没食子酸通过拮抗脂多糖诱导的TLR4/NF-κB活化抑制RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎性反应

目的观察没食子酸对脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞Toll样受体4/核因子κB(TLR4/NF-κB)通路的影响。方法将巨噬细胞分为空白对照组、LPS组、LPS联合没食子酸组、LPS联合NF-κB抑制剂吡咯二硫代甲酸(PDTC)组和LPS联合地塞米松(DM)组。处理后的细胞培养24 h,ELISA检测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1(IL-1)、IL-6水平,实时定量PCR检测TLR4、NF-κB mNRA水平,Western blot法检测p65、p-p65、TLR4、磷酸化的NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)的蛋白表达水平。结果 LPS诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞后TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6水平升高,没食子酸可降低LPS诱导引起的TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6表达水平升高。LPS刺激后TLR4 mRNA及蛋白表达增加,NF-κB活化,没食子酸可拮抗以上作用,阻止NF-κB活化。结论没食子酸可通过TLR4/NF-κB通路抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎性反应。     

Notch1信号通过TRAF6参与TLR4介导的NF-κB激活

目的观察Notch1和TLR4信号交叉调控NF-κB激活并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法体外培养RAW264.7细胞,LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞后检测Notch1信号激活以及Notch1信号抑制剂DAPT对TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β表达的影响,Western blot检测DAPT对IKKα/β磷酸化以及NF-κB p65活化的影响,并检测DAPT对TLR4信号通路IKKα/β上游信号My D88和TRAF6表达的影响。结果 LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞后能显著提高Notch1信号蛋白NICD和目的蛋白Hes1表达,DAPT能明显抑制NICD和Hes1的表达。LPS诱导TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β表达和释放能被DAPT抑制但被Notch1信号激动剂jagged1增强。DAPT能够抑制LPS介导的TRAF6表达和IKKα/β磷酸化,促进NF-κB p65核转位,但DAPT对LPS诱导My D88的表达没有明显的影响。结论 Notch1和TLR4信号存在交叉对话,Notch1通过TRAF6调控NF-κB活化参与TLR4介导的免疫应答。     

法舒地尔(Fasudil)抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠星形胶质细胞活化和炎性反应及其机制

目的探讨法舒地尔(Fasudil)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞活化和炎症反应及Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的影响。方法体外培养新生C57BL/6小鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞,细胞分为PBS对照组、1μg/m L LPS刺激组、1μg/m L LPS联合15μg/m L盐酸法舒地尔处理组,Griess法检测培养细胞上清液一氧化氮(NO)的水平,ELISA检测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-10和IL-4的水平,免疫荧光细胞化学染色检测星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及TLR4的表达,Western blot法检测GFAP、TLR4和磷酸化的NF-κBp65(p-NF-κBp65)蛋白水平。结果与PBS组比较,LPS组NO、TNF-α和IL-6水平显著升高,IL-10和IL-4水平降低;法舒地尔能抑制LPS诱导的NO、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌,增加IL-10和IL-4的分泌。法舒地尔处理组星形胶质细胞GFAP表达显著降低,同时TLR4和NF-κB蛋白的水平也降低。结论法舒地尔阻断TLR4/NF-κB信号通路抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞活化及炎性反应。     

栀子苷抑制甲型流感病毒感染细胞中Toll样受体7/核因子-κB信号通路

目的 研究栀子苷对甲型流感病毒H3N2感染所致的Toll样受体7(Toll-like receptors7,TLR7)及其介导的细胞内转录因子核因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)活性及前炎症细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6释放的影响,以探讨栀子苷干预甲型流感病毒作用的分子生物学机制.方法 甲型流感病毒H3N2作为刺激因素,利用双荧光素酶顺式报告系统和免疫荧光实验检测栀子苷对NF-κB转录活性及NF-κB核转位的影响.RT-PCR法进一步验证栀子苷对NF-κB上下游靶基因TLR7、TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA表达水平的影响.结果 通过NF-κB双萤光素酶报告系统检测发现,与正常对照组比较,病毒感染的细胞中NF-κB荧光素酶报告活性明显升高;与病毒损伤组比较,栀子苷治疗组NF-κB荧光素酶报告活性明显受到抑制.荧光倒置显微镜下观察NF-κB p65磷酸化水平及核转位变化结果显示,病毒感染的细胞中NF-κB磷酸化水平及人核率明显升高;与病毒损伤组比较,栀子苷治疗组NF-κB磷酸化水平及入核率明显受到抑制.RT-PCR结果显示栀子苷能明显抑制病毒诱导的TLR7、TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA的高表达.结论 栀子苷可拮抗甲型流感病毒H3N2感染细胞中TLR7介导的细胞内转录因子NF-κB信号转导通路的活化,并可抑制其下游靶基因TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA的高表达水平来发挥抗病毒感染的作用.     

LLDT-8对类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞NF-kB信号通路的影响

研究新雷公藤衍生物雷藤舒[(5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide,LLDT-8]对TNF-α联合IL-17诱导的类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者的成纤维样滑膜细胞(fibroblast-like synoviocyte,FLS)NF-κB信号通路及其下游IL-6、IL-8表达的影响。体外培养FLS,TNF-α联合IL-17体外诱导FLS,ELISA法检测FLS上清液中IL-6、IL-8的含量;RT-PCR法检测FLS中IL-6、IL-8mRNA的表达;Western blotting检测FLS p-p65、p-IκBα的表达;免疫荧光染色法检测FLS NF-κB p65的核转运。研究发现LLDT-8可抑制NF-κB信号通路下游炎性因子IL-6、IL-8的表达;LLDT-8可抑制FLS NF-κB信号通路的IκBα磷酸化、p65活性;LLDT-8可显著抑制TNF-α联合IL-17诱导的NF-κB p65向FLS核内移位。由此LLDT-8可能通过调控NF-κB信号通路的活化,抑制IL-6、IL-8表达最终达到抗炎作用,将为进一步的临床应用提供实验依据。     

羌活水提取物对肥大细胞活化的影响

目的:探讨羌活水提取物(EN)对肥大细胞活化的影响及其机制。方法:体外获取大鼠腹腔肥大细胞(RPMC),观察EN不同剂量对anti-DNP IgE诱导肥大细胞活化的影响,酶联法检测anti-DNP IgE介导的肥大细胞组胺释放,酶联免疫吸附测定法检测肥大细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)释放,免疫印迹检测丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Akt)、核转录因子κB(NF-κB)p65蛋白的表达。结果:体外anti-DNP IgE明显促进RPMC组胺,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素6(IL-6)的释放,诱导Akt磷酸化和NF-κB p65活化,羌活水提取物高(200μg/L)、中(100μg/L)浓度明显抑制肥大细胞组胺,TNF-α和IL-6的释放,并抑制Akt磷酸化和NF-κB p65活化。结论:羌活水提取物通过调节Akt,NF-κB p65信号通路抑制肥大细胞介导的过敏性炎症。     

甘草酸对LPS 诱导的IEC-6 细胞NF-κB 通路及炎症因子表达的影响

目的:研究甘草酸(GA)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导肠上皮细胞IEC-6发生炎症应激的影响,并进一步探讨其炎症调控的作用机制。方法:以IEC-6细胞株为研究对象,实验分Control组、LPS模型组、LPS+GA组、GA组,Western blot法检测TLR4、CD14、MyD88、IκBα、p-IκBα、NF-κB p65表达变化; RT-qPCR和Western blot检测下游炎症基因的mRNA水平及蛋白表达。结果:与Control组相比,LPS诱导后IEC-6细胞中TLR4、CD14、MyD88的蛋白表达水平上调,IκBα的磷酸化水平显著升高及NF-κB p65的核转位增加(P0. 05),同时上调ICAM-1、COX-2、i NOS和IL-6炎症相关基因表达,并减少IL-10表达(P0. 05),甘草酸干预后可显著逆转上述改变,结果均具有统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论:甘草酸能抑制LPS活化的TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,进而下调LPS诱导的促炎基因表达,减轻肠上皮细胞的炎症性损伤。     

脂多糖预致敏的人骨髓间充质干细胞促炎机制研究

目的探索脂多糖（LPS）预致敏的人骨髓间充质干细胞（MSC）产生促炎功能的免疫调节机制。方法采用Real-time PCR和免疫荧光法检测MSC被预致敏前后TLR4信号通路相关分子（如TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6等）的表达水平,以及NF-κB的入核情况。通过Real-time PCR比较MSC被致敏前后促炎因子（IL-1β、IL-6、MIP-2、TNF-α）和Th1/Th2型细胞因子及其受体的表达差异。结果与未致敏的MSC相比,LPS预致敏的MSC中TLR4表达升高,NF-κB入核增加,促炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6、MIP-2、TNF-α表达升高,提示LPS预致敏可以激活MSC中的TLR4信号通路,并且诱导MSC中Th1型细胞因子及其受体表达升高,而Th2型细胞因子及其受体表达无变化或减少。结论MSC被LPS预致敏后TLR4信号通路激活,Th1型细胞因子及受体表达上调,从而诱导MSC分化成促炎表型。     

三百棒通过调控TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞极化的影响

目的：探讨三百棒醇提物(TAAE)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠单核-巨噬细胞RAW264.7极化趋向以及其对炎症反应的影响。方法：用LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞建立炎症模型。CCK-8法检测细胞活力;ELISA检测细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10)的水平;Griess法检测细胞培养上清液中一氧化氮(NO)的分泌情况;荧光染色双标法观察巨噬细胞的极化状态;免疫荧光染色检测NF-κB定位及表达;Transwell检测TAAE对RAW264.7细胞迁移和趋化性的影响;RT-qPCR检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、Arg-1、NF-κB和TLR4的mRNA水平;Western blot检测iNOS、COX-2、TLR4、NF-κB、p-NF-κB、IκBα和p-IκBα蛋白水平。使用TLR4通路抑制剂TAK-242进一步验证TAAE对TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的影响。结果：与模型组相比较,TAAE降低LPS诱导的炎症模型RAW264.7细胞中M1型促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6)及NO水平,促使M2型抑炎因子(IL-10和Arg-1)分泌...     

金雀异黄素对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞MAPK和TLR信号转导通路的影响

目的研究金雀异黄素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号转导通路和Toll样受体(TLR)通路的影响。方法用100 ng/mL脂多糖和金雀异黄素分别处理RAW264.7巨噬细胞不同时间后,采用Western blot法检测对MAPK信号通路蛋白磷酸化的影响;采用RT2 ProfilerTMPCR芯片检测金雀异黄素对LPS诱导的TLR信号转导通路基因表达的影响。结果 LPS能够显著诱导蛋白p38和p42/44磷酸化,激活MAPK信号通路,金雀异黄素能够加强其作用,同时,LPS能够显著诱导TLR信号转导通路的细胞因子基因表达,包括IFN-β、IL-10、IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、集落刺激因子2(CSF-2)、CSF-3、趋化因子CCL2和CXCL10、环氧合酶2(COX-2)、NF-κB1和IκB-α等,金雀异黄素能够显著降低这些上调基因的表达。结论金雀异黄素能够显著增强LPS激活的MAPK信号通路并抑制TLR信号通路的激活。     

Stress augments food 'wanting' and energy intake in visceral overweight subjects in the absence of hunger

Stress may induce eating in the absence of hunger, possibly involving changes in food reward, i.e. ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of acute psychological stress on food reward, and on energy intake, in visceral overweight (VO) vs. normal weight (NW) subjects. Subjects (27 NW, age = 26 ± 9 yrs, BMI = 22 ± 2 kg/m²; 15 VO, age = 36 ± 12 yrs, BMI = 28 ± 1 kg/m²) came to the university twice, fasted, for either a rest or stress condition (randomized cross-over design). Per test-session ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ for 72 items divided in six categories (bread, filling, drinks, dessert, snacks, and stationery (control)) were measured twice, each time followed by a wanted meal. Appetite profile (visual analogue scales, VAS), heart rate, mood state and level of anxiety (POMS/STAI questionnaires) were measured.High hunger and low satiety (64 ± 19, 22 ± 20 mmVAS) confirmed the fasted state. Elevated heart rate, anger and confusion scores (p ≤ 0.03) confirmed the stress vs. rest condition. Consumption of the first meal decreased hunger, increased satiety, and decreased ranking of ‘liking’ of bread vs. increased ranking of ‘liking’ of the control (p < 0.001). ‘Wanting’ for dessert and snacks, energy intake, carbohydrate and fat intake for the second meal stress vs. rest relatively increased in VO vs. decreased in NW (p < 0.02). During stress vs. rest VO showed a 6 ± 9% increase in percentage of daily energy requirements consumed over the two meals (p = 0.01).To conclude, visceral overweight subjects showed stress-induced food intake in the absence of hunger, resulting in an increased energy intake.     

Haematology and serum biochemistry of golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Iran

Haematological and serum biochemical values were estimated in blood samples collected from 21 apparently adult golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) of both sexes. The mean values of red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, white blood cells, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were 1.63 ± 0.11 × 10¹²/l, 0.47 ± 0.009 l/l, 91.73 ± 1.52 g/l, 24.31 ± 1.97 × 10⁹/l, 4.40 ± 0.22 × 10⁹/l, 16.81 ± 0.65 × 10⁹/l, 0.99 ± 0.19 × 10⁹/l and 2.10 ± 0.30 × 10⁹/l, respectively. The leucocytes had 69.14%, 4.09%, 18.12% and 8.65% lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils and eosinophils, respectively. The results of serum biochemistry in the golden eagle indicated that the concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, total globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were 16.42 ± 0.73 mmol/l, 49.76 ± 1.35 g/l, 20.46 ± 0.79 g/l, 29.30 ± 1.47 g/l, 2.14 ± 0.09 mmol/l, 2.04 ± 0.08 mmol/l, 457.67 ± 97.46 μmol/l, 2.74 ± 0.17 mmol/l, 53.27 ± 3.87 μmol/l, 2.37 ± 0.24 mmol/l, 1.73 ± 0.08 mmol/l, 293.24 ± 18.96 IU/l, 28.21 ± 2.36 IU/l, 411.29 ± 58.37 IU/l, 1,209.89 ± 21.73 IU/l and 67.31 ± 5.29 IU/l, respectively. There were no significant differences between haematological and serum biochemical parameters of male and female golden eagles (P > 0.05).     

Proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the healthy human breast at 7 T

In vivo water‐ and fat‐suppressed ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and ³¹P magnetic resonance adiabatic multi‐echo spectroscopic imaging were performed at 7 T in duplicate in healthy fibroglandular breast tissue of a group of eight volunteers. The transverse relaxation times of ³¹P metabolites were determined, and the reproducibility of ¹H and ³¹P MRS was investigated. The transverse relaxation times for phosphoethanolamine (PE) and phosphocholine (PC) were fitted bi‐exponentially, with an added short T₂ component of 20 ms for adenosine monophosphate, resulting in values of 199 ± 8 and 239 ± 14 ms, respectively. The transverse relaxation time for glycerophosphocholine (GPC) was also fitted bi‐exponentially, with an added short T₂ component of 20 ms for glycerophosphatidylethanolamine, which resonates at a similar frequency, resulting in a value of 177 ± 6 ms. Transverse relaxation times for inorganic phosphate, γ‐ATP and glycerophosphatidylcholine mobile phospholipid were fitted mono‐exponentially, resulting in values of 180 ± 4, 19 ± 3 and 20 ± 4 ms, respectively. Coefficients of variation for the duplicate determinations of ¹H total choline (tChol) and the ³¹P metabolites were calculated for the group of volunteers. The reproducibility of inorganic phosphate, the sum of phosphomonoesters and the sum of phosphodiesters with ³¹P MRS imaging was superior to the reproducibility of ¹H MRS for tChol. ¹H and ³¹P data were combined to calculate estimates of the absolute concentrations of PC, GPC and PE in healthy fibroglandular tissue, resulting in upper limits of 0.1, 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/kg of tissue, respectively.     

Cortical and brain stem projections to the spinal cord of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). A horseradish peroxidase study

Summary Cortical and brain stem neurons projecting to the spinal cord in the hedgehog were studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing method. HRP injections were placed in the first cervical segments, in the cervical enlargement (C₅-T₃) and in the lumbar enlargement. Following injections in the first cervical segments and in the cervical enlargement labelled neurons were observed in the somatic motor and somatic sensory cortices, the paraventricular and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the nuclei of field H of Forel, the red nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, the deep layers of the superior colliculus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the periaqueductal grey, the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus, the nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, raphe magnus, raphe pallidus, and raphe obscurus, the rhombencephalic reticular formation, the lateral, medial and caudal vestibular nuclei, the nucleus ambiguus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the gracile nucleus. After HRP injections in the lumbar enlargement, labelled neurons were not found in the cortex, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, the nuclei of field H of Forel, the superior colliculus and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. These results show that cortical and brain stem projection to the spinal cord are comparable to those described in other species.Abbreviations ac anterior commissure - Am nucleus ambiguus - Aq cerebral aqueduct - cc corpus callosum - Cd caudate nucleus - CE cervical enlargement - CeS nucleus centralis superior - CG periaqueductal grey - ci capsula interna - Cq cochlear nuclei - cp cerebral peduncle - Cu cuneiform nucleus - CV caudal vestibular nucleus - DM dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus - DX dorsal motor nucleus of vagus - EC external cuneate nucleus - EW Edinger-Westphal nucleus - F nuclei of field H of Forel - G gracile nucleus - H nippocampus - IC inferior colliculus - IP interpeduncular nucleus - LC locus coeruleus - LE lumbar enlargement - LH lateral hypothalamic area - LL nucleus of lateral lemniscus - lo lateral olfactory tract - LV lateral vestibular nucleus - MC medial cuneate nucleus - MesV mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus - MG medial geniculate nucleus - MM medial mammillary nucleus - MV medial vestibular nucleus - oc optic chiasm - PH nucleus praepositus - Pn pontine nuclei - Put putamen - PV paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus - R red nucleus - Rd nucleus raphe dorsalis - RGc gigantocellular reticular nucleus - Rl lateral reticular nucleus - Rm nucleus raphe magnus - Rmes mesencephalic reticular formation - Ro nucleus raphe obscurus - Rpa nucleus raphe pallidus - Rpc caudal reticular nucleus of the pons - Rpo rostral reticular nucleus of the pons - Rv ventral reticular nucleus - s solitary tract - SC superior colliculus - SN substantia nigra - SO supraoptic nucleus - SR sulcus rhinalis - STh subthalamic nucleus - siV spinal tract of trigeminal nerve - STV nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve - subC locus subcoeruleus - SuM supramammillary nucleus - Th thalamus - TS nucleus of solitary tract - VM ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus - ZI zona incerta - 3V third ventricle - 4V fourth ventricle - IV layer IV of the cortex - V layer V of the cortex - VI layer VI of the cortex - 7 facial nucleus - 12 hypoglossal nucleus     

State, not trait, neuroendocrine function predicts costly reactive aggression in men after social exclusion and inclusion

Social exclusion increases aggressive behaviour, and the possible neuroendocrine underpinnings of the effect are largely unknown. Here, we examined the extent to which testosterone and cortisol responses to social exclusion would predict subsequent reactive aggression. Men were randomly assigned to a social exclusion (SE) or inclusion (SI) condition of ‘Cyberball’, a computer ball-toss game. Aggression was then measured using the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP). Saliva was collected at three points for the measurement of testosterone and cortisol. Regression analyses indicated that testosterone concentrations 10-min into the PSAP (controlling for pre- and post-Cyberball testosterone) were positively correlated with aggressive behaviour, irrespective of SI/SE. Post hoc analyses for the conditions separately, however, suggested the relationship was stronger for SI men (R²_change = 13.3%, F_1,29 = 5.28, p = 0.03) than for SE men (R²_change = 1.8%, F_1,26 = 0.49, p = 0.49). Aggressive behaviour was also positively correlated with cortisol concentrations 10-min into the PSAP (controlling for pre- and post-Cyberball cortisol) irrespective of SE/SI. When both hormones were included in the regression model, the interaction of baseline ‘Cortisol’ × ‘Testosterone’ × ‘Experimental Group’ approached significance (R²_change = 5.4%, F_1,55 = 3.53, p = 0.07), but no significant effects were observed in either group alone. The findings add to evidence that individual differences in state neuroendocrine function map onto variability in human social behaviour.     

Distribution of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1, -DPB1 allele frequencies in patients with COVID-19 bilateral pneumonia in Russians,living in the Chelyabinsk region (Russia)

In this population-based case-control study conducted in the Chelyabinsk region of Russia, we examined the distribution of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1 and -DPB1, in a group of 100 patients with confirmed COVID-19 bilateral pneumonia. Typing was performed by NGS and statistical calculations were carried out with the Arlequin program. HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1 and -DPB1 alleles were compared between patients with COVID-19 and 99 healthy controls. We identified that COVID-19 susceptibility is associated with alleles and genotypes rs9277534A (disequilibrium with HLA-DPB1*02:01, ?02:02, ?04:01, ?04:02, ?17:01 alleles) with low expression of protein products HLA-DPB1 (pc < 0.028) and homozygosity at HLA-C*04 (p = 0.024, pc = 0.312). Allele HLA-A*01:01 was decreased in a group of patients with severe forms of bilateral pneumonia, and therefore it may be considered as a protective factor for the development of severe symptoms of COVID-19 (p = 0.009, pc = 0.225). Our studies provide further evidence for the functional association between HLA genes and COVID-19.     

Radiological anatomy of the vascularization of cranial dural arteriovenous malformations

Summary Knowledge of the radiological anatomy of the cranial durai vascularization allows a flexible and appropriate approach to the pretherapeutic investigation of cranial durai arteriovenous malformations. The variability of the origin of these arteries requires that several possible sources of vascular supply be investigated — internal carotid, internal maxillary, ascending pharyngeal, occipital and vertebral — and that each of their meningeal branches be known in detail. Finally, familiarity with the radiological anatomy of these vessels allows one to identify on routine angiography those vessels that may be a source of risk when performing techniques of endovascular therapy (pedicles supplying the cranial nerves, internal carotid and vertebral anastomoses).Each foramen at the base and vault of the cranium contains an artery to the dura mater. Accordingly, very precise topographical study, in particular of the cavernous region, can be made.

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Bases radio-anatomiques de la vascularisation des malformations artério-veineuses durales crâniennes

Résumé Les bases radio-anatomiques de la vascularisation durale crânienne permettent de conduire de façon flexible et adaptée à chaque cas l'étude pré-thérapeutique des MAVD crâniennes. La variabilité d'origine de ces artères impose l'exploration de plusieurs sources possibles: carotidienne interne, maxillaire interne, pharyngienne ascendante, occipitale, vertébrale, et la connaissance précise de chacune de leurs branches méningées. La visualisation en routine angiographique des vaisseaux dangereux pour les techniques thérapeutiques endovasculaires (pédicules nourriciers des nerfs crâniens, anastomoses carotidienne interne, vertébrale).Chaque orifice de la base et de la voûte du crâne contient une artère à destinée durale; on peut ainsi arriver à une étude topographique extrêmement précise, en particulier dans la région caverneuse.

     

Perception of limb orientation in the vertical plane depends on center of mass rather than inertial eigenvectors

We performed two experiments to test the hypothesis that the perception of limb orientation depends on inertial eigenvectors (e _i ) against the alternative hypothesis that it depends on the center of mass vector (CM). Whereas e _i constrains the dynamic torques involved in angular rotation, CM constrains the static torque necessary to keep the limb aloft in the gravitational field. Hence, possible effects of e _i and CM on kinesthetic judgments must be related to the dynamic and static torques, respectively, involved in moving and positioning a limb. In the first experiment, blindfolded participants matched, with upper arms supported, the orientation of their forearms while the forearms’ e _i and CM were manipulated relative to the elbow. The manipulation of the vector CM alone induced a matching bias, as did the combined manipulation of e _i and CM, whereas the manipulation of e _i alone did not. In the second experiment, participants positioned their unseen and unsupported right arm at an indicated spatial configuration while e _i and CM of the right forearm were manipulated as in Experiment 1. As in the first experiment, forearm positioning was affected by the independent manipulation of CM and the combined manipulation of e _i and CM, but not by the independent variation of e _i . Moreover, none of the manipulations affected upper arm positioning. These results refute the claim that the perception of limb orientation (in the vertical plane) is based on e _i and demonstrate, for the first time, the implication of a limb segment’s CM in the perception of its orientation. This research was supported in part by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Grant 402-01-040.