Pit-1与垂体腺瘤发生关系的研究

 目的通过定量研究Pit-1 mRNA在不同类型的垂体腺瘤中的表达,探讨Pit-1 mRNA与垂体腺瘤发生的关系.方法34例垂体腺瘤手术中取出,迅速冻于液氮中保存.根据血清激素水平、临床表现以及垂体组织免疫组化染色结果确定腺瘤类型.用异硫氢酸胍一步法提取垂体腺瘤组织总RNA,用RT-PCR方法检测Pit-1 mRNA在各组垂体腺瘤组织中的表达.结果Pit-1 mRNA在所有PRL瘤、GH+PRL瘤、GH瘤、寂静PRL瘤以及寂静GH瘤中有表达.在ACTH腺瘤和零细胞瘤中无表达.PRL瘤术前血清PRL值与腺瘤组织Pit-1表达量呈明显的正相关(γ=0.90,P＜0.01),GH腺瘤术前血清GH值与腺瘤组织Pit-1表达量呈明显的正相关(γ=0.96,P＜0.01).结论Pit-1 mRNA在垂体腺瘤中呈细胞特异性表达,提示对垂体GH和PRL腺瘤的细胞特异分化及分泌功能有一定的作用.     

不同激素分泌类型垂体巨腺瘤的磁共振成像特点

目的:探讨不同激素分泌类型垂体巨腺瘤的磁共振成像影像特点.方法:回顾性分析64例不同激素分泌类型垂体巨腺瘤在MRI上的信号强度、最大径、其向蝶鞍上下延伸生长的高度,及其有无海绵窦侵犯;同时22例无分泌功能垂体巨腺瘤作为对照组纳入.结果:64例不同激素分泌类型垂体巨腺瘤患者中,生长激素(GH)细胞腺瘤16例,泌乳素(PRL)细胞腺瘤36例,促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)细胞腺瘤5例,多种激素细胞腺瘤7例.T1WI等信号在GH及多种激素细胞腺瘤中最常见;T2WI等、低信号在GH、ACTH及多种激素细胞腺瘤中常见,而T2WI高信号在PRL及无分泌功能细胞腺瘤中常见;GH细胞腺瘤鞍上生长高度明显低于其他几种腺瘤,倾向于向鞍下生长;各类型腺瘤的海绵窦侵犯无明显差异.结论:几种不同激素分泌类型垂体腺瘤中,GH、多种激素细胞腺瘤的MRI信号强度,以及GH细胞腺瘤的生长延伸方向具有一定的特征.     

垂体腺瘤中FRα的表达与临床意义

目的检测垂体腺瘤中叶酸受体α（FRα）的表达情况,探讨FRα与垂体腺瘤相关临床指标的关系。方法运用冰冻切片免疫组化方法,检测124例垂体腺瘤中FRα的表达情况,分析其与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤径线、肿瘤侵袭性的关系。结果 FRα在NF腺瘤中的阳性率为73.8%（31/42）,在PRL腺瘤中的阳性率为9.7%（3/31）,在GH腺瘤中的阳性率为6.7%（2/30）,在ACTH腺瘤中的阳性率为9.5%（2/21）,FRα在NF腺瘤中的表达水平明显高于在其他病理类型垂体腺瘤中的表达（P〈0.05）。在垂体NF腺瘤中,FRα的表达与肿瘤的侵袭性有关（P〈0.05）,与性别、年龄、肿瘤大小无明显关系（P＞0.05）。在其他三种垂体腺瘤中,FRα与上述指标无明显关系。结论 FRα在垂体NF腺瘤中高表达,在其他病理类型的垂体腺瘤中低表达;FRα与垂体NF腺瘤的侵袭性相关。     

垂体催乳素细胞腺瘤的电镜及免疫电镜观察

应用胶体金免疫电镜及常规电镜技术,对垂体催乳素(PRL)细胞腺瘤42例进行了观察。观察结果,3例为多颗粒型,39例为少颗粒型,其中4例还含有生长激素(GH)颗粒。PRL瘤细胞中分泌颗粒电子密度高,均匀,形状及大小不一。少颗粒型PRL瘤中多见异位外排现象,部分PRL瘤细胞中还能查见纤维小体。     

儿童和青春期垂体瘤的MRI诊断和鉴别

目的:总结儿童和青少年垂体瘤的临床及MRI特点。方法:回顾分析12例临床和病理证实的儿童和青少年垂体瘤的临床及影像资料。男3例,女9例,8~16岁。催乳素(PRL)瘤5例,多激素腺瘤5例,生长激素(GH)腺瘤和黄体生成素(LH)腺瘤各1例。结果:10例患儿年龄在青春期(10/12)。5例催乳素(PRL)瘤均为微腺瘤。7例大腺瘤中3例垂体大腺瘤有亚急性和慢性出血。5例多激素腺瘤,有生长发育迟缓和(或)头痛及视力下降。1例生长激素(GH)腺瘤,1例促黄体生成素(LH)腺瘤均有明显内分泌异常的症状和体症,LH腺瘤还合并两侧巨大多囊卵巢。12例垂体瘤影像学及手术未见肿瘤侵袭性生长。结论:儿童垂体瘤好发于青春期,微腺瘤以PRL腺瘤为主,大腺瘤以无功能腺瘤为主,多表现为垂体功能低下、头痛和视力下降及视野缺损,且有出血倾向。垂体和相关靶腺的内分泌检查有助于鉴别垂体瘤和垂体增生。     

垂体大腺瘤的MRI诊断

本文回顾性分析垂体大腺瘤的MR表现,提高对垂体大腺瘤MR征象的认识.材料和方法:回顾性分析手术及病理证实为垂体腺瘤的MR图像267例,分析不同病理类型垂体腺瘤的部位、形态、大小、信号特点及肿瘤与周围结构,包括视交叉、鞍底、海绵窦的关系,并进行x2检验(检验水准α=0.05).结果:本组中发现垂体腺瘤易于向鞍上发展(90.3%).肿瘤向鞍下生长者占26.6%,向鞍旁生长者占39.9%.各组病理类型中,腺瘤向鞍上生长者以促性腺激素腺瘤最高(100%),向鞍旁生长者最多见为PRL腺瘤(55.7%),向鞍下生长最多见者为PRL腺瘤(40.3%),差异具有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:术前正确评估肿瘤的MR征象,有助于了解肿瘤的生长特性,确定进一步处理方式.     

垂体大腺瘤侵袭性生长的MRI及病理评价

目的:通过对垂体大腺瘤MRI表现、内分泌功能与细胞增殖核抗原(PCNA)、Ki67及Ⅷ因子的表达的分析,找出与肿瘤侵袭性生长相关的因素.方法:42例病理证实的垂体大腺瘤按免疫组化功能分类分为混合型腺瘤组(n=20)和单功能腺瘤组(n=22),按照影像表现结合手术分为侵袭性腺瘤(n=22)和非侵袭性腺瘤(n=20),将肿瘤大小、强化程度、坏死囊变及侵袭性作为MRI评价肿瘤生长的指标,将瘤细胞增殖活性(PCNA、Ki67)及Ⅷ因子检测作为病理指标.结果:侵袭性大腺瘤的肿瘤长径与和非侵袭性大腺瘤相比差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01),长径≥3 cm的巨腺瘤组与长径<3 cm的大腺瘤组在侵袭性生长上差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01).侵袭性和非侵袭性大腺瘤的Ki67表达差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).有坏死囊变的大腺瘤长径大于无坏死囊变的大腺瘤(P<0.05).用标记指数≥3%对Ki67进行诊断性试验特异度为100%,敏感度为44.4%.侵袭性与非侵袭性腺瘤在肿瘤的功能类型、强化程度、PCNA及Ⅷ因子的表达程度上差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05). 结论:Ki67在评价垂体大腺瘤的侵袭性上优于PCNA及Ⅷ因子,有极高的特异性,但敏感性差.肿瘤长径≥3 cm时侵袭性明显增加.垂体瘤增大时肿瘤侵袭性生长及坏死囊变的可能性增加.垂体大腺瘤的生长特点与肿瘤的功能类型没有明显的相关性.     

蝶窦异位垂体生长激素腺瘤一例

垂体腺瘤是鞍区最常见的肿瘤,垂体生长激素(growth hormone,GH)腺瘤约占功能性垂体腺瘤的20%～30%[1],瘤体多位于鞍窝内,而本例鞍内空虚,瘤体异位于蝶窦内,具有特殊性,现报道如下。     

内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤临床疗效观察(附47例报告)

目的 探讨内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的手术技术及临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2007年8月-2013年8月在空军总医院神经外科行内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦切除垂体腺瘤的47例患者的临床资料,其中男21例,女26例,年龄15～70岁,平均42.7岁,均经病理确诊.总结分析手术效果、并发症发生情况及随访结果.结果 47例患者中肿瘤完全切除38例(80.9％),大部切除9例(19.1％,均为大腺瘤并侵入海绵窦者).本组共40例(85.1％)患者术后临床症状改善,其中头痛减轻35例,视力视野改善30例.本组47例中泌乳素(PRL)型29例,生长激素(GH)型6例,无功能型12例,术后28例(80％)血清内分泌激素较术前有改善,其中PRL型23,GH型5例.10例术后出现尿崩症,8例出现脑脊液漏,1例发生颅内感染.所有患者术后随访6个月～6年,无死亡病例.结论 内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤具有创伤小、术野清晰、肿瘤全切率高、并发症少、术后恢复快等优点,是一种微创、安全有效的治疗方法.     

垂体腺瘤MRI强化特征与VEGF、bFGF mRNA表达的关系

目的探讨垂体腺瘤T1W I动态增强及常规MR I表现与VEGF和bFGF mRNA表达的相关性。方法对30例垂体腺瘤患者术前行快速梯度回波序列(Turbo-FLASH)T1W I动态增强和常规MR I,术后应用逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法检测垂体腺瘤组织标本中VEGF和bFGF mRNA的表达,分析动态增强及常规MR I表现与VEGF和bFGF mRNA表达之间的关系。结果垂体腺瘤动态增强时间-信号强度曲线(SI-TC)不同类型之间的VEGF、bFGF mRNA值有显著性差异(Ρ<0.05)。VEGF和bFGF与SSm ax呈显著正相关(Ρ<0.05)。肿瘤强化率不同程度间的VEGF、bFGF值有显著性差异(Ρ<0.05)。结论垂体腺瘤MR I强化特征可一定程度反映VEGF和bFGF mRNA的表达。     

Haemorrhagic pituitary tumours

In a group of 69 patients with pituitary tumours, 12 were found to have evidence of intratumoral haemorrhage on MRI, characterized by high signal intensity on short TR/TE sequences. This was verified in all but 1 patient. The majority of the bleedings occurred in macroadenomas. Five (42%) were prolactinomas and 4 (33%) were non-functioning adenomas. There were 2 GH- and 1 ACTH-secreting tumours. All 5 patients with prolactinomas were on bromocriptine medication. Two of the patients had a clinical picture of pituitary apoplexy. The haemorrhage was not large enough to prompt surgery in any of the patients. However, surgical verification of the diagnosis was obtained in 5 cases, while 6 patients were examined with follow-up MRI.     

新疆地区垂体瘤患者血管内皮生长因子表达研究

目的探讨新疆地区垂体瘤患者血管内皮生长因子（Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）的表达及其意义。方法选择我院所收治的52例垂体瘤患者,其中未复发者29例,复发者23例,应用免疫组化法对其脑垂体瘤中VEGF表达进行检测。结果 52例中,有42例出现VEGF表达阳性,复发组垂体瘤中VEGF表达较未复发组明显增高,两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 VEGF在垂体瘤血管形成中发挥重要作用,可能促进垂体瘤的复发。     

Somatostatin receptor imaging in non-functioning pituitary adenomas: value of an uptake index

Somatostatin receptor imaging (SRI) was performed in five patients with known non-functioning pituitary adenomas. To determine whether the pituitary uptake correlates with response to octreotide therapy, an uptake index (UI) was calculated. Pituitary adenomas were detected in all five patients. The UI was, respectively, 15.1, 3.7, 2.2, 2.2 and 2.2 (the UI calculated in 12 normal subjects was between 1 and 1.9). Only the patient with the highest Ul (15.1) had a dramatic improvement in tumour volume and visual function in response to octreotide therapy. The Ul might be a good predictive parameter of octreotide therapy efficacy in non-functioning adenomas. Correspondence to: I. Virgolini, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria     

Comparison of iodine-123 epidepride and iodine-123 IBZM for dopamine D2 receptor imaging in clinically non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas and macroprolactinomas

We compared pituitary iodine-123 epide- pride single-photon emission tomography (SPET) and ¹²³I-IBZM SPET for the in vivo imaging of dopamine D₂ receptors in 15 patients with clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Four patients with dopamine agonist-sensitive macroprolactinomas were studied as positive controls. The uptake of radioactivity in the pituitary was established using a visual scoring system and an uptake index calculated by dividing the average count rates in the pituitary area by the average count rates in the cerebellum. All four macroprolactinomas showed specific binding of ¹²³I-epidepride, but only one showed specific binding of ¹²³I-IBZM. Specific binding of ¹²³I-epidepride was demonstrated in 9 of the 15 clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas (60%), but specific binding of ¹²³I-IBZM was shown in only 6 of these 15 cases (40%). The uptake of ¹²³I-epidepride in the pituitary region was consistently higher than that of ¹²³I-IBZM. None of the patients who showed absence of uptake of ¹²³I-epidepride in the pituitary area showed uptake of ¹²³I-IBZM in this area. In conclusion: ¹²³I-epidepride SPET is superior to ¹²³I-IBZM SPET for the visualization of dopamine receptor-positive pituitary adenomas. Therefore, ¹²³I-epidepride should replace ¹²³I-IBZM for future D₂ receptor SPET studies of pituitary adenomas. ¹²³I-epidepride SPET potentially might serve to predict the response of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas to dopamine agonist therapy. Received 11 July and in revised form 25 September 1998     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物在侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的表达及意义

 目的 探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)在侵袭性垂体腺瘤和非侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的表达及其临床意义.方法 应用免疫组化法检测26例侵袭性垂体腺瘤和20例非侵袭性垂体腺瘤中uPA的表达,并结合临床资料分析.结果 uPA在侵袭性垂体腺瘤的表达明显高于在非侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的表达,uPA的表达水平与垂体腺瘤的侵袭性呈正相关.结论 uPA与垂体腺瘤侵袭性生长及复发相关,是影响预后的重要因素之一.     

The relationship between MRI invasive features and expression of EMMPRIN, galectin-3, and microvessel density in pituitary adenoma

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the expression of the molecular markers, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), galectin-3, and microvessel density (MVD) with MRI invasive features in invasive and noninvasive pituitary adenomas. MRI was performed preoperatively in 34 patients with histologically verified pituitary adenomas. The expression of EMMPRIN, galectin-3, and MVD was determined by using immunohistochemical techniques on excised surgical specimen from all patients. Correlative analyses between invasive MRI features and expression of EMMPRIN, galectin-3, and MVD were determined between invasive and noninvasive pituitary adenomas. Among MRI invasive features, adenoma crossing the lateral line (LL) of the internal carotid artery (ICA), percentage of intracavernous ICA encasement by the tumor over 50%, sphenoidal sinus invasion, irregular tumor shape, and bilateral ICA asymmetry correlated with increased expression of EMMPRIN and galectin-3 (P<.05), but tumor cystic necrosis and tumor apoplexy did not correlate with EMMPRIN and galectin-3 expression (P>.05). The invasive MRI features did not correlate with MVD expression. This study demonstrated that EMMPRIN and galectin-3 were associated with aggressiveness and invasion by pituitary adenoma. Furthermore, EMMPRIN and galectin-3 were two potential molecular markers for assessing the invasive potential of pituitary adenoma and may provide useful targets for molecular therapeutic strategy against invasive pituitary adenomas.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary adenomas

Today, MR is the only method needed for the morphological investigation of endocrine-active pituitary adenomas. In acromegaly and Cushings syndrome, the therapeutic attitude is directly dictated by MR data. We present the MR aspect of pituitary adenomas according to size, sex, age, endocrine activity and a few particular conditions such as hemorrhagic pituitary adenomas, pituitary adenomas during pregnancy, cavernous sinus invasion and postsurgical changes. When an intrasellar mass extending out of the sella turcica is detected, the goal of the MR examination is to indicate precisely the origin of the tumor, its extension in relation to the various surrounding structures, its structure and its enhancement in order to help in the differential diagnosis. Demonstration of very small pituitary adenomas remains a challenge. When SE T1- and Turbo SE T2-weighted sequences are non-diagnostic, enhanced imaging becomes mandatory; half-dose gadolinium injection, delayed sequence, dynamic imaging can be of some help.     

MRI of pituitary adenomas following treatment

The purpose of this study was to assess pituitary adenomas following surgical and/or medical treatment in 28 patients. All patients were evaluated with both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results were correlated with the clinical findings. Apart from the visualization of the adenoma itself (either residual or recurrent) other findings and in particular, morphological changes of the optic chiasm, the pituitary stalk and the sellar floor were evaluated with both imaging modalities.By comparing the two imaging modalities it was found that MRI was superior to CT in demonstrating residual/recurrent adenoma as well as evaluating the morphological changes of the optic chiasm and optic nerves. CT was superior or equal to MR in demonstrating the sellar floor changes. The intra-operatively implanted fat was equally seen by CT and MR.In conclusion, the anatomical variations of the optic chiasm and pituitary stalk are better visualized by MRI and allow a more precise evaluation of changes attributed to surgical or medical treatment of pituitary adenomas. Correspondence to: A. Gouliamos     

Differentiation of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas from meningiomas and craniopharyngiomas by positron emission tomography with [18F]fluoro-ethyl-spiperone

The differential diagnosis among various types of non-functioning sellar and parasellar tumours is sometimes difficult using currently available methods of morphological imaging. The aim of this study was to define whether assessment of the uptake of [¹⁸F]fluoro-ethyl-spiperone (FESP) with positron emission tomography (PET) could be helpful for the differential diagnosis of pituitary adenomas and other parasellar lesions, and for establishing the appropriate therapeutic approach. The population examined comprised 16 patients with the diagnosis of primary tumour of the sellar/parasellar region who were waiting to undergo surgical treatment. The results demonstrated that PET with [¹⁸F]FESP is a very specific method for differentiating adenomas from craniopharyngiomas and meningiomas. The visual interpretation of images allows such differentiation at approximately 70 min after tracer injection. Semiquantitative analysis of the dynamic PET data confirmed the results of visual interpretation, demonstrating that the uptake of [¹⁸F]FESP was consistently (i.e. throughout the series) at least two- to threefold higher in non-functioning adenomas than in other parasellar tumours as early as 70 min after tracer injection, and that it increased still further thereafter. It is concluded that PET with [¹⁸F]FESP might be of clinical value in those cases in which the differential diagnosis among various histological types of sellar tumour is uncertain with conventional methods.