HPLC法测定连蒲双清片中咖啡酸及盐酸小檗碱的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定连蒲双清片中咖啡酸及盐酸小檗碱含量.色谱柱为Diamonsil C18,流动相A:乙腈,B:0.5%三乙胺水溶液(用磷酸调PH值为3.14 )[0～13min (A∶B=12∶88 ) ,13～35min (A∶B=25∶75)],流速:1.0mL·min-1 ,检测波长 320nm,进样量:10μL.盐酸小檗碱在148 ～740μg(r=0.9996)、咖啡酸在1-20μg(r=0.9995)范围内具有良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.64%(RSD=0.81%)、99.45%(RSD=1.18%).本方法准确可靠,简单易行,可用于连蒲双清片的含量测定.     

5种中成药治疗外感风热型慢性咽炎的药物成本-效果比较

目的：对5种中成药治疗外感风热型慢性咽炎的药效与经济学情况进行比较分析,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法将本院门诊部治疗的241例外感风热型慢性咽炎患者按不同用药随机分成5组,即清开灵片组、感咳双清胶囊组、芙朴感冒颗粒组、一清胶囊组和清开灵颗粒组。比较5组的总有效率,进而进行成本-效果分析。结果清开灵片组总有效率为95.7%,感咳双清胶囊组为95.8%、芙朴感冒颗粒组为98.0%,一清胶囊组为95.9%,清开灵颗粒组为97.9%。各组总有效率接近,差异无统计学意义;成本-效果分析结果显示,清开灵片组的成本-效果比最小（C/E=1.13）,为最佳治疗方案。结论清开灵片在临床外感风热型慢性咽炎用药中具有一定优势,临床疗效确切,且成本低。     

HPLC法进行芩霍双清饮中黄芩苷的含量测定

目的探讨高压液相色谱法（HPLC法）在芩霍双清饮中黄芩苷含量测定中的应用情况。方法采用HPLC法,选取Merk C作为色谱柱,以体积比为2：3的甲醇（CH3OH）与浓度为0.3%的磷酸溶液作为流动相,混合溶液流速为1 ml/min,检测波长λ=280 nm。对此种方法下的黄芩苷含量进行测定分析。结果黄芩苷平均回收率为97.65%,平均标准偏差（RSD）为0.67%。结论 HPLC法测定芩霍双清饮中黄芩苷的含量,方法简便、确切以及重现性较好,可应用于芩霍双清饮中黄芩苷的定量测定与分析之中,应加以推广及应用。     

感咳双清胶囊治疗急性上呼吸道感染的系统评价

目的:系统评价感咳双清胶囊治疗急性上呼吸道感染的有效性和安全性。方法:计算机检索CNKI、VIP、CBM、MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane图书馆,纳入有关感咳双清胶囊治疗急性上呼吸道感染的随机对照试验(RCT),参考Cochrane系统评价员手册5.0.1标准进行质量评价,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行数据处理。结果:共纳入6篇RCT,有急性上呼吸道感染患者1 194例。Meta分析结果,总有效率:儿童中,治疗组A1总有效率优于对照组A2,差异有统计学意义[RR=1.15,95%CI(1.08,1.22)];成人中,治疗组A1总有效率优于对照组A2,差异有统计学意义[RR=1.18,95%CI(1.09,1.28)];治疗组B1总有效率与对照组B2间差异无统计学意义[RR=1.02,95%CI(0.94,1.12)]。主要症状缓解率各研究临床异质性大,采用描述性分析。结论:对于儿童,感咳双清胶囊治疗急性上呼吸道感染的总体疗效优于利巴韦林;对于成人,感咳双清胶囊治疗急性上呼吸道感染的总体疗效和主要症状的缓解率优于或不劣于利巴韦林和清感穿心莲片。但仍有待更多大样本、高质量的RCT进一步验证。     

紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定利巴韦林片含量的比较

目的:建立紫外分光光度法测定利巴韦林片的含量.方法:采用紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法分别测定利巴韦林片的含量.结果:紫外分光光度法平均回收率为100.9%,RSD=0.57%(n=5);高效液相色谱法平均回收率为99.9%,RSD=0.86%(n=5).结论:紫外分光光度法简便、快速,两种方法测定结果一致(P＞0.05).     

HPLC法测定咖啡酸及咖啡酸片的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定咖啡酸及咖啡酸片的含量。方法采用Sepax Sapphire C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.32%醋酸溶液(45∶55)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长为323 nm。结果咖啡酸在10～90μg·mL-1范围内,进样浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.999 8,咖啡酸平均回收率为99.5%、RSD=0.97%(n=6);咖啡酸片平均回收率为99.1%、RSD=1.01%(n=9)。结论本方法简便、灵敏、准确、重现性好,可用于咖啡酸及咖啡酸片的含量测定。     

复方姜黄降脂片质量标准研究

目的:建立复方姜黄降脂片(姜黄素、丹皮酚、姜黄总酚)的质量标准.方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定方中的丹皮酚和姜黄素的含量;采用分光光度法测定制剂中姜黄总酚的含量.结果:丹皮酚的含量测定线性范围为0.0503 ug"-O.5034 ug(r=0.9999,n=6),平均回收率为98.25%(RSD=0.66%,n=5);姜黄素的含量测定线性范围为0.0202 ug～0.2020 μg(r=0.9999,n=6),平均回收率为97.55%(RSD=0.66%,n=5);姜黄总酚的含量.测定线性范围为2.580ug.nd-1～5.160 ug.ml-1(r=0.9999,n=6).平均回收率为101.2%(RSD=1.08%,n=5).结论:所建立的方法简便、准确可靠,重复性好,可作为复方姜黄降脂片的质量控制标准.     

HPLC测定小儿双清颗粒中连翘苷的含量

目的建立小儿双清颗粒中连翘苷的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法,以依利特Hypersil ODS2（5μm,4.6mm×200mm）为色谱柱,以乙腈-水（23∶77）为流动相,检测波长为278nm,流速为1.0mL.min-1。结果连翘苷的线性范围为0.1108～0.5540μg（r=0.999 4）,平均回收率（n=5）为99.1%,RSD为0.78%。结论此方法简便准确,重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定四环素片的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定四环素片含量。方法色谱柱为SUPELCO Discovery C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.1%磷酸-甲醇(40:60),检测波长为268nm,柱温为30℃,流速1.0ml/min。结果四环素进样量的线性范围为0.1～8.0μg,r=0.9983(n=7),平均回收率为99.92%,RSD=0.89%(n=6)。结论所用方法准确、灵敏、专属性好,可用于四环素片的质量控制。     

比浊法自动测定可利霉素片的效价

目的:建立比浊法测定可利霉素片效价的方法。方法:以金黄色葡萄球菌为试验菌,加菌量为0.5%(V/V),温度为(37±0.5)℃,培养时间3.5～4.0h测定。结果:抗生素线性最佳浓度范围为6.4～15.7 u.mL-1,平均回收率为100.7%(n=9),RSD=1.7%。结论:本方法灵敏、快速、实用,可作为测定可利霉素片效价的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.