颈外静脉与颈内静脉穿刺置管的临床应用比较

目的通过对颈外静脉穿刺置管与颈内静脉穿刺置管进行比较,探讨中心静脉置管的最佳途径。方法对40例需行中心静脉置管病人随机分为两组,分别行颈外静脉穿刺置管与颈内静脉穿刺置管,记录总成功率、一次成功率、并发症发生率、穿刺完成时间。结果采用颈外静脉穿刺置管较颈内静脉穿刺一次进针成功率高,且完成时间短。结论颈外静脉穿刺置管具有操作简便、一次穿刺成功率高、完成时间短、并发症少等优点,与颈内静脉穿刺置管比较,它是一种安全实用的中心静脉置管方法。     

Ultrasound-Guided Radiological Placement of Central Venous Port via the Subclavian Vein: A Retrospective Analysis of 500 Cases at a Single Institute

The purpose of this study was to assess the technical success rate and adverse events (AEs) associated with ultrasound (US)-guided radiological placement (RP) of a central venous port (CVP) via the subclavian vein (SCV). Between April 2006 and May 2007, a total of 500 US-guided RPs of a CVP via the SCV were scheduled in 486 cancer patients (mean age ± SD, 54.1 ± 18.1 years) at our institute. Referring to the interventional radiology report database and patients’ records, technical success rate and AEs relevant to CVP placement were evaluated retrospectively. The technical success rate was 98.6% (493/500). AEs occurred in 26 cases (5.2%) during follow-up (range, 1–1080 days; mean ± SD, 304.0 ± 292.1 days). AEs within 24 h postprocedure occurred in five patients: pneumothorax (n = 2), arterial puncture (n = 1), hematoma formation at the pocket site (n = 2), and catheter tip migration into the internal mammary vein (n = 1). There were seven early AEs: hematoma formation at the pocket site (n = 2), fibrin sheath formation around the indwelling catheter (n = 2), and catheter-related infections (n = 3). There were 13 delayed AEs: catheter-related infections (n = 7), catheter detachments (n = 3), catheter occlusion (n = 1), symptomatic thrombus in the SCV (n = 1), and catheter migration (n = 1). No major AEs, such as procedure-related death, air embolism, or events requiring surgical intervention, were observed. In conclusion, US-guided RP of a CVP via the SCV is highly appropriate, based on its high technical success rate and the limited number of AEs.     

Incidence of Central Vein Stenosis and Occlusion Following Upper Extremity PICC and Port Placement

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of central vein stenosis and occlusion following upper extremity placement of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) and venous ports. One hundred fifty-four patients who underwent venography of the ipsilateral central veins prior to initial and subsequent venous access device insertion were retrospectively identified. All follow-up venograms were interpreted at the time of catheter placement by one interventional radiologist over a 5-year period and compared to the findings on initial venography. For patients with central vein abnormalities, hospital and home infusion service records and radiology reports were reviewed to determine catheter dwell time and potential alternative etiologies of central vein stenosis or occlusion. The effect of catheter caliber and dwell time on development of central vein abnormalities was evaluated. Venography performed prior to initial catheter placement showed that 150 patients had normal central veins. Three patients had central vein stenosis, and one had central vein occlusion. Subsequent venograms (n = 154) at the time of additional venous access device placement demonstrated 8 patients with occlusions and 10 with stenoses. Three of the 18 patients with abnormal follow-up venograms were found to have potential alternative causes of central vein abnormalities. Excluding these 3 patients and the 4 patients with abnormal initial venograms, a 7% incidence of central vein stenosis or occlusion was found in patients with prior indwelling catheters and normal initial venograms. Catheter caliber showed no effect on the subsequent development of central vein abnormalities. Patients who developed new or worsened central vein stenosis or occlusion had significantly (p = 0.03) longer catheter dwell times than patients without central vein abnormalities. New central vein stenosis or occlusion occurred in 7% of patients following upper arm placement of venous access devices. Patients with longer catheter dwell time were more likely to develop central vein abnormalities. In order to preserve vascular access for dialysis fistulae and grafts and adhere to Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines, alternative venous access sites should be considered for patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease.     

Concurrent Central Venous Stent and Central Venous Access Device Placement Does Not Compromise Stent Patency or Catheter Function in Patients with Malignant Central Venous Obstruction

Purpose

To determine if concurrent placement of a central venous stent (CVS) and central venous access device (CVAD) compromises stent patency or catheter function in patients with malignant central venous obstruction.

右侧头臂静脉入路植入静脉输液港临床应用

目的 探讨右侧头臂静脉入路行完全植入式静脉输液港(TIVAP)植入的可行性及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2013年3月至2015年12月采用BCV入路植入TIVAP共493例患者临床资料,其中男137例,女356例;年龄29～78岁,平均(47.3±13.2)岁.总结穿刺成功率及留置过程相关并发症.结果 手术成功率为100％,首次穿刺成功率为99％ (488/493).手术时间18～35 min,平均(22.5±8.3) min.术中误穿动脉3例(0.61％,3/493),未见血胸、气胸等严重并发症.术后患者携TIVAP时间为124～986 d,平均(271.1±53.8)d;并发症发生率为2.25％(11/488),包括港穴出血2例,导管相关感染1例,部分血栓形成2例,纤维蛋白鞘形成6例,未见导管异位、断裂、置管相关夹闭综合征(POS)等严重并发症.结论 经右侧BCV入路行TIVAP植入,穿刺成功率高,安全可靠,可为临床植入TIVAP提供另一入路选择.     

Central venous infusion port inserted via high versus low jugular venous approaches: Retrospective comparison of outcome and complications

Purpose

To retrospectively compare immediate and long-term outcome of central venous infusion port inserted via right high versus low jugular vein approaches.

Materials and methods

The study included 163 patients (125 women patients, 38 men patients; age range, 18-79 years; mean age, 53 years); 142 patients underwent port insertion with low jugular vein approach and 21 patients with high jugular vein approach. The causes of high jugular vein puncture were metastatic lymphadenopathy (n = 7), operation scar (n = 6), radiation scar (n = 5), failure of low jugular vein puncture (n = 2), and abnormal course of right subclavian artery (n = 1). Medical records and radiologic studies were reviewed retrospectively to determine and compare the outcome and the occurrence of complication related to port.

Results

The procedure-related complications were all minor (n = 14, 8.6%) in both groups; hematoma (n = 4, 2.8% in low jugular puncture group and n = 1, 4.8% in high jugular puncture group, p = 0.6295), air embolism (n = 2, 1.4% in low jugular puncture group and n = 0 in high jugular puncture group, p = 0.5842) and minor bleeding (n = 5, 3.5% in low jugular vein puncture group and n = 2, 9.5% in high jugular vein puncture group, p = 0.2054). The average length of follow-up was 431 days for low jugular vein puncture group and 284 days for high jugular vein puncture group. The difference between two groups was significant (p = 0.0349).The reasons for catheter removal were patients’ death (59 in low jugular puncture group and 14 in high jugular puncture group, p = 0.0465), suspected infection (11 in low jugular vein puncture group and 2 in high jugular vein puncture group, p = 0.8242), catheter occlusion (four in low jugular vein puncture group and one in high jugular vein puncture group, p = 0.6583). The catheter tip migrated upward an average of 1.86 cm (range, −0.5 to 5.0 cm) in low jugular vein puncture group and 1.56 cm (range, 0-3.6 cm) in high jugular vein puncture group and there was no significant difference (p = 0.4232).

Conclusions

Right high jugular vein approach can be a feasible alternative to right low jugular vein approach.     

婴幼儿超声辅助下颈内静脉穿刺植入完全植入式静脉输液港评价

目的 探讨超声辅助下颈内静脉穿刺在婴幼儿完全植入式静脉输液港(TIVAP)植入术中的效果.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2016年7月在上海交通大学医学院附属儿童医学中心(单中心)治疗的446例TIVAP植入术患儿临床资料,患儿平均年龄1.3岁(4个月～2.8岁).比较传统颈内静脉盲穿刺和超声辅助下颈内静脉穿刺耗时、一次穿刺成功率、穿刺并发症发生率,并作统计学分析.结果 446例患儿中颈内静脉盲穿刺265例,平均需时7.6 min,一次穿刺成功201例(75.85％),发生穿刺并发症15例(5.66％);超声辅助下颈内静脉穿刺181例,平均需时4.2 min,一次穿刺成功176例(97.24％),发生穿刺并发症3例(1.70％).结论 婴幼儿TIVAP植入术时采用超声辅助下颈内静脉穿刺,可缩短手术时间,提高一次穿刺成功率并减少穿刺并发症发生,是一种安全有效、简单可行的技术,值得临床推广.     

Anatomic Relationship of the InternalJugular Vein and the Common Carotid Artery Applied to Percutaneous Transjugular Procedures

Purpose To demonstrate the anatomic relationship of the internal jugular vein (IJV) with the common carotid artery (CCA) in order to avoid inadvertent puncture of the CCA during percutaneous central venous access or transjugular interventional procedures.Methods One hundred and eighty-eight consecutive patients requiring either central venous access or interventional procedures via the IJV were included in the analysis. The position of the IJV in relation to the CCA was demonstrated by portable ultrasonography. The IJV location was recorded in a clock-dial system using the carotid as the center of the dial and the angles were measured. Outcomes of the procedure were also recorded.Results The IJV was lateral to the CCA in 187 of 188 patients and medial to the CCA in one patient. The left IJV was at the 12 oclock position in 12 patients (6%), the 11 oclock position in 17 patients (9%), the 10 oclock position in 142 patients (75%) and at the 9 oclock position in 17 patients (9%). The right IJV was at the 12 oclock position in 8 patients (4%), the 1 oclock position in 31 patients (16%), the 2 oclock position in 134 patients (71%) and the 3 oclock position in 17 patients (9%). In one patient the left IJV was located approximately 60° medial to the left CCA; this was recorded as 2 oclock on the left since it is opposite to the 10 oclock position.Conclusion Knowledge of the IJV anatomy and relationship to the CCA is important information for the operator performing an IJV puncture, to potentially reduce the chance of laceration of the CCA and avoid placement of a large catheter within a critical artery, even when ultrasound guidance is used.     

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Treated with Vacuum Aspiration Thrombectomy without Thrombolysis: A Descriptive and Retrospective Study of 5 Years’ Experience at a Single Center

PurposeCerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare but life-threatening condition. Mechanical thrombectomy is a treatment option for patients who deteriorate or do not improve despite anticoagulation treatment or those who have a major contraindication to anticoagulation. The purpose of this study was to describe the authors’ 5 years of experience in treating CVST with vacuum aspiration thrombectomy without thrombolysis.Materials and MethodsFor this retrospective study, data were collected from consecutive patients with CVST who received anticoagulation as initial medical treatment and were treated with vacuum aspiration thrombectomy without thrombolysis. Patients were followed up at 3 months and after 1 year.ResultsThe 9 patients included in the study had a median age of 37 years, and 5 were women. All 9 patients had headaches at presentation; 7 had focal neurologic deficits, and 7 had intracranial hypertension. Risk factors for CVST were identified in 8 patients, and poor prognostic factors were identified in 7 patients. In the 9 patients, 24 CVST locations were treated; complete (70.8%) or partial (29.2%) recanalization was achieved in all CVST locations. No procedure-related complications occurred. One patient died of parenchymal hemorrhagic transformation of CVST and vasogenic edema, 6 hours after the procedure. Two patients required neurosurgical intervention. After 1 year (range, 13–30 months), all 8 surviving patients had good functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score 0–2).ConclusionsFor appropriately selected patients with CVST, vacuum aspiration thrombectomy without thrombolysis seemed to be an effective therapy.     

Institution of a Hospital-Based Central Venous Access Policy for Peripheral Vein Preservation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A 12-Year Experience

PurposeTo describe the implementation of nursing-based venous access team (VAT) and standardized interventional radiology (IR) protocols in accordance with Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines to provide central venous access while preserving peripheral veins in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Materials and MethodsReview of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) and small-bore central catheter (SBCC) referral and placement data from VAT and IR databases was conducted over a 12-year period. SBCC referral was automatic for patients with creatinine levels ≥ 3 mg/dL or a renal transplant regardless of creatinine level unless dialysis was not planned. All SBCC insertions, regardless of referral source, were identified and reviewed, and SBCC placements prompted by K/DOQI PICC contraindication were identified. Catheter types, indications, access sites, technical success, and complications were ascertained.ResultsA total of 35,781 requests for PICC placement were made to the VAT; 1,889 (5%) were referred to IR for SBCC placement per institutional policy, and 2,200 SBCCs were attempted or newly placed during this period, 1,879 (85%) based on K/DOQI contraindications. Primary indication for SBCC placement was antibiotic therapy (59%). Access sites included right internal jugular vein (IJV) (70%), left IJV (24%), right external jugular vein (EJV) (3%), left EJV (2%), right common femoral vein (CFV) (0.3%), and left CFV (0.2%). Technical success rate of SBCC insertion was 99%. Six minor (0.3%) and three major (0.1%) complications occurred.ConclusionsAutomatic referral for SBCC placement in patients with CKD via VAT and IR protocols may eliminate PICC placement and thereby protect peripheral veins needed for hemodialysis. SBCC placement has high technical success and low complication rates.