乙型肝炎肝硬化预后相关因素临床分析

目的探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化病死的危险因素。方法分析乙型肝炎肝硬化患者573例的临床资料。结果 502例存活,71例死亡。有上消化道出血、肝性脑病、电解质紊乱、感染、肝肾综合征为死亡的危险因素;HBeAg阳性患者病死率27.8%,高于HBeAg阴性者6.3%(P0.01);出现腹水者的病死率16.8%,高于无腹水者4.4%(P0.01)。结论要及时发现与乙型肝炎肝硬化死亡有关的各种危险因素,及时处理。     

肝硬化与肝肺综合征52例分析

对５２例肝硬化患者的血气分析结果，显示，肝硬化患者于病程中任一阶段均可发生肝肺综合征（ＨＰＳ），肝功能损害越重，发生机会越大，程度越重。总发生率为５９．６１％。其中皮肤蜘蛛痣阳性者发生率高于阴性者，有急性上消化道出血、慢性肝性脑病、肝肾综合征等并发症者发病率高于无并发症者。     

657例肝硬化死亡病例分析

目的探讨广西肝硬化死亡病例的临床特点。方法回顾性分析1995年～2004年入院的广西区内12所医院消化内科住院的肝硬化院内死亡病例资料。结果在8763例肝硬化患者中院内死亡657例（7．50％），1995年～1999年病死率较2000年～2004年高（8．50％对6．87％，P〈0．01）；64．99％病例为乙型肝炎肝硬化，HBeAg阳性患者较阴性组病死率高（13．53％对6．16％，P〈0．01）；93．91％患者发生肝硬化相关并发症，上消化道出血的发生率最高（50．53％），也是最主要的死因（38．96％），60岁以上病例感染的发生率较其他年龄段高（26．45％对17．29％，P〈0．01）。结论广西2000年以后肝硬化住院病死率有下降趋势，HBeAg阳性乙型肝炎肝硬化病死率更高，防治并发症是降低肝硬化病死率的关键。     

乙型重型肝炎并发症对重型肝炎预后影响的荟萃分析

目的荟萃分析乙型重型肝炎并发症对病人预后的影响,并探讨并发症成为乙型重型肝炎诊断标准的可能。方法检索截止到2009年11月国内公开发表的乙型重型肝炎相关的论文,提取文献中含有预后和并发症数据,包括肝性脑病、肝肾综合征、感染、上消化道出血和腹水,将上述效应量进行异质性检验,荟萃分析其合并后的效应量。结果共检索到2229篇文献通过遴选,最终有8项研究纳入荟萃分析,共包含1771例乙型重型肝炎病例。荟萃分析生存组(好转组)和死亡组中肝性脑病、肝肾综合征、感染、上消化道出血和腹水,均存在明显差异(P0.05)。相对危险度依次肝性脑病、肝肾综合征、上消化道出血、感染和腹水。在荟萃分析中肝性脑病、感染和腹水在8项研究中具有同质性。上消化道出血和肝肾综合征有一定异质性。结论荟萃分析发现肝性脑病、肝肾综合征、感染、上消化道出血和腹水在死亡组和生存组之间有明显差异,肝性脑病、感染和腹水同质增加病人死亡率,考虑作为临床乙型重型肝炎预后判断指标。但由于各并发症发病率未超过半数,故各并发症不能作为乙型重型肝炎诊断标准。     

乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者发生肝性脑病的多因素分析

目的 探讨乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者发生肝性脑病的危险因素,以便于临床早期干预,减少肝性脑病的发生.方法 收集976例乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者的基础临床资料(性别、年龄、家族史、肝硬化、糖尿病、腹腔感染、肺部感染、肝肾综合征、上消化道出血)和临床检测指标[白蛋白、球蛋白、总胆红素、直接胆红素、ALT、AST、Y-谷氨酰转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、胆固醇、胆碱酯酶、血钾、血钠、肌酐、国际标准化比值(INR)、甲胎蛋白、HBV DNA、白细胞计数、血红蛋白和血小板],进行单因素和多因素回归分析,筛选乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者肝性脑病发生的危险因素.结果 多元logistic回归分析结果显示,上消化道出血(回归系数为0.993,比值比为2.699,95％可信区间为1.567～4.651)、肺部感染(回归系数为1.043,比值比为2.839,95％可信区间为1.680～4.797)、INR(回归系数为0.257,比值比为1.293,95％可信区间为1.220～1.370)、AST(回归系数为0.001,比值比为1.001,95％可信区间为1.000～1.001)和肝硬化(回归系数为0.569,比值比为1.815,95％可信区间为1.112～2.965)是影响肝衰竭患者肝性脑病发生的危险因素.结论 上消化道出血、肺部感染、INR延长、AST升高以及肝硬化是诱发肝衰竭患者发生肝性脑病的重要危险因素.     

肝硬化低钠血症与肝肾综合征的诊治进展

肝硬化是各种慢性肝病进展导致的肝脏进行性、弥漫性病变.它严重威胁生命健康,是列于心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、阻塞性肺病之后的重要死亡原因.肝硬化晚期可出现多种并发症,包括肝性脑病、感染、肝肾综合征、肝肺综合征、消化道出血、原发性肝癌等.其中肝肾综合征(HRS)是1组以肾功能不全、内源性血管活性物质异常和动脉循环血液动力学改变为特征的临床综合征.肝硬化腹水患者1年内HRS的发生率约18％,5年内可达38％,一旦发生,存活率很低,预后极差.低钠血症是失代偿期肝硬化患者常见的电解质紊乱,在肝硬化患者中的发生率约21.6％ ～35％,其发生与黄疸、难治性腹水、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征均密切相关,严重影响患者生活质量和生存率,是肝硬化预后不良的重要指标[1-2].低钠血症与肝肾综合征的诊治是临床肝硬化治疗的重点和难点,我们对近年来的诊治进展作一综述.     

肝硬化失代偿期对肺功能的影响

肝硬化失代偿期对肺功能的影响方小雨，鲍昭方导致肝硬化患者死亡的常见原因有上消化道出血，肝性脑病，肝肾综合征等。而有部分患者却因肺功能障碍引起呼吸系统并发症而死亡，本文通过３４例肝硬化失代偿期患者的肺功能（包括通气与换气功能）的测定，来探讨其对肺功能的...     

肝硬化468例临床分析

求文对我院４６８例肝硬化住院病人进行了回顾性总结。结果：总住院率为０．１２％，肝义后肝硬化为６８．２％。Ｃｈｉｌｄ分类［１］Ｃ级患者症状重，合并症多，预后差．肝硬化主要井发症为上消化道出血（４２．３％）及肝性脑病（２０．５％）。住院病死率３７．６％。本文就肝硬化的早期诊断和自发性腹膜炎的诊断进行了探讨，并将我国部分地区肝硬化临床分析的报道［２～３］与本文进行了比较，结果；肝硬化发病的高发年龄在４０～５０岁，病因各地均以肝炎后肝硬化为首位，腹水征均＞５０％，青海、北京＞７０％。住院病死率均为３０％～４０％。主要死亡原因为上消化道出血和／或肝性脑病。     

肝硬化时肠源性内毒素血症形成机制的研究进展

大量实验证实,多种肝病尤其是慢性肝病不同程度伴随肠源性内毒素血症（intestinal endotoxemia,IETM）,其中肝硬化患者IETM的发生率为79．0％～92．0％,肝功能损害越重,内毒素水平越高。肝硬化时肠道菌群失调,肠黏膜屏障功能减低,肝脏清除内毒素能力下降,内毒素水平升高,IETM发生率增加,IETM形成后进一步加重肝脏损伤,导致肝硬化患者感染、腹水、上消化道出血、肝肾综合征、肝性脑病等并发症的发生,两者之间形成恶性循环。现将目前关于肝硬化时IETM形成机制的研究进展综述如下。     

肝硬化并上消化道出血患者预后的影响因素

目的 探讨肝硬化并上消化道出血(UGH)患者预后的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2003年6月至2009年6月我科196例肝硬化并UGH患者的临床资料.根据患者预后分为生存组与死亡组,比较两组病例的出血病因、既往出血史、24 h内再出血、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、并发症(腹水、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征)、血常规(PLT、...     

肝硬化并发肝肾综合征临床特点及死亡危险因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化基础上发生肝肾综合征(hepatorenal syndrome,HRS)患者的临床特点及死亡危险因素。方法回顾性分析274例肝硬化基础上发生HRS患者的临床特点。探讨患者性别、年龄、HRS分型、合并症、伴发基础疾病、生化指标以及治疗方案等对预后的影响。结果 274例患者中,男性207例(75.5%),女性67例(24.5%),平均年龄53.39岁;HRS Ⅰ型144例(52.6%),死亡42例,病死率为29.2%,从发病到死亡平均生存时间为(11.76±14.13)d;HRS Ⅱ型130例(47.4%),死亡12例,病死率为9.2%,发病到死亡平均生存时间为(17.41±17.04)d。病毒性肝炎肝硬化占病因构成的64.2%,酒精性肝硬化占25.5%。女性、HRSⅠ型、上消化道出血、肝性脑病、腹膜炎、低血钠是肝硬化并发HRS患者的死亡危险因素,特利加压素治疗是保护因素。结论肝硬化并发HRS患者的死亡危险因素众多,预后差,病死率高,特利加压素的应用可降低其死亡危险。     

Management and outcomes of hepatic cirrhosis: Findings from the RING study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Hepatic cirrhosis is a frequent reason for ordinary hospital admission (OA). The RING study collected hospital discharge files (HDF) from Italian hospital gastroenterology units (IGU). This caselist provides a broad picture of the patients admitted for this pathology. MATERIAL/METHODS: More than 50,000 HDF for OA were collected between 2001 and 2004 from 26 IGU. RESULTS: Eight thousand four hundred and eighty-seven HDF (16%) had a diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis; Child-Pugh classes were 20.2% A, 34.8% B and 45.0% C. Patients' mean age was 63.7+/-12.1 years and 62.5% were male. A 61.1% of the cirrhosis cases had ascites, 29.9% portal-systemic encephalopathy, 29.2% hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 10% bleeding varices, 3.0% hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). Mortality for OA for cirrhosis was 5.7% versus 2.6% for other diagnoses. The proportion varied with the severity of the cirrhosis: 0% for Child A, 1.1% B, 10.5% C. Mortality was significantly associated with: Child-Pugh at admission (odds ratio: OR 9.2), HRS (OR 11.7), bleeding varices (OR 2.2), HCC (OR 1.8). CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic cirrhosis was found in 16% of the OA to IGU and mortality was double the rate for all the other pathologies in the same wards. Child-Pugh is a useful prognostic tool, higher classes implying a greater risk of death. HRS and bleeding varices were the complications with most influence on in-hospital mortality.     

Proton pump inhibitors increase the severity of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients

BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the late stage of hepatic fibrosis and is characterized by portal hypertension that can clinically lead to decompensation in the form of ascites,esophageal/gastric varices or encephalopathy. The most common sequelae associated with liver cirrhosis are neurologic and neuropsychiatric impairments labeled as hepatic encephalopathy(HE). Well established triggers for HE include infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, constipation, and medications. Alterations to the gut microbiome is one of the leading ammonia producers in the body, and therefore may make patients more susceptible to HE.AIM To investigate the relationship between the use of proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)and HE in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS This is a single center, retrospective analysis. Patients were included in the study with an admitting diagnosis of HE. The degree of HE was determined from subjective and objective portions of hospital admission notes using the West Haven Criteria. The primary outcome of the study was to evaluate the grade of HE in PPI users versus non-users at admission to the hospital and throughout their hospital course. Secondary outcomes included rate of infection,gastrointestinal bleeding within the last 12 mo, mean ammonia level, and model for end-stage liver disease scores at admission.RESULTS The HE grade at admission using the West Haven Criteria was 2.3 in the PPI group compared to 1.7 in the PPI nonuser group(P = 0.001). The average length of hospital stay in PPI group was 8.3 d compared to 6.5 d in PPI nonusers(P =0.046). Twenty-seven(31.8%) patients in the PPI user group required an Intensive Care Unit admission during their hospital course compared to 6 in the PPI nonuser group(16.7%)(P = 0.138). Finally, 10(11.8%) patients in the PPI group expired during their hospital stay compared to 1 in the PPI nonuser group(2.8%)(P = 0.220).CONCLUSION Chronic PPI use in cirrhotic patients is associated with significantly higher average West Haven Criteria for HE compared to patients that do not use PPIs.     

The results of treatment patients with hepatorenal syndrome. The analysis of 65 cases

We analysed medical documentation of 65 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis admitted to the Internal Diseases Department with Dialysis Ward in the hospital in Wolomin between 2002 and 2004 year. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to renal disfunction: patients with HRS-1, patients with HRS-2 and patients with cirrhosis without renal failure. Each diagnosis was established basing on criteria of International Ascites Club. Different factors, which may influence a development of HRS, such as large--volume paracentesis without plasma expansion, bacterial infections, gastrointestinal bleeding and nephrotoxic drugs were analysed. Patients were treated with terlipressin and intravenous albumin infusions, antibiotics, diuretics, dopamine, haemodialysis and paracentesis. 10 patients (3 with HRS-1.5 with HRS-2 and 2 without renal failure) died, which is 15.4% of the all group. The mortality in the group of patients with HRS is high but complex treatment may be effective. Nowadays liver transplantation is the most effective method.     

酒精性肝硬化患者的临床特征

目的 探讨单独酒精或酒精合并病毒感染所致肝硬化临床表现的异同.方法 收集2004-2008年在中国医科大学附属第一医院住院的明确诊断为肝硬化的329例病例资料,其中单独酒精所致肝硬化(alcoholic liver cirrhosis,ALC)104例(28.18%)、单独乙型肝炎所致肝硬化(chronic HBV-r...     

乙肝肝硬化并发肝肾综合征危险因素Logistic回归分析

目的探讨乙肝肝硬化并发肝肾综合征(HRS)的危险因素。方法 2004年1月～2011年1月本院收治的乙肝肝硬化患者642例(其中发生肝肾综合征46例),收集患者的性别、年龄,发现乙肝病史时程,Child-Pugh评分,丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胆碱酯酶、血钠、白蛋白、前白蛋白、总胆红素、凝血酶原时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间、腹水程度,是否存在感染、消化道出血、强烈利尿、大量放腹水及应用氨基糖苷类药物等相关资料,进行单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归模型分析。结果单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,Child-Pugh评分、腹水程度、感染是并发HRS的危险因素(P<0.05),OR值分别为6.21、3.57和4.56。结论Child-Pugh评分C级、大量腹水、伴发感染为乙肝肝硬化并发HRS的独立危险因素,对于该类患者应采取适当的干预措施。     

Complications Requiring Hospital Admission and Causes of In-Hospital Death over Time in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Cirrhosis Patients

Background/Aims

Data on the epidemiology of alcoholic cirrhosis, especially in Asian countries, are limited. We compared the temporal evolution of patterns of alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis over the last decade.

Methods

We retrospectively examined the inpatient datasets of five referral centers during 2002 and 2011. The study included patients who were admitted due to specific complications of liver cirrhosis. We compared the causes of hospital admissions and in-hospital deaths between patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis.

Results

Among the included 2,799 hospitalizations (2,165 patients), 1,496 (1,143 patients) were from 2002, and 1,303 (1,022 patients) were from 2011. Over time, there was a reduction in the rate of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) as a cause of hospitalization and an increase in the rate of hepatocellular carcinoma. Deaths that were attributable to HE or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) significantly decreased, whereas those due to hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) significantly increased over time in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. However, in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis, hepatic failure and HRS remained the principal causes of in-hospital death during both time periods.

Conclusions

The major causes of in-hospital deaths have evolved from acute cirrhotic complications, including HE or SBP to HRS in alcoholic cirrhosis, whereas those have remained unchanged in nonalcoholic cirrhosis during the last decade.     

2013~2015年乙型肝炎肝硬化患者住院费用调查分析

目的 调查2013~2015年我院住院的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的住院费用。方法 2013~2015年我院收住的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者406例,排除其他原因导致的肝硬化患者,采用多元线性回归分析影响乙型肝炎肝硬化患者住院费用的因素。结果 2013年、2014年和2015年分别收住乙型肝炎肝硬化患者114例、132例和130例,人均总医疗费用分别为（14008.32±465.65）元、（13292.68±362.05）元和（10915.32±256.49）元,且2013~2015年在住院费用中药品费用所占比例分别为45.7%、46.3%和47.0%,其次为化验费,分别为26.4%、26.4%和27.0%;经单因素分析,不同年龄、Child分级、住院时间、是否二次治疗、抗病毒方法和手术治疗患者人均总住院费用均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;是否并发消化道出血、腹水、肝性脑病和癌变患者人均总住院费用也存在统计学差异（P<0.05）;经多元线性逐步回归分析,发现乙型肝炎肝硬化患者Child分级C级、住院时间长、二次治疗、联合抗病毒、手术治疗和出现消化道出血、腹水、肝性脑病、癌变等并发症均可显著增加医疗费用（P<0.05）。结论 合理缩短住院时间,加强并发症防治,减少住院次数能减少乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的住院费用。     

Disparities in Mortality and Health Care Utilization for 460,851 Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis and Hepatic Encephalopathy

Background and Aims

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common cause of hospitalizations and readmissions for patients with decompensated cirrhosis. In this study, we proposed to investigate recent trends in in-hospital mortality and utilization for patients with cirrhosis and HE and to explore the effect of various sociodemographic, hospital, and clinical factors on mortality.

Methods

We performed an observational study using serial cross-sectional data from the 2009–2013 National Inpatient Sample to examine hospitalizations of patients with cirrhosis and HE. We collected data on in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and total hospital costs. We used negative binomial regression and logistic regression to investigate trends in utilization and multilevel modeling to examine the association between sociodemographic, hospital, and clinical factors and in-hospital mortality.

Results

The annual total number of hospitalizations from HE has steadily risen from 75,475 in 2009 to 106,915 in 2013 (P?<?0.001). Annual in-hospital mortality (11.9–10.2%, P?<?0.001) and length of stay (7.5–7.1 days, P?=?0.015) have significantly decreased over this timeframe. The presence of septicemia, GI bleeding, and being uninsured were associated with 29.6%, 16.7%, and 15.7% of in-hospital death, respectively. Patients hospitalized in the South, Medicare beneficiaries, and patients hospitalized in the Midwest had a 9.8%, 9.2%, and 8.9% chance of dying in the hospital.

Conclusion

The number of hospitalizations from HE has increased while in-hospital mortality has concomitantly decreased from 2009 to 2013. Both traditional risk factors (sepsis and GI bleeding) strongly influence the probability of in-hospital death. However, disparities in mortality by sociodemographic factors (insurance status and geography) also exist.