1341名医学生心理健康水平调查分析

目的了解医学生心理健康状况,为今后有针对性地在我校开展心理健康教育及心理咨询活动提供参考依据。方法按分层整群抽样的方法抽取被试,采用大学生人格问卷(UPI)进行比较。结果57.94%的学生存在不同程度的心理健康问题。男生心理健康状况优于女生,男、女生之间差异有统计学意义(p<0.01)。2004级学生与2005级学生UPI总分比较,两者差异无统计学意义。结论医学生心理问题不容忽视。应结合医学生的自身特点和性别心理差异,进行不同的心理健康教育。     

湖北民族学院土家族医学生心理健康状况

目的研究分析土家族医学生心理健康状况,为开展少数民族大学生心理健康教育提供依据.方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对湖北民族学院医学院1997～1999级医学生中的土家族学生509人的心理健康状况进行测评,并进行比较分析.结果被试中至少有1项SCL-90因子分≥3分的学生占21.41%,男、女及不同年级学生间比较,差异均无显著性.总体上,土家族医学生的心理健康水平优于国内其他地区大学生.结论土家族医学生心理问题不容忽视,且女生的心理卫生问题相对较为突出,应根据土家族人的心理特性对土家族医学生进行心理卫生教育.     

医学生心理健康状况调查

目的了解医学生的心理健康状况，分析影响其心理健康的主要因素，实现培养医术高明、道德高尚的医学专门人才的教育目标。方法采用UPI对1548名2005级医学本科新生进行问卷调查。结果第Ⅰ类（可能有心理障碍或心理疾病）、第Ⅱ类（可能有一般心理问题）学生占43．61％，其中男生占17．65％，女生占25．96％。结论医学生的心理健康状况不容乐观，女生的心理健康问题需要特别重视。高校应丰富校园文化生活，加强心理健康教育，建立科学规范的心理危机干预体系。     

团体咨询对贫困医学生心理健康的干预效果评价

目的研究团体咨询改善贫困医学生心理健康状况的干预效果,为医学院校开展贫困生心理健康教育提供有效的、可操作性的干预技术。方法运用大学生人格问卷（UPI）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）和自我概念问卷（SCT）,采用修补试验设计,对某医学高等专科学校45名贫困学生进行团体咨询,对比干预前后UPI、SCL-90和SCT等心理量表的得分情况。结果贫困生SCL-90各症状因子的得分比干预前均有所下降,除躯体化因子外,其他各项因子分差异均有统计学意义;UPI筛选为第一类的学生比干预前明显减少,总分降低,差异均有统计学意义;SCT各因子得分与干预前比较差异有统计学意义。结论团体咨询是提高贫困医学生心理健康水平的有效途径之一。     

1655名少数民族医学生心理健康横断面研究

[目的]研究分析云南省某医学院少数民族学生心理健康状况,为开展少数民族大学生心理健康教育提供依据.[方法]采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对云南省桌医学院2001级-2005级学生中的1655名少数民族学生心理健康状况进行测评,并进行比较分析.[结果]1655名学生中,被测试9个因子分中至少有1项SCL-90因子分≥1.8分的占25.32%,不同少数民族之间、不同学历之间、不同的年级学生之间因子得分差异无显著性,不同性别之间、独生子女与非独生子女之间因子分得差异有统计学意义.医学生的9个因子分均高于国内成人及青年常模,均有统计学差异;除恐怖因子外,强迫、人际敏感、抑郁和偏执因子均高于国内大学生,5个因子均有统计学差异.[结论]云南省某医学院少数民族学生心理卫生问题阳性检出率与国内外报道一致,但少数民族医学生心理健康状况差于国内成人及同龄人;除恐怖症状外,强迫、人际敏感、抑郁和偏执症状也差于国内大学生,各种心理健康状况差于汉族学生.少数民族医学生心理健康状况令人担忧,应关注他们特有的心理健康状况及影响因素,在高等院校开展针对性的心理卫生健康教育及健康促进工作.     

医学生不同学习阶段心理健康状况分析

目的 探讨医学生处于不同学习阶段心理健康状况变化规律,为更有效地在医学院校开展心理健康教育和心理辅导提供依据。方法 应用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对1997级175名新生进行为期5a的追踪问卷测试。结果 医学生在新生入学价段心理健康状况水平偏低,并且存在女生较男生严重的现象。经过2.5a后,医学生整体心理健康水平有明显提高,大多数因子及因子总分与国内常模差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但毕业前夕医学生心理健康状况有下降趋势,主要表现在强迫、抑郁、焦虑、偏执和精神病性方面。结论应根据医学生不同阶段学习心理健康状况的变化规律,有针对性地开展心理健康促进工作。     

医学生自我和谐现状分析

目的探讨医学生自我和谐的状况和影响因素,为医学生心理健康教育提供参考依据。方法采用自我和谐量表(SCCS)对安徽省2所医学院398名在校医学生进行问卷调查。结果医学生自我和谐与常模差异无统计学意义;医学生的自我和谐在性别、是否独生子女差异无统计学意义,但男生的自我刻板性因子得分显著高于女生(P<0.01)。不同年级医学生的自我和谐差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),随着年级的增加医学生的自我和谐总分在不断下降。结论医学生的自我和谐水平较好,男生在自我刻板高于女生,自我和谐程度随着年级的增加而上升。     

河北省高校二级学院大学生心理健康状况调查

[目的]了解和掌握河北省高校二级学院大学生心理健康状况,为采取有效干预措施提供科学依据。[方法]采用症状自评列表（SCL-90）,以班为单位对研究对象进行测试。[结果]二级学院大学生SCL-90各因子的均分略高于全国大学生常模,其中人际、抑郁、敌对、精神病性因子差异均有统计学意义,其他因子差异无统计学意义;二级学院男、女生各症状因子中,敌对、偏执、精神病性因子差异有统计学意义,其他因子差异无统计学意义;二级学院来自城、乡不同家庭住址的大学生SCL-90测试结果进行比较,人际、抑郁、焦虑因子差异有统计学意义,其他因子差异无统计学意义。[结论]二级学院大学生心理健康水平明显低于全国大学生常模;女生的心理问题多于男生;家庭在城镇学生的心理健康状况好于农村学生。二级学院学生的心理健康教育应引起高度重视。     

某医科大学临床医学专业新生心理健康状况调查

目的了解新生的心理健康状况,以采取相应的干预措施促进学生的心理健康。方法采用大学生人格问卷(UPI)对某医科大学2006级临床医学专业781名新生进行调查。结果存在不同程度心理问题学生的检出率为29.9%;UPI得分的性别、专业、是否独生子女、是否第一志愿、是否应届生、城市和农村比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论应对有心理问题的大学新生进行心理咨询和治疗,同时采取必要的干预手段提高大学生的心理素质。     

贫困新生心理健康状况及人格特征的调查

目的了解贫困新生的心理健康状况及人格特征,为贫困生的心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用大学生人格问卷(UPI)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对某师专185名贫困新生进行了调查,并与1648名非贫困新生进行比较。结果可能存在不同程度心理问题的贫困新生占49.19%,非贫困新生为44.54%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同性别贫困新生UPI总分及三类诊断、EPQ各因子得分上的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);贫困新生的心理问题主要表现在情绪与性格、神经衰弱与强迫症状以及人际交往上;贫困新生在"自己的过去与家庭是不幸的"和"爱操心"的选择率高于非贫困新生(P0.05或P0.01),贫困新生中男生在"父母期望过高"的选择率高于女生(P0.05),而女生在"思想不集中"、"缺乏自信心"的选择率高于男生,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);贫困新生UPI总分与P因子、N因子T分存在正相关,有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论贫困新生的心理健康状况及人格特征正常;在对贫困新生进行心理健康教育时,应充分考虑其家庭因素的影响,同时注重贫困新生的情绪调节、自我意识完善、人际交往训练及人格塑造。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.