香菇多糖和黄芪多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能调节的研究

目的:研究香菇和黄芪多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。方法:通过检测环磷酰胺免疫抑制模型小鼠的迟发型变态反应程度(DTH,足跖增厚法)、脏器指数、NK细胞活性(乳酸脱氢酶释放法)、淋巴细胞增殖能力(MTT试验)以及IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IFN-γ水平变化(ELISA试剂盒)来评价香菇和黄芪多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果:实验表明,环磷酰胺能显著抑制正常小鼠DTH程度、NK细胞活性及细胞因子分泌水平(均为P<0.05);香菇和黄芪两种多糖能显著恢复DTH程度(P<0.05),极显著增高NK细胞包活性(P<0.01),同时能提高血清中IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IFN-γ的含量。结论:香菇及黄芪多糖对免疫抑制小鼠具有显著的免疫功能恢复效果;香菇多糖的免疫调节效应明显优于黄芪多糖。     

刺五加酸性多糖对免疫低下小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的观察刺五加酸性多糖对环磷酰胺导致的免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法采用DEAE-纤维素离子交换柱层析法制备刺五加酸性多糖。选用ICR小鼠,随机分为对照组、模型组、刺五加酸性多糖低、中、高剂量组,连续灌胃21 d后,检测小鼠免疫器官脏器指数、外周血白细胞计数、巨噬细胞吞噬功能、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平、血清溶血素水平、脾淋巴细胞增殖能力和凋亡率。结果刺五加酸性多糖能增加环磷酰胺致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官脏器指数、外周血白细胞数量,增强小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能,提高TNF-α和IFN-γ水平、血清溶血素水平,增加脾淋巴细胞增殖能力,降低脾淋巴细胞凋亡率。结论刺五加酸性多糖能够明显增强免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能。     

豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:研究豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物对环磷酰胺所致免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:采用腹腔注射环磷酰胺(80mg/kg)制备免疫抑制模型,并给模型小鼠灌胃分别含苦马豆素(Swainsonine,SW)8、16、32mg/(kg.d)的豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物稀释液11天,同时设正常对照组和免疫抑制模型组,末次灌胃后24小时,眼眶采血,收集胸腺和脾,进行免疫学检测。结果:腹腔注射CTX80mg/kg,连续3天,可致小鼠免疫抑制,剂量为8、16mg/(kg.d)的SW组均可提高小鼠的外周血白细胞数,颉颃环磷酰胺所致的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的降低,提高外周血中溶血素水平、脾脏淋巴细胞转化以及NK细胞杀伤活性,尤其以SW16mg/(kg.d)最为明显。结论:豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物对环磷酰胺致免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能有一定的恢复和增强作用。     

GPIF对免疫损伤小鼠T淋巴细胞膜表面共刺激分子表达的影响

目的：分析羊胎盘免疫调节因子(GPIF)对BALB/c小鼠T淋巴细胞共刺激表面抗原分子表达及其细胞因子分泌的影响，探讨羊胎盘免疫调节因子免疫促进作用机理。方法: 60Coγ-ray辐射所致免疫抑制小鼠连续7 d腹腔注射GPIF，流式细胞分析术分析BALB/c小鼠脾细胞表达CD28+、CD152+单阳性细胞百分率，表达CD4+CD28+、CD8+CD28+、CD4+CD152+、CD8+CD152+双阳性细胞百分率；ELISA法检测小鼠血清IL-2、IFN-γ分泌水平。结果: 羊胎盘免疫调节因子显著提高免疫损伤小鼠脾淋巴细胞CD28+、CD4+CD28+、CD8+CD28+阳性细胞百分率(P<0.05，P<0.01)，降低CD152+、CD4+CD152+阳性细胞百分率(P<0.05，P<0.01)，提高小鼠血清IL-2、IFN-γ分泌水平(P<0.01)。结论: 羊胎盘免疫调节因子的免疫促进作用与其调节T淋巴细胞CD28、CD152共刺激分子通路的活化信号传递，降低T淋巴细胞的功能抑制，促进T淋巴细胞的活化有关。活化的T淋巴细胞分泌细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ，参与细胞因子介导的免疫网络调节。     

重组人钙调磷酸酶B亚基对免疫功能低下小鼠的影响北大核心CSCD

目的探讨重组人钙调磷酸酶B亚基(rhCNB)对环磷酰胺诱导免疫功能低下小鼠体液免疫功能的影响。方法将Balb/c小鼠随机分为阴性对照组、平行对照组、模型组、rhCNB治疗组。采用环磷酰胺(20 mg/kg)诱导小鼠免疫功能低下模型,治疗组及平行组给予rhCNB(20 mg/kg),阴性对照组和模型组给予等体积生理盐水。末次给药24 h后进行外周血常规、淋巴细胞亚群(CD4、CD8、CD19)及细胞因子IL-4、TNF-α、IL-6的检测;T细胞依赖性抗原抗体反应(TDAR)试验检测;计算胸腺及脾脏脏体比,观察脾脏、胸腺和胸骨组织病理学改变。结果rhCNB可明显改善和提高免疫功能低下小鼠胸腺及脾脏脏体比,增加外周血白细胞(WBC)、血小板(PLT)、淋巴细胞(LYM)、中性粒细胞(NEU)含量,增加CD4/CD8比值及CD19亚群比例,提升抗体lgG及细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6的水平(P<0.05)。结论rhCNB具有免疫调节作用,通过调节细胞因子水平,促进淋巴细胞分化增殖,改善机体体液免疫功能。     

川明参多糖及其硫酸化物对免疫低下小鼠的影响

目的:研究川明参多糖(Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharides,CVP)及硫酸化川明参多糖(Solfated chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharides,SCVP)对免疫低下小鼠部分免疫指标的影响。方法:采用环磷酰胺来诱导小鼠免疫低下;胸腺指数和脾脏指数来衡量免疫器官变化;MTT法检测CVP及SCVP不同剂量对静息期脾脏淋巴细胞、伴刀豆球蛋白A(Con A)处理的脾脏淋巴细胞、脂多糖(LPS)处理的脾脏淋巴细胞增殖活性的影响;血清IFN-γ和IL-2采用ELISA试剂盒检测。结果:CVP和SCVP可以通过提高免疫低下小鼠免疫器官指数、各处理脾脏淋巴细胞增殖活性和血清IFN-γ和IL-2含量,从而提高机体的免疫力。结论:CVP和SCVP可作为免疫增强剂开发应用于临床。     

连翘苷拮抗环磷酰胺所致小鼠免疫抑制的实验研究

目的:研究连翘苷对环磷酰胺处理小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:以腹腔注射环磷酰胺法复制小鼠免疫抑制模型,试验组小鼠分别按50、100、150 mg/ kg 剂量灌胃连翘苷,同时设模型组和对照组(等体积生理盐水灌胃),连续处理7 d。常规方法测定胸腺和脾的脏器系数,FITC 微球法测定腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,ELISA 法检测外周血IL-2、IL-4 和外周血淋巴细胞cAMP 含量,分析不同剂量的连翘苷对免疫抑制小鼠上述指标的影响。结果:7 d 后成功建立免疫抑制小鼠模型。连翘苷能够不同程度地提高免疫抑制小鼠的免疫器官指数、巨噬细胞吞噬能力和血清中免疫因子含量,降低外周血淋巴细胞中cAMP 含量。结论:连翘苷能够抵抗环磷酰胺的免疫抑制作用,具有一定的免疫调节功能。     

雪灵芝粗多糖对环磷酰胺致免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨雪灵芝粗多糖(arenaria kansuensis crude polysaccharide,AKCP)对环磷酰胺致免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法将小鼠随机分为5组:空白对照组、环磷酰胺(CTX)模型组、AKCP高、中、低剂量组。除空白对照组外其他4组采用腹腔注射CTX建立小鼠免疫低下模型。各组分别给予蒸馏水、不同剂量AKCP灌胃,10 d后处死小鼠,检测体质量增率、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、脾淋巴细胞增殖活性和CD3~+/CD4~+/CD8~+亚群、NK细胞杀伤活性、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力、血清中IL-2和IFN-γ水平。结果 CTX组除NK细胞杀伤活性外的上述各项指标均较对照组明显降低(P0.05),不同剂量AKCP作用可减轻CTX所致的各项指标下降,其中AKCP高、中剂量组体质量增率、胸腺指数、脾淋巴细胞CD3~+及CD3~+CD8~+亚群、巨噬细胞吞噬率与吞噬指数均较CTX模型组明显升高(P0.05),AKCP低剂量组脾脏指数、脾淋巴细胞增殖指数以及IL-2和IFN-γ水平显著高于CTX模型组(P0.05)。结论 AKCP对环磷酰胺致免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能有保护作用。     

重组人钙调磷酸酶B亚基对免疫功能低下小鼠的影响

目的 探讨重组人钙调磷酸酶B亚基（rhCNB）对环磷酰胺诱导免疫功能低下小鼠体液免疫功能的影响。方法 将Balb/c小鼠随机分为阴性对照组、平行对照组、模型组、rhCNB治疗组。采用环磷酰胺（20 mg/kg）诱导小鼠免疫功能低下模型,治疗组及平行组给予rhCNB(20 mg/kg),阴性对照组和模型组给予等体积生理盐水。末次给药24 h后进行外周血常规、淋巴细胞亚群（CD4、CD8、CD19）及细胞因子IL-4、TNF-α、IL-6的检测;T细胞依赖性抗原抗体反应（TDAR）试验检测;计算胸腺及脾脏脏体比,观察脾脏、胸腺和胸骨组织病理学改变。结果 rhCNB可明显改善和提高免疫功能低下小鼠胸腺及脾脏脏体比,增加外周血白细胞（WBC）、血小板（PLT）、淋巴细胞（LYM）、中性粒细胞（NEU）含量,增加CD4/CD8比值及CD19亚群比例,提升抗体lgG及细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6的水平(P<0.05)。结论 rhCNB具有免疫调节作用,通过调节细胞因子水平,促进淋巴细胞分化增殖,改善机体体液免疫功能。     

精氨酸单糖苷( AF) 对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:研究精氨酸单糖苷(Arginyl-fructose,AF)对环磷酰胺(CTX)诱导的免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法: ICR 小鼠100 只,随机分成5 组,即正常对照组(N),免疫抑制模型组(M),免疫抑制AF 低、中、高剂量组(M-L、M-M、M-H)。试验组连续给药28 d。免疫抑制组,每周前3 天,腹腔注射80 mg/ kg 环磷酰胺,形成免疫抑制。末次给药12 h 解剖后,测定免疫器官指数,AF 对脾淋巴细胞转化及增殖、巨噬细胞吞噬功能、特异性IgG 抗体、血清中TNF-β、IL-2 含量的影响。并通过实时荧光定量PCR 检测TNF-β、IL-2 基因表达的差异。结果:AF 能够显著提高小鼠的胸腺指数和脾脏指数,促进脾淋巴细胞的自然转化与增殖,增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能,显著提高小鼠血清中特异性IgG 抗体含量,可显著提高小鼠血清中TNF-β、IL-2 含量,实时荧光定量PCR 检测结果显示,TNF-β、IL-2 mRNA 能够良好表达。结论:AF 能拮抗CTX 免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫抑制作用。     

Haematology and serum biochemistry of golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Iran

Haematological and serum biochemical values were estimated in blood samples collected from 21 apparently adult golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) of both sexes. The mean values of red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, white blood cells, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were 1.63 ± 0.11 × 10¹²/l, 0.47 ± 0.009 l/l, 91.73 ± 1.52 g/l, 24.31 ± 1.97 × 10⁹/l, 4.40 ± 0.22 × 10⁹/l, 16.81 ± 0.65 × 10⁹/l, 0.99 ± 0.19 × 10⁹/l and 2.10 ± 0.30 × 10⁹/l, respectively. The leucocytes had 69.14%, 4.09%, 18.12% and 8.65% lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils and eosinophils, respectively. The results of serum biochemistry in the golden eagle indicated that the concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, total globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were 16.42 ± 0.73 mmol/l, 49.76 ± 1.35 g/l, 20.46 ± 0.79 g/l, 29.30 ± 1.47 g/l, 2.14 ± 0.09 mmol/l, 2.04 ± 0.08 mmol/l, 457.67 ± 97.46 μmol/l, 2.74 ± 0.17 mmol/l, 53.27 ± 3.87 μmol/l, 2.37 ± 0.24 mmol/l, 1.73 ± 0.08 mmol/l, 293.24 ± 18.96 IU/l, 28.21 ± 2.36 IU/l, 411.29 ± 58.37 IU/l, 1,209.89 ± 21.73 IU/l and 67.31 ± 5.29 IU/l, respectively. There were no significant differences between haematological and serum biochemical parameters of male and female golden eagles (P > 0.05).     

Organisation anatomique et physiologique des activités motrices de la moelle épinière

Résumé La moelle épinière utilise deux grandes modalités fonctionnelles: l'activité réflexe et l'activité programmée.L'activité réflexe constitute la modalité la plus anciennement connue, elle englobe de nombreux arcs réflexes imprégnés de finalités fort diverses. Ainsi le réflexe myotatique, arc monosynaptique le plus simple, maintient et protège le tonus musculaire; les réflexes à point de départ cutané, polysynaptiques, impliquant des réseaux interneuronaux, extériorisent des réponses motrices de défense et de protection indiquant déjà une compétence plus intégrative.L'activité programmée médullaire est supportée par des circuits neuronaux assez solidement fixés. Cette organisation fonctionnelle produit des séquences motrices correctement agencées dans l'espace et dans le temps (locomotion, miction, défécation, réflexes sexuels).Aces deux modalités basales viennent se superposer les influences supra-spinales à capacité exécutoire. Ces signaux, canalisés vers la voie finale commune, agissent, dans une faible part, directement sur les motoneurones spinaux et, en effet, dans une très large mesure, ils utilisent les circuits interneuronaux et modulent ou déclenchent réflexes et programmes médullaires engendrant ainsi une activité cinétique cohérente.     

Strong linkage disequilibria among HLA-Bw50, Bfs1, and HLA-DR3/DR7, and mapping of the Bf locus

Based on genotypic and phenotypic studies we have found strong linkage disequilibria in Caucasians among the genes HLA-Bw50, Bf^s1, and HLA-DR3 and/or -DR7. The relative disequilibria, which are among the highest described in man, are Δ_r(Bf^s1, DR7) = 0.51, Δ_r (Bw50, Bf^s1, DR7) = 0.36, Δ_r (Bw50, DR3 or 7) = 0.72, Δ_r (Bf^s1, DR3 or 7) = 0.91, Δ_r (Bw50, Bf^s1, DR3 or 7) = 0.73. The previously described high Δ_r (Bw50, Bf^s1) andΔ_r (Bw50, DR7) have also been confirmed. A B//DR crossover family is also presented that, together with previously reported recombinant families, confirms that the Bf locus resides between HLA-B and HLA-DR. These data suggest the existence of a supergene complex of Bw50, Bf^s1. DR3/7 (or MB2), and hypotheses to account for the observed disequilibria are discussed.     

Regulation of local sweating in sleep-deprived exercising humans

Summary Thermoregulatory sweating [total body (m _sw,b), chest (m _sw,c) and thigh (m _sw,t) sweating], body temperatures [oesophageal (T _oes) and mean skin temperature (T _sk)] and heart rate were investigated in five sleep-deprived subjects (kept awake for 27 h) while exercising on a cycle (45 min at approximately 50% maximal oxygen consumption) in moderate heat (T _air andT _wall at 35° C. Them _sw,c andm _sw,t were measured under local thermal clamp (T _sk,1), set at 35.5° C. After sleep deprivation, neither the levels of body temperatures (T _oes,T _sk) nor the levels ofm _{sw, b},m _{sw, c} orm _{sw, t} differed from control at rest or during exercise steady state. During the transient phase of exercise (whenT _sk andT _sk,1 were unvarying), them _{sw, c} andm _{sw, t} changes were positively correlated with those ofT _oes. The slopes of them _{sw, c} versusT _oes, orm _{sw, t} versusT _oes relationships remained unchanged between control and sleep-loss experiments. Thus the slopes of the local sweating versusT _oes, relationships (m _{sw, c} andm _{sw, t} sweating data pooled which reached 1.05 (SEM 0.14) mg·cm^–2·min^–1°C^–1 and 1.14 (SEM 0.18) mg·cm^–2·min^–1·°C^–1 before and after sleep deprivation) respectively did not differ. However, in our experiment, sleep deprivation significantly increased theT _oes threshold for the onset of bothm _{sw, c} andm _{sw, t} (+0.3° C,P<0.001). From our investigations it would seem that the delayed core temperature for sweating onset in sleep-deprived humans, while exercising moderately in the heat, is likely to have been due to alterations occurring at the central level.     

Co-utilisation d'équipements médicaux en partenariat public/privé

Le paysage politique, juridique et économique a évolué ces dernières années dans le secteur de la santé en France. Dans le contexte sanitaire actuel, les établissements hospitaliers doivent, pour s'adapter, modifier leur stratégie d'investissement afin de maintenir leur niveau de ressources actuel, voire de le développer. Aux hôpitaux de Toulouse, comme dans d'autres établissements en France, de nouvelles ressources sont recherchées dans l'environnement de I'hôpital. Ainsi, le partenariat avec les autres acteurs régionaux permet à l'établissement public de santé non seulement d'autofinancer les équipements biomédicaux nécessaires au développement de nouveaux secteurs d'activité, comme par exemple la chirurgie de confort, mais également de dégager des surplus financiers. Cette méthode de gestion du plan d'équipement permet à l'hôpital de recentrer ses crédits d'investissements propres sur les missions fondamentales, mais aussi de répondre ponctuellement à des besoins exprimés par la population, les praticiens hospitaliers et les médecins libéraux. Sur certains dossiers d'équipement, un positionnement plus marketing de l'hôpital permet donc de dégager des ressources nouvelles et, par là même, d'augmenter ses capacités à répondre aux contraintes budgétaires.     

Unterschiedliche Flüssigkeits- und Substanzbewegungen durch die Mucosa der verschiedenen Abschnitte des Intestinaltraktes beim Kaninchen

Zusammenfassung Die Schleimhaut des Duodenums beim Kaninchen sezerniert eine blutisotone Flüssigkeit, deren Hauptcharakteristikum ihr HCO₃ ^–-Gehalt von fast 100 mMol/l ist. Auf die Instillation einer Lösung, die wie das duodenale Sekret zusammengesetzt ist, reagiert das Jejunum mit einer isotonen Absorption bei nur geringfügigen Konzentrationsänderungen der Konstituenten der Instillationslösung. Das Ileum reagiert analog dem Jejunum, nur sind die Absorptionsraten für Flüssigkeit und die geprüften Solute größer als im Jejunum. Im Colon kommt es zu einer Enterosorption von Flüssigkeit mit teilweise beträchtlichen Konzentrationserniedrigungen der in der Installationslösung enthaltenen Solute.Auf die Instillation einer blutisotonen NaCl-Lösung reagiert das Jejunum stets mit einer Absorption von Flüssigkeit. Na⁺ und Cl^– werden absorbiert, während HCO₃ ^–, K⁺ und Harnstoff netto sezerniert werden. Im Colon kommt es unter den Bedingungen des 30 min-Versuches zur enterosorption von Flüssigkeit, zur Absorption von osmotisch aktivem Material, Na⁺ und Cl^–, während HCO₃ ^–, K⁺ und Harnstoff sezerniert werden.Auf die Instillation reinen Wassers reagiert das Jejunum mit einer Absorption von Flüssigkeit sowie einer Enterosorption aller geprüften Solute in das Jejunum hinein, daß fast Konzentrationsgleichheit mit dem Plasma eingestellt wird. Im Colon kommt es im 30 min-Versuch teils zur Enterosorption, teils zur Absorption von Flüssigkeit. Nach 60 min wird in allen Fällen eine Absorption von Flüssigkeit beobachtet. Die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen im Jejunum sind: Osmolarität 296,0 mOsmol/l, Na⁺ 78,6 mMol/l, Cl^– 24,6 mMol/l, HCO₃ ^– 54,8 mMol/l, K⁺ 2,2 mMol/l, Harnstoff 59,9 mg/100 ml. Die analogen Werte für das Colon lauten: Osmolarität 184,0 mOsmol/l, Na⁺ 11,6 mMol/l, Cl^– 12,9 mMol/l, HCO₃ ^– 25,9 mMol/l, K⁺ 16,4 mMol/l, Harnstoff 18,8 mg/100 ml.     

Pregnancy and lactation have anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects in Ay/a mice

Aim: Dominant ‘yellow’ mutation at the mouse agouti locus (A^y) results in obesity. Pregnancy and lactation are characterized by large energy demand. The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity would develop in pregnant and suckling A^y mice. Methods: Body weight and food intake in pregnancy, lactation, and after weaning, plasma leptin, insulin, corticosterone and blood glucose concentrations on days 7, 13 and 18 of pregnancy, days 1, 10, 21 and 80 postpartum, glucose and insulin tolerance on pregnancy days 7 and 18 were measured in C57Bl/6J mice of a/a (normal metabolism) and A^y/a genotypes. The same parameters were also measured in age-matched virgin females. Results: Virgin A^y/a females exhibited hyperphagia, enhanced body weight, glucose intolerance and normal blood parameters at the mating age. With age, they developed obesity, hyperleptinaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. Obesity did not develop in mated A^y/a mice; during suckling, they had equal food intake and body weight as a/a mice. During pregnancy, glucose tolerance was enhanced in A^y/a mice and became equal in both genotypes. In both genotypes, concentrations of hormones increased, and glucose decreased from pregnancy day 7 to day 18 and returned to normal values after parturition. A^y/a mice did not differ from a/a in corticosterone, insulin and glucose levels during pregnancy and lactation, in leptin levels during suckling; however, A^y/a mice had two times higher leptin levels than a/a during pregnancy. After weaning, A^y/a mice began to eat and weigh more than a/a exhibiting normal metabolic parameters for 50 days. Conclusion: Pregnancy and lactation retard obesity and diabetes development in A^y mice.     

Stress augments food 'wanting' and energy intake in visceral overweight subjects in the absence of hunger

Stress may induce eating in the absence of hunger, possibly involving changes in food reward, i.e. ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of acute psychological stress on food reward, and on energy intake, in visceral overweight (VO) vs. normal weight (NW) subjects. Subjects (27 NW, age = 26 ± 9 yrs, BMI = 22 ± 2 kg/m²; 15 VO, age = 36 ± 12 yrs, BMI = 28 ± 1 kg/m²) came to the university twice, fasted, for either a rest or stress condition (randomized cross-over design). Per test-session ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ for 72 items divided in six categories (bread, filling, drinks, dessert, snacks, and stationery (control)) were measured twice, each time followed by a wanted meal. Appetite profile (visual analogue scales, VAS), heart rate, mood state and level of anxiety (POMS/STAI questionnaires) were measured.High hunger and low satiety (64 ± 19, 22 ± 20 mmVAS) confirmed the fasted state. Elevated heart rate, anger and confusion scores (p ≤ 0.03) confirmed the stress vs. rest condition. Consumption of the first meal decreased hunger, increased satiety, and decreased ranking of ‘liking’ of bread vs. increased ranking of ‘liking’ of the control (p < 0.001). ‘Wanting’ for dessert and snacks, energy intake, carbohydrate and fat intake for the second meal stress vs. rest relatively increased in VO vs. decreased in NW (p < 0.02). During stress vs. rest VO showed a 6 ± 9% increase in percentage of daily energy requirements consumed over the two meals (p = 0.01).To conclude, visceral overweight subjects showed stress-induced food intake in the absence of hunger, resulting in an increased energy intake.     

Low sexual function and its associated risk factors in pre- and postmenopausal women without clinically significant depression

Objectives

To investigate the low sexual function and its associated risk factors in pre- and postmenopausal women without clinically significant depression.

Methods

Cross-sectional study with 180 women aged between 19 and 60 years who admitted to our outpatient clinic. Sexual function was assessed by female sexual function index and clinically significant depression was measured by Beck depression inventory test.

Results

The rate of low sexual function was 85.9% in postmenopausal (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8–4.8) and 47.7% in premenopausal women (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.5) (p < 0.0001). The postmenopausal group reported significantly lower desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain scores than controls (p < 0.0001, for all of them). Low sexual function was positively correlated with age (r = 0.37, p < 0.0001), menopausal status (r = 0.40, p < 0.0001), gravidity (r = 0.44, p < 0.0001), parity (r = 0.43, p < 0.0001), abortion rates (r = 0.27, p = 0.001) and marriage period (r = 0.40, p < 0.0001). There were also significant negative correlations between low sexual function and education (r = −0.39, p < 0.0001) and family income (r = −0.29, p < 0.0001). However, multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that education, family income and menopausal status were the only independent variables for low sexual function after adjusted for age, gravidity, parity, abortion, marriage period and menopausal status.

Conclusion

Low sexual function was relatively high in postmenopausal women without clinically significant depression. Education, family income and menopausal status were the independent risk factors for low sexual function. Investigation of female sexuality was essential for these patients.