Computed tomographic findings in acute viral encephalitis in adults with emphasis on herpes simplex encephalitis

Nine patients with acute viral encephalitis were diagnosed by CT. Seven had herpes simplex and two had nonherpetic acute viral encephalitis. All patients with herpes simplex encephalitis initially were febrile. They developed confusion and seizures. Five had focal neurological deficit and two had papilledema. The CT scan showed an abnormality on the initial CT in 6 of 7 cases. In one case initial CT study was normal; however follow-up scan (performed 5 days later) showed a definite abnormality. CT showed the characteristic pattern of herpes simplex encephalitis in all cases. This is a temporal lobe hypodense lesion (unilateral, 5 cases; bilateral, 2 cases) with a small interspersed hyperdense region. The hyperdense component represents hemorrhage. Mass elrect was seen in all cases. Two patients showed enhancement which was diffuse or patchy in one case and cisternnl-gyral in the other; however enhancement was absent in 5 cases. One patient showed progression of the size of the hypodense lesion despite antiviral treatment. Follow-up CT showed hypodense lesion(s) in the, temporal lobe region with enlargement of the temporal horns and contiguous basal cisterns in 4 cases. In 2 other cases of acute viral encephalitis the patients initially developed fever, confusion and seizures. CT showed basal ganglia calcification or hypodense lesions.     

Computed tomographic findings in cerebral hemiatrophy

Summary The clinical, plain skull radiographic, brain scan, and CT findings of four patients with cerebral hemiatrophy are described. CT scanning is the most innocuous and most sensitive diagnostic method available to confirm the clinical diagnosis when plain skull radiographic changes are not confirmatory.     

The cranial computed tomographic findings in patients with pure sensory stroke

We reported three patients compatible with the clinical syndrome of pure sensory stroke (PSS). The computed tomography (CT) scan suggested the lesions responsible for the deficits were posterior thalamus, corona radiata, and parietal lobe. PSS could conceivably arise anywhere along the sensory systems and CT scan is reliable method for discussing the lesion responsible for PSS.     

Functional circulation time images in the diagnosis of cerebral lesions by angio CT

An application of angio CT as an adjunct to contrast enhancement evaluation of cerebral lesions is presented. We performed rapid sequential scanning following intravenous bolus injection of an iodinated contrast medium, analyzed the time contrast curves and generated a functional circulation time image. This was accomplished by calculating on a pixel-by-pixel basis the first mathematical moment of the monitored time-density curves about injection time which corresponds to regional arm brain circulation time (rABCT). This method increased the rate of detection of cerebral lesions by contrast enhancement from 30 to 90%.     

Lacunar syndrome and intracerebral hemorrhage: Clinico-computed tomographic correlations

We examined case of intracerebral hemorrhage presenting as lacunar syndrome. Of 115 cases, 10 presented with a lacunar syndrome: 3 presented with pure motor hemiparesis, 1, pure sensory stroke, 1, ataxic hemiparesis, 5, sensorimotor stroke, and, none, dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome. The sites of hemorrhage were capsular in 1, pontine in l, thalamic in 4, and putaminal in 4. In these 10 patients, 9 were hypertensive, and the signs characteristics of parenchymal hemorrhage, e.g., headache, nausea, vomiting, and stiffness of neck, were absent or rare.     

Computed tomography in the postoperative patient

Summary Nine cases of patients in whom intracranial infection was suspected after operation are presented. Lesions with ring enhancement were seen in all of these patients. The differentiation of enhancement, seen as a normal postoperative phenomenon, from residual neoplasia and cerebral abscess can be difficult. This can be resolved by serial and sequential-delayed CT, and thus unnecessary re-exploration may be prevented.     

CT finding of cerebral paragonimiasis in the chronic state

Summary The CT findings in 5 patients with cerebral paragonimiasis in the chronic state are presented. The findings were: 1) multiple, densely calcified areas with a variety of round or nodular shapes in the brain, 2) a large low density area surrounding or connecting with the calcified areas, and 3) cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation. The relation between the CT findings and the previously reported plain skull X-ray findings or neuropathological findings are discussed.     

CNS involvement in AIDS: spectrum of CT and MR findings

The brain may be affected by a variety of abnormalities in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Knowledge of their existence and characteristic imaging features are important to radiologists for detection, diagnosis, and initiation of an appropriate treatment. Although there is a considerable overlap in the imaging characteristics of different entities, some findings are found to be very suggestive of a particular disease. The CT and MR imaging techniques are commonly used in the diagnosis of neurological disorders in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, to verify treatment response and to guide brain biopsy. This review attempts to describe CT and MR features of infectious and malignant brain disorders in HIV-seropositive patients. Received 1 July 1996; Revision received 21 October 1996; Accepted: 28 November 1996     

颅内环形强化病变在艾滋病机会感染中的鉴别诊断

目的总结颅内环形强化病变在艾滋病(AIDS)患者机会性感染中的诊断及鉴别的MRI影像特征。方法回顾性分析2008~2017年本院AIDS患者合并颅内感染的临床和影像资料,纳入标准为MRI增强扫描发现脑内病变,并在临床试验性治疗好转或经手术活检证实的患者。结果共收集符合条件病例29例,其中弓形虫脑病9例,脑结核13例,神经梅毒2例,细菌性脑脓肿2例,隐球菌脑病3例。CD4+计数中位数为34cells/ul。AIDS颅内感染病变主要分布区域以大脑灰白交界区、基底节区为主,不同感染构成比例略有差异。多发粟粒结节在脑结核多见,其他多呈环形病变。特征性征象如:弓形虫脑病出现偏心性靶征(33.3%),近中线侧壁增厚(20.5%),脑结核呈簇状分布融合呈分隔样、分叶状(25.9%),隐球菌胶样囊病变(100%)。弓形虫脑病、脑结核、脑脓肿病变周围水肿明显(76.9%、67.9%、75%)。弥散加权成像DWI(b=1000)弓形虫脑病高信号显示率(5.1%)低于其他感染病变(约50%)。结论对于艾滋病患者,颅内环形强化病变病因复杂,在出现特征性的MR征象时对提示病因诊断有一定参考价值。     

Computed tomography in spinal tuberculosis

Exhaustive ciinicoradiologic and computed tomographic (CT) analysis of 114 cases of spinal tuberculosis seen between January 1983 and January 1989 is presented. The mechanisms of the spinal involvement are reviewed. CT helped to diagnose cases of spinal tuberculosis in their initial stages. Inaccessible fixed areas of spine were seen with ease on axial sections of CT. The extent and anatomic depiction of soft-tissue involvement as depicted on CT helps surgeons choose the appropriate surgical approach, which may affect future spinal stability.     

艾滋病合并播散性马尔尼菲青霉菌病的腹部CT表现

目的 观察艾滋病(AIDS)合并播散性马尔尼菲青霉菌病(PSM)的腹部CT表现.方法 回顾性分析35例AIDS合并播散性PSM的腹部CT扫描表现.结果35例AIDS合并播散性PSM腹部CT示腹腔淋巴结肿大27例(77.1%);肝脾肿大18例(51.4%);肝脾实质病变共11例(31.4%),其中肝内多发低密度结节3例(8.6%),脾内多发低密度结节5例(14.3%),肝密度弥漫减低5例(14.3%)及肝脏强化不均匀5例(14.3%);肠壁增厚3例(8.6%);腹水4例(11.4%);胰腺炎1例(2.9%).结论AIDS合并播散性PSM腹部常多脏器受累,腹腔淋巴结肿大、肝脾肿大、肝脾实质病变是其最常见的腹部CT影像表现.     

艾滋病合并腹部结核的CT表现

目的 研究艾滋病(AIDS)合并腹部结核的CT表现.方法 回顾性分析33例经病理、病原学证实及临床诊断艾滋病合并腹部结核的腹部CT扫描表现.结果 33例AIDS合并腹部结核患者腹部CT示腹部淋巴结肿大23例(69.7%,23/33);肝脾肿大10例(30.3%,10/33);脾内多发低密度结节14例(42.4%,14/33),其中脾内弥漫粟粒状低密度结节9例(27.3%,9/33);肝内低密度结节7例(21. 2%,7/33),其中肝脓肿1例(3.0%,1/33);腹膜及大网膜增厚5例(15.2%,5/33),其中伴腹腔积液2例(6.1%,2/33);回盲部肠壁不规则增厚4例(12.1%,4/33);腰椎骨质破坏伴椎旁脓肿及左腰大肌脓肿1例(3.0%,1/33),腰大肌脓肿1例(3.0%,1/33).结论 AIDS合并腹部结核常表现肝脾结核、腹部淋巴结结核、肠结核及腹膜结核等,CT对病灶的检出有重要意义.     

MRI in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cerebral vasculitis

Cerebral ischaemia caused by inflammatory vasculopathies has been described as complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Imaging studies have shown ischaemic lesions and changes of the vascular lumen, but did not allow demonstration of abnormalities within the vessel wall itself. Two HIV-infected men presented with symptoms of a transient ischaemic attack. Initial MRI of the first showed no infarct; in the second two small lacunar lesions were detected. In both cases, multiplanar 3-mm slice contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images showed aneurysmal dilatation, with thickening and contrast enhancement of the wall of the internal carotid and middle cerebral (MCA) arteries. These findings were interpreted as indicating cerebral vasculitis. In the first patient the vasculopathy progressed to carotid artery occlusion, and he developed an infarct in the MCA territory, but then remained neurologically stable. In the second patient varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection was the probable cause of vasculitis. The clinical deficits and vasculitic MRI changes regressed with antiviral and immunosuppressive therapy. Received: 7 August 1999 Accepted: 3 September 1999     

艾滋病并发软组织感染的影像表现(附3例报告)

目的探讨艾滋病（AIDS）并发软组织感染的X线、CT及MR的影像表现。方法回顾性分析3例经病理证实的AIDS并发软组织感染的影像学表现。3例患者均行MR检查，1例行CT检查，1例行X线片检查。结果蜂窝织炎1例，MRI显示皮下组织明显增厚，T1WI表现为边界模糊的低信号、T2WI为高信号，梯度回波序列（GRE）呈网状改变。坏死性筋膜炎1例，MRI显示皮下组织、浅深筋膜增厚，T1WI和T2WI均表现为高信号。脂肪抑制T2WI显示肌肉和肌间隔内液体聚积。软组织结核感染1例，CT平扫显示皮下软组织内及多发的低密度灶，增强后可见环状强化；病灶在T1WI为低信号，T2WI高信号，增强后呈不均匀环形强化。结论软组织感染是AIDS患者常见并发症，影像检查对疾病的早期诊断及制定治疗计划具有重要意义。     

Unusual feature of soft-tissue calcification in chronic renal failure: Tumoral calcification

Two cases of massive calcification in dialysed patients are described with computerized tomography correlation: one in the abdominal/pelvic cavity, which is a rare location, and the other in the abdominal wall. The cause of these calcified deposits is multifactorial and complex. Usually painless, they may cause restriction of joint movement by virtue of their bulky size.     

MRI findings in cerebral fat embolism

The purpose of this retrospective study was to demonstrate the MRI features of cerebral manifestations in patients with fat embolism syndromes in comparison with cerebral CT (CCT). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed according to standard protocols revealing multiple small non-confluent hyperintense intracerebral lesions larger than 2 mm on proton-density and T2-weighted images to various extents in three of four patients with clinically suspected cerebral fat embolism. Cerebral CT was negative in all patients. Our findings confirm that MRI can detect cerebral fat embolism with a higher sensitivity than CCT. Thus, MRI should be the first choice for imaging of cerebral fat embolism. Received 28 November 1997; Revision received 9 March 1998; Accepted 30 March 1998     

艾滋病肺门纵隔淋巴结结核的影像学表现

目的探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并肺门和纵隔淋巴结结核的影像学表现。方法回顾性分析9例AIDS合并肺门和纵隔淋巴结结核的影像学表现(包括胸部平片、CT和MR扫描)。全部病例均作了胸部平片、CT扫描，5例作了增强CT扫描，1例作了MR检查。结果AIDS合并肺门和纵隔淋巴结结核时，增大的淋巴结主要位于7区9／9例，4R区7／9例，2R区5／9例。结论AIDS合并肺门和纵隔淋巴结结核的影像学表现为多组淋巴结增大，可相互融合及出现淋巴结外侵犯表现，CT和MR扫描对本病的诊断有重要意义。     

艾滋病合并肺结核CT与病理对照分析

目的：探讨艾滋病合并肺结核的CT影像表现与病理改变及其临床意义。方法：回顾性分析经确诊的13例艾滋病合并肺结核患者的CT影像表现及穿刺活检病理相关资料。13例患者CD4T淋巴细胞计数均小于200/μl。结果：13例肺结核中,CT多表现为结节、肿块影及片状实变影,合并纵隔淋巴结肿大及胸膜炎。病理组织抗酸杆菌染色阳性9例。干酪样坏死及炎性细胞浸润5例,淋巴细胞、纤维组织增生或类上皮细胞浸润5例,肺组织坏死并炎性细胞浸润3例。所有患者的病理组织中均未见到典型结核结节及朗罕氏巨噬细胞。结论：艾滋病合并肺结核主要表现为结节、肿块或片状实变影,合并胸膜炎或纵膈淋巴结肿大。其病理改变主要为炎性肉芽肿和/或合并干酪坏死,缺乏典型结核结节及郎罕氏巨噬细胞,诊断还应结合抗酸杆菌染色。     

CT, MR, and spect findings in a general paresis

CNS changes in a case with general paresis were investigated by X-ray computed tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance (MIR), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). CT and MR showed a mild degree of diffuse cortical atrophy and the dilatation of lateral ventricles with no signs of ischemic lesions or inflammations. On the other hand, SPECT using ¹²³I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine (¹²³I-IMP demonstrated marked reduction of the cerebral blood flow especially in the bilateral frontal and temporal cortices. Moreover, the reduction of the blood flow was significantly improved after the antisyphilitic therapy, correlated with the improvement of the mental disorders. These observations suggested that the SPECT is a useful method to evaluate the brain dysfunctions, and to assess the effect of antisyphilitic therapy in the patients with general paresis.     

Abnormal venous drainage in periventricular leukomalacia

Age-matched six control subjects and 14 selected paediatric patients with periventricular leukomalacia were prospectively studied by MR imaging, and MR angiography. MR angiograms were acquired utilizing either the three-dimensional phase-contrast (3D-PC) or the two-dimensional time-of-flight (2D-TOF) techniques, or both, in an axial slab centred to the centrum semiovale. Abnormal draining veins (slightly enlarged and long vessels with abnormal courses) were found in eight of 14 patients (57%). In five of these eight patients (62.5%) abnormal vessels were identified on conventional MR imaging (spin-echo, T2-weighted and flow sensitive images), while the 3D-PC or 2D-TOF angiograms demonstrated the abnormal vessels in all the patients (100%). Usually there was a single abnormal vessel at the region of interest. These vessels should not be misinterpreted as arteriovenous malformations or venous malformations.