慢性脑缺血海马CA1区微血管LRP-1的表达及其对认知功能的影响

目的探讨慢性脑缺血大鼠海马CA1区微血管LRP—1表达与认知功能改变的相关性。方法应用双侧颈动脉结扎的方法制作SD大鼠慢性缺血模型;Morris水迷宫对大鼠的认知功能进行测试;免疫组化技术测定海马CA1区微血管LRP-1,Ⅷ因子相关抗原及GFAP的表达;放免技术对脑脊液Aβ蛋白的浓度进行测定。采用 MIAS图像分析系统对免疫组化结果进行平均光密度测定及微血管计数。结果术后1个月手术组大鼠认知功能已明显下降,寻找平台所需游走的距离较假手术显著延长。术后6个月手术组大鼠海马CA1区微血管LRP-1的表达较假手术组大鼠显著降低;GFAP的表达显著增强;但VIII因子相关抗原的表达及微血管计数两组之间无显著差异。微血管LRP-1表达与水迷宫成绩呈负相关。手术组大鼠脑脊液Aβ蛋白含量较假手术组显著下降。结论慢性缺血过程中,大鼠认知功能下降与海马CA1区微血管LRP-1的表达下降有显著相关性。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能及海马CA1区EphB2的影响

目的 观察骨髓间充质干细胞移植(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能及海马CA1区EphB2的影响.方法 将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、实验组(2VO模型+MSCs干预),选8、10、12w 3个时间点,采用双侧颈总动脉永久性阻断法(2VO)建立慢性脑缺血模型,通过Morris水迷宫检测各组大鼠的认知功能,同时用免疫组织化学的方法和Western blot检测大鼠海马CA1区EphB2的表达.结果 模型组和实验组大鼠与假手术组相比逃避潜伏期明显延长,在同一时间点实验组逃避潜伏期较模型组明显缩短(P＜0.05),实验组海马CA1区EphB2的表达较模型组增多(P＜0.05).结论 骨髓间充质干细胞移植能明显改善大鼠慢性脑缺血所致的认知功能障碍,其机制可能是通过升高EphB2的表达而改善学习记忆能力.     

神经元型一氧化氮合酶在血管性痴呆大鼠海马中的表达

目的 探讨神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)在血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠海马中的表达。方法 将60只大鼠随机分为：对照组、VD12h组、VD1d组、VD3d组、VD7d组。采用反复夹闭双侧颈总动脉方法建立VD大鼠模型，用HE染色观察各组大鼠海马CA1区神经元的数目；应用免疫组化染色和Western印迹方法检测nNOS在大鼠海马中的表达。结果 VD12h组、VD1d组、VD3d组、VD7d组大鼠海马CA1区神经元数均明显下降。nNOS在对照组大鼠海马CA1区中弱表达．在VD12h组表达增强．VD1d组进一步增强，VD3d和7d组表达逐渐减弱。结论 nNOS可能参与缺血早期海马神经元的损害，是VD的发病机制之一。     

丁苯酞对慢性脑缺血大鼠海马iNOS及MG表达的影响

目的观察丁苯酞对慢性脑缺血大鼠海马区诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、小胶质细胞(microglia,MG)表达的影响,探讨丁苯酞脑保护作用机制。方法 48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常大鼠组为A组,假模型组为B组,模型组为C组,丁苯酞干预组为D组。行双侧大鼠颈总动脉永久结扎的方法制作大鼠慢性脑缺血模型。丁苯酞干预组在慢性脑缺血模型成功后给予丁苯酞软胶囊0.2g·kg~(-1)治疗12周,采用Y迷宫测定各组大鼠学习记忆能力,免疫组化染色测定iNOS及OX42(小胶质细胞的标志)表达,特异性尼氏染色方法测定海马CA1区神经元。结果 A、B组大鼠学习记忆能力正常,海马区iNOS、OX42少量表达,神经元数目正常。C、D组大鼠学习记忆能力下降,海马区iNOS、OX42表达增多,神经元数目减少。与C组相比,D组大鼠学习记忆能力明显增加(P0.01),海马区iNOS、OX42表达减少(P0.01),神经元数目增加(P0.01)。结论丁苯酞可减少慢性脑缺血大鼠海马区iNOS、OX42表达,减少MG的过度激活,减少海马区神经元坏死,提高大鼠的学习记忆能力,具有脑保护作用。     

慢性脑缺血海马CA1区HCN1蛋白表达下调与学习记忆损伤研究

目的 探讨慢性脑缺血导致大鼠认知功能障碍与HCN1通道亚型蛋白表达变化的内在关系。方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠20只,随机分为假手术组、缺血组,每组各10只。各组缺血4周后采用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆功能,免疫组化检测HCN1表达水平,进一步用蛋白印迹检测HCN1蛋白表达水平。结果 与假手术组相比,缺血组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05); 缺血组大鼠海马CA1区HCN1蛋白表达水平明显降低,与模型组比较有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论 慢性脑缺血海马CA1区存在HCN1通道亚型表达下调且参与大鼠认知功能损伤,可能为治疗慢性脑缺血所致认知功能障碍的新靶点。     

丁咯地尔对慢性脑缺血大鼠海马CA1区星形胶质细胞及认知障碍的影响

目的研究丁咯地尔对慢性脑缺血大鼠海马CA1区星形胶质细胞和认知障碍的影响。方法采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎制备慢性脑缺血模型,治疗组大鼠给与丁咯地尔灌胃,免疫组化法多克隆抗血清GFAP标记海马CA1区星形细胞,用Y-型迷宫测定大鼠的认知功能变化。实验研究为持久性2VO2个月。结果慢性脑缺血2个月后大鼠海马CA1区星形胶质细胞大量增生肥大,认知能力明显下降,丁咯地尔治疗后,星形胶质细胞的活动明显减少,认知功能明显提高。结论丁咯地尔能抑制慢性脑缺血大鼠海马CA1区星形胶质细胞反应,改善其认知功能障碍。     

谷氨酸转运体在全脑缺血性癫痫中作用的研究

目的比较三种谷氨酸转运体在全脑缺血性癫痫中的动态变化特征,为癫痫治疗提供有意义靶点.方法SD大鼠以胸部压迫8分钟造成全脑缺血性癫痫模型,分对照组、假手术组、全脑缺血无癫痫组和全脑缺血癫痫组.后两组又根据脑缺血后时间分为6h,24h,48h,72h,5d,7d组.应用免疫组化法研究谷氨酸转运体EAAT-1,EAAT-2,EAAT-3在海马CA1及皮质区表达;研究病理形态变化,同时测定大鼠脑电图改变.结果大鼠癫痫发生率为64%,全脑缺血癫痫大鼠神经损害较无癫痫组严重.与全脑缺血无癫痫大鼠比较,癫痫大鼠海马CA1及皮质区EAAT-2显著持续降低及EAAT-3表达明显升高.结论大鼠癫痫发生与脑缺血严重程度密切相关.海马CA1及皮层区EAAT-2、EAAT-3表达变化是抗癫痫治疗的作用靶点.     

一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠局灶性脑缺血中的表达特点

目的建立脑缺血SD大鼠模型,探讨一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在脑缺血模型中的表达特点。方法应用线栓法制作大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)局灶性脑缺血模型,根据缺血不同时间分为8组,设立假手术组和正常对照组,每组各有6只大鼠。应用硝酸还原酶法测定脑组织NO的含量,流式细胞术(FCM)定量检测硝基酪氨酸(NT)表达,化学比色法测定脑组织NOS的活性,免疫组织化学方法定位检测eNOS、nNOS和iNOS表达位置,逆转录反应系统(RT-PCR)半定量分析eNOS、nNOS和iNOS的 mRNA在脑缺血区域的表达。结果神经功能缺失评分发现缺血时间越长,神经功能缺失越明显;脑组织中NO含量与缺血时间正相关;缺血1h后NT阳性细胞百分比开始明显升高(9.50%);缺血0.5h时NOS的活性开始升高,缺血3d达到高峰[0.94nmol/(g.min)];免疫组织化学提示eNOS在神经细胞和血管内皮细胞胞浆均有表达,nNOS和iNOS抗体主要在神经细胞胞浆中表达;RT-PCR半定量分析在缺血早期(0.5h~6h),随着缺血时间延长,eNOS和nNOS表达增加,iNOS未见表达或低表达;缺血中晚期(6h~5d),iNOS高表达,并与缺血时间呈正相关,eNOS和nNOS表达明显减少。结论脑缺血时间延长,NOS的活性升高,NO在体内特异性代谢产物NT量增加,神经功能缺失越明显;NOS在缺血早期以eNOS和nNOS为主,在缺血晚期以iNOS为主。     

γ-氨基丁酸对慢性脑缺血致血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的观察γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）对慢性脑缺血致血管性痴呆（VD）大鼠学习记忆能力及海马CA1区神经元形态学的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、GABA组,采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎法建立VD模型。GABA组术后腹腔注射GABA0.5g.kg-1.d-1,连续注射60d;用Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力;Nissl染色观察大鼠海马CA1区神经元形态学变化。结果 GABA能明显改善VD大鼠学习记忆能力,也能减轻海马CA1区神经元损伤。结论 GABA能改善慢性脑缺血致VD大鼠的学习记忆能力,减轻海马神经元损伤可能是其机制之一。     

血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能及nNOS的表达

目的 探讨血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠认知功能、海马神经元结构及nNOS的表达.方法 采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法制备慢性前脑缺血动物模型,40只老龄大鼠随机分为假手术组(S)、模型组(M).应用水迷宫、透射电镜及免疫组化方法对2组大鼠学习记忆、神经元结构、nNOS表达进行观察.结果 与假手术组比较,大鼠水迷宫学习记忆能力在造模2个月后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),大鼠海马神经元在造模后变性水肿明显,大鼠海马及颞叶皮层nNOS在造模2个月后表达增加 (P＜0.05).结论 海马及颞叶皮层nNOS表达增加,神经元变性,可能导致血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆障碍.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究的Meta分析

目的：探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：应用M eta分析对17篇奥氮平与其他抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症对照研究的文章进行再分析。结果：奥氮平自身对照比较的治疗效应极大（χ^2=141.00，P〈0.05）。治疗2周和治疗结束，奥氮平与对照药疗效比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分比较差异亦无显著性（P〉0.05）。与对照药相比，奥氮平的不良反应显著少于对照药组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：奥氮平与对照药的临床疗效相仿，但不良反应明显较少。