100例嵌甲患者的手术治疗效果分析

目的：通过对100例嵌甲病人的手术治疗探讨部分甲皱襞和甲床切除术治疗甲沟炎的疗效。方法：对三种类型共100例甲沟炎病人施以部分甲皱襞和甲床切除术加以治疗。结果：共治疗100例,99治愈（其中80例一期愈合,19例感染,经引流、换药后二期愈合）。随访2～8个月,平均5个月,一例复发,无复发患者对趾甲外形满意。结论：嵌甲是引起甲沟炎主要的原因,部分甲皱襞和甲床切除术对治疗各类型嵌甲时手术操作简单,效果满意,复发率低,同时一定程度上有美甲作用。     

重塑趾(指)甲治疗难治性甲沟炎

甲沟炎是门诊外科一常见病、多发病.一般认为病因为[1]:①嵌甲 趾(指)甲嵌入甲沟软组织内,导致甲沟部软组织受到挤压.影响局部血液循环产生炎性反应,是引起甲沟炎的主要原因.嵌甲可能与不良生活习惯有关,如鞋子较小、鞋头狭窄等.②感染 可能与拔手指甲肉刺、咬指甲等不良卫生习惯有关.甲沟部污物积聚,细菌繁殖产生炎性反应.③外伤 跌伤、踢伤或剪甲等造成甲沟或甲床组织损伤,继发细菌感染.临床上对于第2、3种病因所致甲沟炎,治疗效果好,但对于第1种病因所致甲沟炎的治疗效果欠佳.目前一般采用拔甲、甲床部分切除、趾(指)侧梭形切除等方式治疗,但复发率高,特别是嵌甲及感染后拔甲治疗复发率为100％.2008年3月至2010年5月我们采用重塑趾(指)甲及甲皱襞,治疗难治性甲沟炎30例,术后随访无复发病例.     

甲床部分切除联合甲沟重建治疗嵌甲性甲沟炎

目的探讨甲床部分切除联合甲沟重建治疗嵌甲性甲沟炎的临床疗效。方法对48例（51足）嵌甲性甲沟炎采用甲床部分切除联合甲沟重建手术治疗,手术前0.5%碘伏浸泡患趾,切除增生的肉芽组织及病变甲沟,纵形切除约1/5甲床,重建甲沟,术后加压包扎,抗炎换药治疗。结果本组均获随访,随访时间4个月～2年,术后复发1例,二次手术后痊愈;术后感染2例;其余患者甲沟重建外观美观、无复发,患者满意。结论嵌甲性甲沟炎采用甲床部分切除联合甲沟重建治疗,可以取得满意的疗效。     

改良的甲板及甲基质部分切除治疗嵌甲性甲沟炎

目的探讨改良的甲板及甲基质部分切除治疗嵌甲性甲沟炎的临床疗效。方法选择2012年7月-2016年3月收治的86例95趾足部嵌甲性甲沟炎患者,采用患侧部分拔甲、甲基质部分(约1/5)切除、甲床外翻抬高、增生肉芽组织切除联合甲襞修整方法治疗,观察术后疗效。结果患者术后愈合佳,除3例术后创面感染,再次清创后愈合,其余切口均Ⅰ期愈合。81例获随访,随访时间10个月~4年,平均12.4个月,患者趾甲外观完整,患趾感觉及运动功能正常,无复发,无并发症、后遗症发生。结论该术式是目前治疗嵌甲性甲沟炎的有效方法之一,手术时间短、微创、方法简单可行、恢复快、治愈率高、远期疗效确切,尤其不影响甲部整体外形美观,患者易于接受,值得推广。     

指(趾)甲分型及对甲沟炎的治疗研究

目的 通过对指(趾)甲的分型探索治疗甲沟炎的最佳手术方法。方法 将指(趾)甲分成3个类型，根据不同类型的甲沟炎施以不同的手术。嵌甲型、扁平型采用甲床部分切除，少数病例采用拨甲治疗。凹陷型行甲床部分切除加指(趾)侧梭形切皮整形术，少数病例行甲床部分切除。结果 共治疗437例，治愈410例，复发27例。结论 嵌甲是引起甲沟炎主要的原因。嵌甲型、扁平型甲沟炎采用甲床部分切除根除了嵌甲的情况，疗效甚佳。凹陷型行甲床部分切除加趾侧梭形切皮整形后，甲缘平面被降低，避免了组织受压，治疗后不易复发。     

嵌甲性甲沟炎的治疗

甲沟炎一般是因甲廓部的倒刺、甲廓损伤或慢性刺激导致细菌侵入皮下引起,也可由指（趾）甲长入甲沟内引起,前者可经过清创、换药、切开引流等措施治疗,对于后者引起的甲沟炎,传统的治疗方法往往是拔甲,而拔甲术后效果持续时间较短,待到新趾甲长出又会引起甲沟炎,需再次行拔甲术,临床上经常看到反复拔甲1～4次仍未痊愈的患者。笔者近3年来对嵌甲性甲沟炎患者采取切除嵌甲侧少部分趾甲、甲床及部分侧甲廓、对应的少部分甲母、甲沟内炎性组织,术后取得良好的治疗效果,笔者称其为嵌甲整形术,可一次性治愈嵌甲性甲沟炎。     

甲板及甲基质部分切除联合拇趾腹重建甲沟治疗嵌甲性甲沟炎

目的探讨甲板及甲基质部分切除联合拇趾腹重建甲沟治疗嵌甲性甲沟炎的临床疗效。方法对76例嵌甲性甲沟炎患者采用甲板及甲基质部分切除联合拇趾腹重建甲沟术治疗,评价治疗效果。结果 76例均获随访,时间8~12个月。2例复发残甲,总有效率达97.4%。结论采用甲板及甲基质部分切除联合拇趾腹重建甲沟术治疗嵌甲性甲沟炎操作简便,对趾甲损伤小,患者痛苦轻,并发症少,治愈率高。     

微创甲基质楔形切除术治疗顽固性足拇趾嵌甲性甲沟炎

目的探讨微创甲基质楔形切除术治疗顽固性足拇趾嵌甲性甲沟炎的临床效果。方法自2010年1月至2016年12月,对32例36趾顽固性足拇趾嵌甲性甲沟炎患者采用微创甲基质楔形切除术治疗。先切开甲根部少许皮肤,拔除宽约3 mm的纵行条状嵌入侧的趾甲,再楔形切除甲根部部分甲基质,直接缝合皮肤。结果所有患者术后伤口均一期愈合,无切口感染等并发症发生。随访4～24个月,甲体外形生长良好,无明显畸形,甲沟炎均无复发,治愈率为100%。结论采用微创甲基质楔形切除术治疗足拇趾顽固性嵌甲性甲沟炎,是一种简单、实用且较理想的手术方式。     

嵌甲并发甲沟炎发病原因及手术方法的探讨

甲沟炎是一种趾甲感染的常见病,主要表现为患趾疼痛流脓,迁延不愈,并影响行走.对其治疗的方法虽然较多,如修整法、嵌甲部分切除、全甲拔除、甲沟"V"形组织瓣切除等,但均有损伤大、易复发等不足.自2000年2月至2008年5月,笔者应用保留甲根甲床的甲沟成形方法,治疗嵌甲引起的甲沟炎患者230例,获得了良好的效果.现报道如下.     

顽固性甲沟炎的病因分析及其手术治疗

目的探讨顽固性甲沟炎的病因及其手术治疗的效果。方法对241例顽固性甲沟炎进行病因分析,分别实施侧切修整加甲沟重建术、拔甲清理术、手术结合抗真菌治疗。结果病因分析:嵌甲畸形132例,拔倒刺、美甲、穿瘦型鞋等不良生活习惯71例,真菌感染33例,其他5例。均获随访4～16个月,235例治愈,6例复发者再次手术治愈。结论顽固性甲沟炎的病因主要为嵌甲畸形、不良生活习惯、合并真菌感染,手术或同时联合抗真菌治疗效果良好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.