原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤临床病理分析并文献复习

目的:探讨原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤(primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma,PMBL)的临床病理学特点及诊断要点。方法:收集2010年9月~2014年12月病理确诊为PMBL的病例,对其对PMBL进行临床特点、病理形态学及免疫组织化学观察分析,并复习相关文献。结果:3例PMBL2例为男性,1例为女性,3例均侵犯邻近器官,2例伴颈部或锁骨上淋巴结受累,1例椎体受累(C7-T4)。镜下见不同程度的纤维化,瘤细胞呈巢状或弥漫浸润,瘤细胞胞质空亮丰富,细胞核圆形或卵圆形,其中1例可见坏死。免疫组织化学均表达CD20、CD79a、CD23、bcl2、CD23,其中2例表达CD30,均不表达CD3、CD5。随访3例均生存,化疗后1例获得CR,2例获得PR。结论:纵隔原发弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤很少见,形态变化多端,容易引起误诊。提高对PMBL的认识,对避免误诊是至关重要的。     

肝血管内大B细胞性淋巴瘤2例临床病理观察

目的探讨肝血管内大B细胞性淋巴瘤的临床病理特征、诊断与鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析2例肝血管内大B细胞性淋巴瘤患者的临床资料、组织病理学形态和免疫组化结果。结果光镜下肝窦内和小血管内可见较多具有明显异型性的淋巴样细胞浸润,汇管区可见慢性炎细胞浸润,亦可见少许异型淋巴细胞样细胞,未见明确纤维化。免疫组化示CD20、PAX5弥漫(+),CD3散在少许(+),Ki-67阳性率为70%,AE1/AE3、CD117和CD56均(-);其中例1 CD5弥漫(+)。结论血管内大B细胞性淋巴瘤是一种具有高度侵袭性的结外弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤的亚型,由于该病临床表现多样及不典型性,造成了部分患者的诊断困难,因此,掌握临床病理及免疫组化特征对该病的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

皮肤结外鼻型血管内NK/T细胞淋巴瘤临床病理探讨

目的 探讨皮肤结外鼻型血管内NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的临床病理特征、诊断和鉴别诊断、治疗及预后.方法 回顾性分析1例皮肤结外鼻型血管内NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者的临床资料、组织病理形态、免疫组化染色及原位杂交染色.结果 光镜下皮肤附属器周围、血管周围和血管内可见中等大小的异型淋巴样细胞,肿瘤细胞胞质比较丰富、淡染,细胞核圆形、卵圆形或不规则,染色质深染,部分血管内可见纤维素样渗出物.免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞CD3和粒酶B(+),CD56部分(+),CD5和CD8散在(+),CD4、CD20和MPO(-);CD31显示大部分肿瘤细胞位于血管内;Ki-67阳性率＞50％.EBER分子原位杂交(+).结论 皮肤结外鼻型血管内NK/T细胞淋巴瘤是一种罕见的血管内淋巴瘤,临床和病理均易与皮肤血管炎性病变混淆,因此掌握其临床病理特征对该病的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义.     

化生性胸腺瘤2例临床病理观察

目的 探讨化生性胸腺瘤的临床病理特征、鉴别诊断及预后.方法 对2例化生性胸腺瘤进行光镜观察及免疫组化研究,并复习相关文献.结果 2例化生性胸腺瘤均为女性,年龄分别为52岁和46岁.镜下肿瘤显示双相分化特点,上皮细胞与梭形细胞交错分布并相互移行.上皮细胞呈岛状排列并相互吻合,细胞轻度异型,可见核沟和核内假包涵体;梭形细胞形态温和,呈束状排列;两种类型细胞中均偶见核分裂象.免疫组化:上皮细胞AE1/AE3强(+),EMA灶状(+),vimentin和CD20(-),Ki-67为3%～4%;梭形细胞vimentin弥漫(+),EMA和CgA弱(+),CD20(-);间质淋巴细胞CD3(+),TdT(-).患者均无重症肌无力.术后无复发和转移.结论 化生性胸腺瘤是一类罕见的良性或低度恶性的胸腺肿瘤,其独特的组织学特征及免疫组化有助于诊断和鉴别诊断.     

原发性CD5阳性的弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤4例临床病理分析

目的 探讨CD5阳性的弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤的临床病理特征、诊断、治疗及预后.方法 回顾性分析4例CD5阳性的弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者的临床资料、组织病理形态及免疫组化结果.结果 4例患者年龄均＞60岁,乳酸脱氢酶和α-羟丁酸脱氢酶水平均显著升高.光镜下分别在纤维组织中、肝窦内、髓腔中及淋巴结内可见成片或弥漫的体积中～大的异型淋巴样细胞浸润.免疫组化示4例CD20、PAX-5和CD5均弥漫(+),Ki-67阳性率约60％～ 80％,CD3、CD10和cyclinD1均(-);3例bcl-2弥漫(+),1例部分(+).随访0.5～10个月,3例患者6个月内死亡.结论 CD5阳性的弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤是一种具有高度侵袭性的弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤的亚型,主要累及老年人,预后较差,因此正确掌握临床病理及免疫组化特征对该病的诊断具有重要意义.     

原发性宫颈粒细胞肉瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨宫颈粒细胞肉瘤(GS)的病理特点、诊断与鉴别诊断及治疗与预后。方法观察1例原发性宫颈粒细胞肉瘤组织学形态及免疫组化,并复习相关文献,综合分析其临床病理特征及治疗与预后。结果本例首发症状为接触性出血、宫颈肥大、质硬。B超示宫颈处有一大小为2.5 cm×1.7 cm低回声占位肿块。光镜示瘤细胞呈弥漫性分布,由淋巴样细胞构成。瘤细胞小至中等大小,胞质少,核呈圆形或椭圆形,核分裂象易见。免疫组化:CD45、MPO、CD43、溶菌酶和CD68均(+),Ki-67阳性指数70%。骨髓及外周血无急性髓细胞白血病表现。结论宫颈粒细胞肉瘤十分罕见,初诊时易误诊为恶性淋巴瘤及小细胞性恶性肿瘤。免疫组化有助于诊断及鉴别诊断。     

骨原发性组织细胞肉瘤3例临床病理观察

目的 探讨组织细胞肉瘤的临床病理特征、诊断与鉴别诊断及预后.方法 对3例组织细胞肉瘤进行光镜观察及免疫组化检测,并复习相关文献进行讨论.结果 3例患者均为男性,年龄18～41岁;病变分别位于胸椎、上颌骨及股骨远端和胫骨近端.影像学表现均为溶骨性改变伴周围软组织肿块.镜下肿瘤细胞弥漫分布,瘤细胞体积大、圆形或隋圆形,局灶可见梭形细胞,大部分区域瘤细胞黏附性差;瘤细胞胞质丰富、嗜伊红,部分呈泡沫状或充满微空泡,部分瘤巨细胞内可见吞噬的红细胞;核大、圆形或卵圆形,空泡状,可见偏位,部分可见增大的核仁,核分裂易见;亦可见多核瘤巨细胞;背景中常见小淋巴细胞、浆细胞、嗜中性及嗜酸性粒细胞等反应性细胞.免疫组化示肿瘤细胞CD68(KP-1及PGM1)、lysozyme和CD163(+),CK、HMB45、CD3、CD20、CD1a及MPO(-).结论 组织细胞肉瘤是一种罕见的淋巴组织恶性肿瘤,单从组织形态学上难与癌、恶性黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤等相鉴别,诊断与鉴别诊断还依赖于组织形态与免疫组化结果.目前最佳治疗方案不统一,预后多数不佳.     

口腔原发性浆母细胞淋巴瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨浆母细胞淋巴瘤的病理诊断和临床病理特点。方法对1例浆母细胞淋巴瘤进行详细的临床病理分析、免疫组化标记、原位杂交和基因重排检测,并复习相关文献。结果肿瘤组织呈弥漫浸润性生长,瘤细胞较大,圆形或椭圆形,胞质丰富,细胞核偏位,可见1～2个核仁,核分裂象易见,可见凋亡小体及星空现象。免疫组化:瘤细胞CD138、VS38c、vimentin和VEGF(+),CD3、CD68、LCA和p53散在(+),Ki-67>50%。PCR检测结果示IgH基因重排。结论浆母细胞淋巴瘤是一种弥漫增生的恶性肿瘤,肿瘤细胞与B免疫母细胞相似,但是肿瘤细胞具有浆细胞的免疫表型。浆母细胞淋巴瘤的诊断依赖于组织病理学和免疫组化并结合相关的分子病理技术。     

原发性睾丸NK/T细胞淋巴瘤3例临床病理观察

目的探讨原发性睾丸NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的临床病理特点、诊断与鉴别诊断及预后。方法收集3例原发性睾丸NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的临床资料,观察其组织学形态、免疫组化,并复习相关文献,探讨该肿瘤的病理诊断与鉴别诊断要点。结果 3例均为老年男性,发生于左、右及双侧睾丸各1例。镜下睾丸正常结构破坏,残余曲细精管间距离增宽,肿瘤细胞弥漫生长,可见明显的嗜血管现象;肿瘤细胞由小、中、大混合组成,核呈圆形、不规则形、杆状,胞质透亮或浅嗜酸性,核分裂象易见。免疫组化:瘤细胞CD2、胞质型CD3、CD43、CD45RO、CD56、TIA-1和perforin(+),CD57、CD20、CD79a、PLAP、CK、MPO、bcl-2和TDT(-)。原位杂交EBV编码RNA(+)。结论原发性睾丸NK/T细胞淋巴瘤罕见,病情进展快,预后差。结合组织学形态及免疫组化染色CD2、CD3和CD56及原位杂交EBV编码RNA检测有助于诊断。     

甲状腺乳头状癌合并淋巴瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌合并淋巴瘤的临床表现和病理特点,提高对该病的认识,避免漏诊。方法收集4例西京医院2009-01-2019-07间4例甲状腺乳头状癌合并淋巴瘤的病例。结合文献分析其临床病理学特征,免疫组织化学检测其免疫表型。结果 4例患者年龄38～71岁,平均54.5岁,其中女性3例,男性1例。甲状腺内可见瘤细胞呈乳头状排列,细胞核呈毛玻璃样,可见核沟及核内包涵体。其中2例左侧甲状腺内可见甲状腺结构破坏、消失,淋巴样细胞弥漫异型增生。免疫组化CD20(+),CD10、Bcl-6、CD3、cyclin D1和SOX-11(-),诊断为甲状腺微小乳头状癌合并弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤和黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤;另外2例于淋巴结内发现肿瘤性滤泡紧密排列,局部几乎背靠背且缺乏套区,主要由单一的核不规则的小细胞组成。免疫组化CD10、Bcl-2、Bcl-6、CD20(+); CD3、cyclin D1和SOX-11(-),分别诊断为甲状腺微小乳头状癌合并淋巴结滤泡性淋巴瘤(1级)和合并淋巴结滤泡性淋巴瘤(2级)。结论甲状腺乳头状癌合并淋巴瘤是一种少见的恶性肿瘤,临床病理对其认识不足,易漏诊,有必要加强对这种罕见疾病的认识及提高临床的治疗水平。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.