation and endoscopic stenting using the percutaneous transhepatic or transjejunal approach under fluoroscopic guidance have been suggested as the first step or even as definitive management in treating these patients. We present a case report of a patient with a benign biliary stricture as a consequence of a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, who was managed through a translaparoscopic jejunal approach because of an unfixed Roux-en-Y loop. In conclusion, we recommend this strategy as the first step for managing the restricture of Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in patients with an unfixed Roux-en-Y loop.     

Long term biliary access by modified hepaticojejunostomy for high bile duct stricture

Patients with recurrent high bile duct strictures pose special problems for management. Relief of obstruction by hepaticojejunostomy is usually possible but the standard technique does not permit long term access. Six patients with benign strictures involving hepatic ducts have been treated by a simple modification of hepaticojejunostomy retaining access for either balloon dilatation of intrahepatic strictures or investigation and treatment at a later stage if problems recur. Employing a longer than usual Roux-en-Y loop, the sutured anastomosis of right and left hepatic ducts is performed 10-15 cm from the free end of jejunum. Silastic tubes are placed into each hepatic duct crossing the anastomosis to exit from the free end of the jejunum which is closed around the tubes. The closed end of jejunum is buried in the peritoneum deep to linea alba and the tubes emerge in the epigastrium. Safe access is retained via the tubes. If the tubes are removed, a 'mini-lap' will expose the Roux loop for endoscopic or radiological access.     

Mechanisms of major biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the procedure of choice for surgical removal of the gallbladder. The most significant complication of this new technique is injury to the bile duct. Twelve cases of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed. Eight injuries were of a classic type: misidentification of the common duct for the cystic duct, resection of part of the common and hepatic ducts, and associated right hepatic arterial injury. Another injury was similar: clip ligation of the distal common duct with proximal ligation and division of the cystic duct, resulting in biliary obstruction and leakage. Three complications arose from excessive use of cautery or laser in the region of the common duct, resulting in biliary strictures. Evaluation of persistent diffuse abdominal pain led to the recognition of ductal injury in most patients. Ultimately, 10 patients required a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy to provide adequate biliary drainage. One patient had a successful direct common duct repair, and the remaining patient underwent endoscopic dilatation.     

Reconstructive surgery for ischemic-type lesions at the bile duct bifurcation after liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, morbidity, mortality, and clinical success rate of surgical reconstruction of the biliary system in patients with ischemic-type biliary lesions in their liver graft. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: After liver transplantation, strictures in the biliary tree with secondary sludge formation can occur in the absence of vascular problems. Jaundice, pruritus, and recurrent cholangitis are predominant clinical features leading to considerable morbidity. Interventional measures are the first-line treatment but are frequently only of transient success. Retransplantation is usually considered when interventional treatment is not effective. METHODS: Surgical exploration and reconstruction was performed in 17 patients with ischemic-type biliary strictures at a median of 2 years after liver transplantation. Findings during surgery, surgical strategies, and postsurgical courses are described. Clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters of cholestasis and liver function were analyzed in the postsurgical course. RESULTS: During surgery, all 17 patients were found to have strictures or sclerotic changes involving the hepatic bifurcation and extrahepatic bile duct. Sludge or stones were present in nine patients. In 14 patients with viable bile ducts proximal to the bifurcation, surgical reconstruction was performed by resection of the bifurcation and hepaticojejunostomy. In three patients with more extensive biliary destruction, portoenterostomy with or without peripheral hepatojejunostomy was performed. The prevalence rate of biliary infection at surgery was 93%; the predominant organisms were Candida and enterococci. The perioperative mortality rate was 0%. Clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters became normal or were considerably improved in 14 of 16 patients (88%). CONCLUSIONS: The hepatic bifurcation seems to be a predominant site for ischemic-type biliary changes after liver transplantation. Surgical treatment by resection of the bifurcation and reconstruction by high hepaticojejunostomy is a safe and highly effective approach leading to cure or persistent major improvement in most patients.     

Chirurgische Behandlung benigner Läsionen und Strikturen der Gallenwege

Benign strictures of the biliary ducts are treated surgically in 90% of cases. Usually they are caused by trauma to the choledochous duct during gallbladder operations. Younger patients are frequently affected and, particularly if the strictures go untreated, can suffer from secondary complications such as cholangitis or secondary biliary cirrhosis with the serious dangers of portal hypertension and even hepatic failure and death. Although immediate treatment by end-to-end anastomosis has sometimes been described, this method is reasonable only for smooth cuts to the choledochous duct. Good long-term results have been achieved in 86% of cases with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. In general, the best way to avoid complications is the all-important surgical maxim of correct indication for the primary operation. The best course is to limit the decision for surgery to symptomatic gallstones.