体外冲击波碎石治疗肾盏结石244例

目的：探讨体外冲击波碎石（ＥＳＷＬ）治疗肾盏结石的效果。方法：对ＥＳＷＬ治疗的肾盏结石２４４例（肾上盏结石５７例,肾中盏结石１８例及肾下盏结石１６９例）进行回顾性调查,ＥＳＷＬ后１个月及每６～１２个月行Ｘ线腹部平片或Ｂ超检查及临床随访。结果：肾上盏结石排净率为７３．７％,肾中盏结石为６１．１％,肾下盏结石为７８．７％。结论：ＣＳＷＬ仍是肾下盏结石的首选治疗方法。     

Prospective randomized comparison between superior calyceal access versus inferior calyceal access in PCNL for inferior calyceal stones with or without pelvic stones

The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of superior calyceal access versus inferior calyceal access for inferior calyceal calculi with or without pelvic calculi. A total of 100 patients with inferior calyceal calculi or inferior calyceal calculi with pelvic calculi were included in this prospective randomized study. In 50 patients (Group 1), a fluoroscopy-assisted superior calyceal puncture was made, and in other 50 patients (Group 2), access was obtained through a fluoroscopy-assisted inferior calyceal puncture. The stone-free rates, hemoglobin drop, operative duration, requirement for additional tracts, complications, and auxiliary procedures in the two groups were compared. Stone clearance rates and hemoglobin drop values were better in group 1, though they were not statistically significant. The mean operative duration, number of tracts required, and the relook procedure rate were significantly in favor of Group 1. Only one patient (2 %) in Group 1 developed hydropneumothorax related to supracostal puncture and required intercostal tube drainage. Superior calyceal puncture (supracostal or infracostal) provides favorable access to inferior calyceal stones, providing better and faster clearance with less requirement of secondary tracts and auxiliary procedures.     

微创经皮肾镜联合盏颈切开治疗小儿肾盏憩室

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜联合肾盏憩室盏颈切开术,治疗小儿肾盏憩室的临床疗效。方法回顾分析采用微创经皮肾镜联合肾盏憩室盏颈切开术,治疗小儿肾盏憩室6例患者的临床资料;采用B超定位引导穿刺目标肾盏,同时以柱状电极切开盏颈部狭窄;统计手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间以及术后并发症。结果 6例肾盏憩室患者均I期微创经皮肾镜成功进入目标肾盏,并行柱状电极切开盏颈部狭窄。手术时间为35～120 min,平均50 min;术中出血35～100 mL,平均45 mL,术后7～10 d出院。术后复查2例患者肾盏憩室消失,3例憩室明显缩小,1例憩室缩小不明显。结论微创经皮肾镜联合盏颈切开,治疗小儿肾盏憩室创伤小,安全、有效。     

Bacterial sepsis after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of calyceal diverticular stone

Most calyceal diverticula are asymptomatic but symptoms occur when there is urinary stasis leading to infection and calculi. Septic shock after ESWL of calyceal stone occurs rarely. A 24-year-old woman had septic shock due to after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of asymptomatic calyceal diverticular stone.     

酷似肾囊肿的肾盏憩室7例临床分析

目的 提高对临床表现酷似肾囊肿的肾盏憩室的认识,探讨其诊治方法.方法 报告7例经本院收治的肾盏憩室患者的临床资料,回顾性分析其临床特征及影像学表现.7例患者以腰部胀痛为主要表现者2例,5例无明显症状.术前超声检查均诊断为肾脏囊肿,2例患者静脉肾盂造影检查怀疑肾盏憩室,5例行增强CT并延迟扫描后确诊为肾盏憩室.分析所有患者临床资料并检索Pubmed和CBM数据库,对该疾病相关文献进行复习.结果 1例患者行保守治疗,1例按单纯囊肿行去顶手术后出现漏尿,后行肾部分切除术.5例成功行腹腔镜肾盏憩室切除术,术前放置输尿管导管并于术中通过导管注射美蓝帮助确定憩室开口.术后随访6～24个月,未发现憩室复发.结论 肾盏憩室临床上少见,容易误诊.静脉肾盂造影及增强CT扫描对诊断该病有较大帮助,特别是CT延迟扫描.腹腔镜肾盏憩室切除术治疗该病安全有效.     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石的方法和疗效。方法回顾总结22例采用B超引导微创经皮肾钬激光碎石取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石。结石长径大小1．5～2．5cm,平均（2．1士0．3）cm,其中多发结石3例,肾盏积水（2．0～2．8）cm,平均（2．6士0．2）cm。其中上组盏结石3例,中组盏5例;下组盏16例。黠杲22例患者全部全部取石成功,术后4～7d复查腹部平片未发现残留结石,拔出肾造漏管。未发生大出血等严重并发症。手术时间26～45min,平均（34．6±5．2）min。术后住院5～8d,平均（6．1士2．1）d。瞎论微刨经皮肾取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石安全、有效,适用于肾盏积水〉2cm、因解剖特点预期体外冲击波碎石效果不佳的肾盏结石患者。精准的经皮肾穿刺是成功的关键。     

Nierenkelchsteine

The natural course of untreated, asymptomatic calyceal calculi has not yet been clearly defined regarding disease progression and risk of surgical interventions. The decision for an active treatment of calyceal calculi is based on stone composition, stone size and symptoms. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has a low complication rate and is recommended by the current guidelines of the German (DGU) and European (EAU) Associations of Urology as a first-line therapy for the treatment of calyceal stones <2 cm in diameter. However, immediate removal of stones is not achieved with ESWL. The primary stone-free rates (SFR) after ESWL depend on stone location and stone composition and can show remarkable differences. Minimally invasive procedures, such as percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy and ureteroscopy are alternatives for the treatment of calyceal stones which have low morbidity and high primary SFR when performed in centres of excellence.     

Management of stones in calyceal diverticulum

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Congenital abnormities in urology are very common. These abnormalities include calyceal diverticula, which are frequently diagnosed as an incidental finding. Once symptomatic, calyceal diverticula have to be located by accurate imaging and then treated in an appropriate manner. RECENT FINDINGS: Possible methods of treatment in calyceal diverticula are generally the same as in other abnormalities of the kidney: extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, endoscopic procedures, percutaneous procedures, laparoscopy and open surgery. It is important to find the exact location of the stone-bearing diverticulum and various imaging techniques may be used for this purpose. Metabolic work-up remains important. SUMMARY: There is a strong trend towards endoscopical and laparoscopical treatment in renal abnormalities such as calyceal diverticula. A combination of these two methods seems to be appropriate in some cases.     

Calyceal stones: Fate of shock wave therapy with respect to stone localization

In a retrospective analysis the results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment were evaluated in patients with renal stones according to calyceal localization of treated stones. The 198 patients who underwent ESWL with the Dornier MPL 9000 were analyzed for success rate, complication rate, residual fragments, regrowth and recurrence rates. Totally 210 calyceal calculi located in different portions of the kidney have been comparatively evaluated. No major complications were noted during or after ESWL. Some minor complications such as flank pain, renal colic, haematuria were observed. Flank pain was observed during ESWL treatment especially in patients with upper calyceal stones. Although stone-free and residual fragment rates were similar in pelvic, upper and middle calyces, patients with lower calyceal and pelvicalyceal stones had high residual fragment rate and lower stone-free rate. Patients with stones in the lower calyces or pelvicalyces had high recurrence and regrowth rates (p<0.05). ESWL has been considered as the optimal treatment modality for most upper urinary tract calculi. It is especially effective in patients with pelvic, upper and middle calyceal stones. Patients with lower calyceal stones often failed to eliminate the fragments, hence had high recurrence and regrowth rates.     

Upper pole access for complex lower pole renal calculi

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of superior pole access for complex lower pole calyceal calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 102 patients with complex inferior calyceal calculi were included in a prospective unrandomized study. Complex inferior calyceal calculi were defined as multiple calculi in two or more inferior calyces of the lower polar group, with each calyx draining through a separate infundibulum and at an acute angle to each other. In 33 patients (32%; group 1) an inferior calyceal puncture was made and in 69 (68%; group 2) access was obtained through a superior calyceal puncture. The stone-free rates, decrease in haemoglobin, operative duration, requirement for additional tracts and second procedures in the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Stone clearance rates and blood loss values were better in group 2, although they were not significantly different. The mean operative duration, number of tracts required and the re-look procedure rate was significantly less in group 2. Two patients (3%) in group 2 had hydrothorax related to supracostal puncture and required chest tube insertion. CONCLUSIONS: Superior calyceal puncture (supracostal or infracostal) affords optimum access to complex inferior calyceal stones, providing faster and better clearance with a single puncture, and less requirement for second-look procedures.     

Effect of partial nephrectomy on calyceal and pelvic peristalsis in the isolated pig kidney

Ureteral peristalsis begins at the border between the major calyces and their minor calyces in the multicalyceal kidneys like those in the pig and human. The urologists often perform partial nephrectomy. But there has been no report on the impairment of calyceal and pelvic peristalsic function after partial nephrectomy. Therefore the objective of this study was to explore experimentally the effect of partial nephrectomy on the calyceal and pelvic peristalsis by electroomyographic tracing from the renal calyces, pelvis and ureter in isolated pig kidneys after successive resection of major calyces. Calyceal and pelvic peristalsis remained normal under the control of calyceal pacemaker as long as at least one of the upper, middle and lower major calyces of isolated pig kidney is intact. The observed facts suggest importance of the calyceal system as a pacemaker for maintaining normal ureteral peristalsis.     

The pathogenesis of calyceal diverticular calculi

Controversy exists over whether metabolic factors or urinary stasis predominate in the pathogenesis of calyceal diverticular calculi. We performed a study to better define the effects urinary stasis and metabolic abnormalities have in the pathogenesis of calyceal diverticular stones. Twenty-nine patients who underwent percutaneous treatment of calyceal diverticular calculi were studied. All patients underwent 24 h urine collection to evaluate metabolic risk factors. In three patients, urine was sampled directly from the diverticulum for metabolic studies. The urinary stone risk parameters of the patients with calyceal diverticular stones (Tic SF) were similar to those of a well-characterized cohort of calcium oxalate stone formers (CaOx SF). When compared to a group of normal people, the Tic SF and CaOx SF were significantly more hypercalciuric and their urine was significantly more supersaturated with calcium oxalate. Urine aspirated directly from the diverticulum had the lowest SSCaOx when compared to ipsilateral and contralateral renal pelves. The urinary risk profiles of patients with diverticular calculi are similar to those of CaOx SF, suggesting a metabolic etiology of diverticular stones. However, the SS CaOx of urine aspirated directly from the diverticula is significantly lower than that of the renal pelves; these data support the hypothesis that urinary stasis significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of calyceal diverticular calculi. Taken together, it seems likely that calyceal diverticular calculi arise from a combination of metabolic abnormalities and urinary stasis.     

Percutaneous displacement of calyceal calculi. Adjunct to percutaneous nephrolithotripsy

Two cases are presented of successful percutaneous removal of adherent calyceal calculi which were initially inaccessible for removal with the rigid nephroscope. In each case, the calculus was dislodged from the calyceal wall by the direct force of a needle introduced percutaneously against the stone. In the first patient, a wedged calyceal calculus was dislodged percutaneously and manipulated into the renal pelvis the day before extraction using the rigid nephroscope. In the second patient, the adherent calculus was dislodged percutaneously at the same time of endoscopic removal. In both patients, prior carbon dioxide pyelography was helpful in determining the optimum direction for advancing the needle against the calculus. Percutaneous stone dislodgement technique is a useful adjunct to percutaneous nephroscopic removal of the difficult calyceal calculus.     

经皮肾镜取石联合肾盏颈切开术治疗肾盏憩室结石的疗效分析

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石联合钬激光肾盏憩室颈切开术治疗肾盏憩室结石的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2016年3月本院泌尿外科收治的21例肾盏憩室结石患者的临床资料,在B超引导下穿刺结石所在的肾盏憩室,碎石取石后并以钬激光切开憩室颈口,术后留置肾造屡管及双J管。结果21例患者均采用一期单通道碎石,并切开肾盏颈口。手术时间为35~112(50.0±16.3)min;术中出血30~250(52.0±2.3)mL。无大出血或周围脏器损伤等严重并发症发生,无中转开放手术病例,结石清除率为90.5%(19/21),随访3~12个月,所有患者憩室消失或变小。结论经皮肾镜取石联合肾盏颈切开术治疗肾盏憩室结石创伤小、并发症少,效果确切。     

Effect of lower infundibulopelvic angle, lower infundibulum diameter and inferior calyceal length on stone formation

The effect of anatomical factors such as lower infundibulopelvic angle (LIPA), lower infundibulum diameter (LID) and inferior calyceal length (ICL) on renal stone formation was investigated. These parameters were measured from noncalculous kidneys of 40 healthy kidney donors. The same parameters from 119 patients with single, unilateral, nonobstructive lower calyceal stone were also measured. LID and ICL were significantly higher in calculous kidneys when compared to the control group. On the other hand, the difference between the LIPA of the two groups was not significant. It is concluded that LID and ICL could be good indices in determining lower calyceal stone formation. Copyright Copyright 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel     

肾盏憩室的外科诊治(附35例报告)

目的：探讨肾盏憩室的外科诊断及治疗选择。方法：回顾性分析35例肾盏憩室患者的临床资料，其中保守治疗11例，体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗9例，手术治疗15例。结果：29例获得11—26个月随访，9例ESWL治疗者3例有效，15例手术治疗者中有1例憩室结石复发。结论：诊断主要依靠X线检查。症状无或轻微者可保守治疗；若并发结石且症状明显或反复发作，憩室直径＜1．5cm、拒绝手术者行ESWL；憩室直径＞2．5cm或估计憩室开口封闭者宜选择手术治疗。     

Calyceal diverticula. Ureteroscopic management

In selected cases, RIRS management of calyceal diverticula and its related problems has been shown to be more efficacious than ESWL monotherapy and avoids the potential complications and discomfort of percutaneous and laparoscopic procedures. The advent of the Holmium laser energy source, with innovations such as the flexible ureteroscope and the tipless stone basket, have expanded the role of RIRS in the management of calyceal diverticula and associated problems. Presently, RIRS is the initial treatment choice for the management of low to moderate stone burdens that are contained in calyceal diverticula or trapped behind any narrowed intrarenal segment (e.g., infundibular stenosis). If repair of the stenotic segment is not successful, thereby excluding stone treatment, then under the same anesthesia, the patient undergoes a percutaneous antegrade renal surgery. The authors feel that the percutaneous approach as a first choice is more suitable for posteriorly located diverticula with a large stone burden. In selected cases of anteriorly located diverticula with large stone burdens, the laparoscopic approach is more expedient.     

超声引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾盏憩室结石7例报告

目的：评价经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统治疗肾盏憩室结石的疗效和安全性。方法：2007年2月～2009年1月应用超声引导下经皮肾微造瘘气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾盏憩室结石患者7例。结果：7例肾盏憩室结石均一次性成功取出。术后随访2～21个月，未发现肾盏憩室结石复发。结论：超声引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，值得临床推广。     

Efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for solitary lower calyceal stone: a statistical model

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of inferior calyceal radiographic anatomy, number of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) sessions and stone size on the successful clearance of solitary inferior calyceal calculi after ESWL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective study between January 2001 and November 2002, 66 renal units with a solitary inferior calyceal calculus of < or = 2 cm were treated with electrohydraulic ESWL. The infundibulopelvic angle (two definitions), infundibulovertebral angle, inferior calyceal infundibular diameter, infundibular length, cortical thickness over the lower pole, number of minor calyces and stone size were determined from intravenous urography before treatment. The number of ESWL sessions was also included in the analysis. Treatments which produced residual fragments not clearing within 3 months of satisfactory fragmentation were considered as failures. All patients in whom the treatment failed were treated successfully by percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The data were then analysed using two different statistical methods; first by intravariable differences using the test of proportion (Fisher's test) and then all the variables together using logistic regression. RESULTS: At 3 months 78.8% of the renal units were clear of stone. All intravariable differences were statistically significant except stone size (<1 cm, 1-2 cm). In a multivariate analysis of all variables, only stone size was the most important predictor for successful stone clearance (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: ESWL is the initial treatment of choice in selected patients with inferior calyceal stones. The stone size appears to be the most important predictor for stone clearance.     

经皮肾镜取石术联合套石网篮治疗 ESWL 排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石

目的：探讨经皮肾镜取石术（ percutaneous nephrolithotomy , PCNL ）联合套石网篮治疗体外震波碎石（ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ,ESWL）排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法2009年4月～2012年8月采用PCNL联合套石网篮治疗ESWL排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石78例。 B超定位,58例肾盏结石长径＜1 cm或分布于单组肾盏,采用微通道经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石;20例肾盏结石长径＞1 cm或分布于多组肾盏采用新型经皮肾镜标准通道下气压弹道或超声联合气压弹道碎石。结果78例手术均获成功,手术时间52～98 min,平均61 min。71例一期取净结石,结石取净率91．0％（71/78）;2例二期碎石后取净;3例辅助行ESWL治疗;2例因残留结石较小药物排石排出。住院5～12 d,平均7．2 d。无胸膜及其他重要脏器损伤,无大出血等严重并发症。78例随访3个月,未见结石残留。结论PCNL术中联合套石网篮可减少皮肾穿刺通道数,避免大出血及集合系统狭窄风险,是处理ESWL排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石恰当的选择。