自体微小颗粒骨复合骨形成蛋白修复兔桡骨缺损

目的探讨自体微小颗粒骨复合I型胶原以及骨形成蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein，BMP)移植修复节段性兔桡骨缺损的效果。方法新西兰大耳白兔56只，切取自体髂骨研磨成微小颗粒，分别与BMP及I型胶原复合，实验分成4组（n=16)。A组：自体微小颗粒骨复合BMP、I型胶原，B组：自体微小颗粒骨复合I型胶原，C组：自体微小颗粒骨，用于修复兔桡骨干1．5cm缺损的动物模型。D组：空白对照组(n=8)，双侧桡骨缺损不作处理。术后2、4、8和12周，行X线片、组织学观察，骨密度及生物力学检测，比较各移植物修复节段性骨缺损的疗效。结果X线片显示，A组术后8周即可使骨缺损完全修复，而B组术后12周使骨缺损完全修复。术后8、12周骨量测定A组成骨量最多，12周生物力学测定显示移植物修复后的骨缺损具有最佳生物力学表现，而C组则不能完全修复骨缺损。结论自体微小颗粒骨复合BMP、I型胶原及自体微小颗粒骨复合I型胶原均能有效修复节段性骨缺损，以复合BMP移植效果更理想。     

同种异体微小颗粒骨复合BMP胶原修复骨缺损的实验研究

目的探讨以同种异体微小颗粒骨复合BMP胶原修复节段性骨缺损的效果.方法取34只新西兰白兔,于两侧桡骨干制成长1.5 cm骨膜骨缺损,左侧(A组)植入由200mg同种异体微小颗粒骨、10 mg BMP与0.2 ml胶原的复合物;右侧(B组)植入复合0.2 ml胶原的200mg同种异体微小颗粒骨.分别于术后2、4、8、12周进行影像学,组织学检查;术后8、12周行骨密度检测;术后12周行生物力学检查.另取8只仅加入0.2 ml胶原作为空白对照组(即C组).结果放射学以及组织学检查结果显示A,B两组骨缺损区均得到了比较彻底的修复,但A组在成骨速度、骨再生量、再生髓腔结构等方面均优于B组.8、12周骨密度测试结果显示A组的骨密度值高于B组.12周的生物力学实验结果显示三点弯曲实验结果表明A组极限强度值明显高于B组,而且A组的弯曲刚度也好于B组;轴向压缩实验结果说明A组的抗压刚度优于B组;扭转实验结果指出A组的抗扭转刚度和最大扭矩分别高于B组,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05).骨密度测定和生物力学实验结果证实了两组成骨情况的差异,这与新生骨的成熟程度不同有关.复合了BMP的A组因髓腔再通时间早,骨改建塑形更完善,新生板层骨的成熟度亦较高,耐受应力情况也更好.C组则不能产生骨性愈合.结论同种异体微小颗粒骨修复节段性骨缺损的成骨作用令人满意,复合BMP后效果更佳.     

自固化磷酸钙复合BMP及同种异体骨修复兔股骨大段骨缺损

[目的] 观察一种新型自固化磷酸钙（CPC）复合BMP与同种异体骨修复兔股骨节段性骨缺损的效果，为临床复合应用大段同种异体骨移植提供参考。[方法] 54只新西兰大白兔随机分成3组，于一侧股骨中上段造成2cm长皮质骨缺损模型，分别进行：A组复合BMP与CPC的新鲜冷冻同种异体骨移植；B组单纯新鲜冷冻同种异体骨移植；C组自体大段骨移植。移植骨均用直径3mm三棱髓内针固定。于术后4、8、12周，进行影像学、组织学检查，对比各组移植骨愈合过程与修复效果。[结果] CPC复合BMP大段同种异体骨移植早期骨修复效果优于单纯异体骨移植（P〈0．01），与自体骨移植修复效果相似，至12周3组均达骨性愈合，以A组及C组骨修复塑形较好。CPC复合BMP组骨痂量较多，分布于移植骨与宿主骨结合部及移植骨周围，形成皮质骨外骨桥，并较早在异体骨外表面形成破骨与成骨，异体骨内哈佛氏管扩大，衬垫细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞及血细胞较其它组多。CPC随着新骨的形成及改建塑形逐步缓慢降解。[结论] CPC复合BMP对大段同种异体骨移植的愈合及替代有增强和促进作用。     

骨形态发生蛋白复合同种松质骨载体修复节段性骨缺损的实验研究

目的　本实验将探讨同种松质骨作为 BMP的载体修复节段性骨缺损。方法　将 rh BMP- 2复合同种松质骨载体 (其中含 rh BMP- 2 0 .4 mg)植入兔桡骨 15 m m人工缺损处 ,以新鲜自体松质骨植入 ,单纯同种松质骨植入作为对照 ,通过放射学骨缺损修复 L ane评分 ,Nilsson骨愈合组织学评分 ,扫描电镜观察 ,比较术后 4、8、12周各组修复骨缺损的效果。结果　 rh BMP- 2复合同种骨载体组术后 4、8、12周各项评分与同期自体骨组之间无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,明显优于单纯同种骨组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 rh BMP- 2具有高效的骨诱导能力。同种骨是一种较理想的 BMP载体 ,rh BMP- 2复合同种松质骨载体的骨修复效果与自体骨基本一致     

带血运骨膜管移植和骨充填物修复桡骨长段缺损的研究

目的：探讨联合应用带血运骨膜管移植和骨充填物治疗兔桡骨长段缺损的效果。方法：实验分两部分，分别选用幼兔和成年兔各40只，根据填充物的不同分为4组，将兔双侧桡骨干中段切除3cm制成骨长段缺损模型，保留切骨段骨膜，重新重原缝合后作带血运骨膜管移植模型，左侧分别用自体骨，同种异体脱钙骨，磷酸三钙陶瓷和羟基磷灰石进行填充，右侧不行任何填作为对照。观察3个月。通过X线片，髓强度，骨密度和组织学检查等方法，了解骨缺损的修复效果。结果：幼兔术后6周，所有实验组双侧的骨缺损均得到修复，术后12周，磷酸三钙陶瓷和羟基磷灰石组桡骨抗弯曲强度较差与自体骨组、同种异体脱钙骨组和对照侧比较具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）；骨愈合为膜内成骨和软骨成骨，以膜内成骨为主，成年兔；各组实验侧骨缺损修复率分别为：自体骨组50％；同种异体脱钙骨组40％；磷酸三钙陶瓷和羟基磷灰石组为30％。对照侧骨缺损修复率为42．5％，结论：幼兔单行单血运骨管移植或结合应用骨充填物均可有效修复骨长段缺损，但置换较慢的骨充填物不利于再生骨强度的恢复，成年兔带血运骨膜移植联合应用骨填充物不能有效修复骨长段缺损。     

自体微小颗粒骨复合肝细胞生长因子（HGF)修复骨缺损的实验研究

目的探讨自体微小颗粒骨复合肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)修复骨缺损的效果,以找到一种新的促进骨愈合的方法。方法将30只新西兰大耳白兔双侧桡骨中段制成骨缺损模型,分别植入自体微小颗粒骨、HGF和自体微小颗粒骨与HGF的复合物,同时设空白对照组,分别手术后第4、8周进行大体观察、X线检查及组织学检查,术后第8周进行压缩试验,比较修复骨缺损的疗效。结果经大体观察、组织学及X线检查发现,术后第8周自体微小颗粒骨复合HGF能更有效地修复节段性骨缺损,对照组无骨愈合迹象。结论自体微小颗粒骨复合HGF具有优良的修复骨缺损(包括因骨质疏松所致的骨皮质空洞)的能力,为骨缺损修复提供了一种新方法。     

微小颗粒骨磷酸钙复合物作为骨组织工程支架材料的实验研究

目的探讨使用同种异体微小颗粒骨磷酸钙骨水泥（CPC）复合物作为骨组织工程支架材料的方法。方法采用同种异体微小颗粒骨CPC复合物作为支架材料，将rh—BMP与CPC液相混合，再与兔骨膜成骨细胞及毛细血管内皮细胞复合培养，制成组织工程化人工骨。将人工骨移植到兔骶棘肌肌袋内，于术后4、8、12周进行Masson三色法组织学观察、扫描及透射电镜观察，观察其骨化及血管化情况。再将兔的桡骨制成骨缺损模型，用组织工程人工骨进行修复，于术后4、8、12周摄X线片检查、苏木精-伊红染色，观察骨缺损修复情况。结果肌袋内成骨实验，除4周时A组与B组的新骨形成面积百分比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）外，其余时间段两组的新生骨面积及新生血管面积相比具有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。修复骨缺损实验，A组新骨形成的速度、质量均明显优于B组。结论同种异体微小颗粒骨CPC复合物是一种良好的骨组织工程支架材料，有利于组织工程骨快速完成骨化及血管化。     

冷冻异体骨加TGF-β1和bFGF复合移植修复骨缺损的研究

目的 观察重组TGF-β1 和bFGF在经冷冻处理的同种异体骨移植修复骨缺损过程中促进骨愈合的作用.方法 以杂兔作为实验动物,修复兔桡骨1.2cm缺损.冷冻处理后的异体骨加纤维蛋白载体携带bFGF和TCF-β1移植作为实验组(A组),自体桡骨移植(B组)和单纯异体骨移植(C组)作为对照组.术后不同时间拍摄X线片,同位素骨扫描计数分析和HE染色组织切片观察和扫描电镜观察.结果 X线检查自体移植较异体移植提前愈合,同位素扫描计数分析2周后A和B组明显优于C组,并有显著差异(P<0.01).组织学观察异体移植骨切片可见明显的髓腔内诱导成骨相.结论TGF-β1 和bFGF能明显促进异体移植修复骨缺损中的骨愈合过程.     

深低温冷冻同种异体骨修复骨缺损的临床应用

采用－８０℃深低温冷冻同种异体骨植骨治疗缺损３２例。四肢良性肿瘤１７例，恶性肿瘤２例，创伤性骨缺损６例，重建椎体６例，重建跟重１例，异体骨加自体骨移植１８例，单纯异体骨１４例，大块异体骨移植１４例。Ｘ线片显示移植骨与宿主骨愈合良好，认为深低温冷冻同种异体骨是一种较理想的骨缺损修复材料。     

微小颗粒骨复合细胞移植治疗大鼠颅骨缺损

目的 观察自体微小颗粒骨复合骨髓基质细胞(MSC)或成骨细胞移植修复大鼠颅骨缺损的治疗效果。方法 制作大鼠颅骨缺损动物模型，培养同种异体新生大鼠的骨髓基质细胞及成骨细胞，复合自体颗粒骨植入骨缺损区，X线摄片观察骨愈合情况；逆转录一聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测骨钙素、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)表达水平。结果植入微小颗粒骨复合成骨细胞组颅骨缺损愈合最快，骨钙素、TGF-β1表达出现早，与另两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。植入微小颗粒骨复合骨髓基质细胞组颅骨缺损愈合时间居中，骨钙素、TGF-β1表达早于单纯微小颗粒骨组(P＜0．05)。结论 微小颗粒骨复合细胞移植修复颅骨缺损，细胞因子表达早，缺损愈合明显加快，具有较好的治疗效果。     

冻干同种异体骨与冻干异种骨移植治疗骨缺损的比较实验研究

目的：对比观察冻干同种异体骨和冻干异种骨骨移植治疗骨缺损的效果。方法：48只中国大白兔一侧桡骨造成1cm骨缺损，随机分为同种异体骨组和异种骨组，每组24只，分别植入两种移植骨，术后4、8、12周分批取材，进行X线片和组织学检查，然后做对比分析。结果：术后4周异种骨组的X线片，Gary X线评分与同种异体骨组有统计学差异，而术后8周同种异体骨组组织学检查以及组织学评分与异种骨组有统计学差异，在其他时期两组比较无统计学差异。结论：冻干异种骨具有很好的成骨效果，可以作为修复骨缺损的移植材料。     

Properties of deproteinized bone for reparation of big segmental defect in long bone

Objective： To explore suitable scaffold material for big segmental long bone defect by studying the properties of the prepared deproteinized bone.
Methods： Cancellated bone were made as 30 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm bone blocks from inferior extremity of pig femur along bone trabecula. The deproteinized bone was prepared with an improved method. Their morphological features, components, cell compatibility, mechanical and immunological properties were investigated respectively. Results： Deproteinized bone maintained natural re-ticular pore system. The main organic material is collagen I and inorganic composition is hydroxyapatite. It has good mechanical properties, cell adhesion rate and histocompatibility.
Conlusion： This deproteinized bone can be applicable as scaffold for reparation of big segmental defect in long bone.     

同种异体骨移植治疗儿童骨囊肿

骨囊肿常见于长骨的干骺端，目前治疗多趋于手术。自2004年至2006年共采用山西医用组织库提供的同种异体骨治疗儿童骨囊肿26例，收到满意效果。既减少患者白体取骨带来的新创伤，又解决了青少年患者自体骨来源有限的临床问题。     

Bridging large bone defects with a xenograft composited with autologous bone marrow

Summary We have investigated the role of defatted, decalcified xenogenic bone implants composited by impregnation with fresh autologous marrow in bridging large cortical defects. Diaphyseal cortical implants were obtained from orthopaedic operations on humans and from guinea pigs and prepared by treatment with acetone, 0.6 M HCl and ethanol. The composited graft was used to bridge a 3 cm defect in the diaphysis of the ulna of rabbits. Periodic investigations were made clinically, radiographically and histologically and by tetracycline, fluorescence studies up to 20 weeks. Abundant new bone formation was observed in 85.7% of composited human xeno-autografts and in 83.3% of composited guinea pig xeno-autografts. New bone formation was seen in 13.3% of noncomposited xeno-implants. No appreciable antigenicity was observed either clinically or histologically in the grafts. The high degree of success obtained justifies further studies on implants composited by fresh autologous marrow and offers hope for the enhancement of new bone formation clinically, particularly in reconstructive operations for significant skeletal defects. We feel that the osteo-inductive potential of autologous marrow was responsible for the healing of the defects aided by the better internal milieu provided by defatted decalcified xeno implant.

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Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié le rôle, dans le remplacement de pertes de substance corticales étendues, d'implants osseux hétérogènes, dégraissés et décalcifiés, et rendus composites par imprégnation à l'aide de moelle autogène fraîche. Les greffons corticaux diaphysaires ont été obtenus au cours d'interventions orthopédiques chez l'homme et sur des cobayes. Ils sont ensuite lavés successivement à l'acétone, à l'acide chlorhydrique et à l'alcool éthylique. La greffe composite est alors utilisée pour ponter une perte de substance de 3 cm, au niveau de la diaphyse cubitale du lapin. Des examens périodiques, cliniques, radiographiques et histologiques, ont été pratiqués jusqu'à la 20 semaine, ainsi que l'étude de la fluorescence par la tétracycline. Une abondante formation d'os nouveau a été observée dans 85,7% des greffes composites d'origine humaine et dans 83,3% des greffes composites de cobaye. Une néoformation osseuse n'a été constatée que dans 13,3% des greffes hétérogènes non composites. Ni cliniquement ni histologiquement, il n'est apparu de réaction antigénique au niveau des greffons. Le nombre élevé de succès obtenus justifie des études complémentaires et perment d'espérer l'accroissement de la néoformation osseuse, notamment dans les opérations reconstructrices pour pertes de substance étendues. Les auteurs estiment que le potentiel inducteur de la moelle est l'agent de la consolidation du matériau idéal que constitue la greffe hétérogène, dégraissée et décalcifiée.

     

Repair of long bone defects with demineralized bone matrix and autogenous bone composite

Background:

Repair of diaphyseal bone defects is a challenging problem for orthopedic surgeons. In large bone defects the quantity of harvested autogenous bone may not be sufficient to fill the gap and then the use of synthetic or allogenic grafts along with autogenous bone becomes mandatory to achieve compact filling. Finding the optimal graft mixture for treatment of large diaphyseal defects is an important goal in contemporary orthopedics and this was the main focus of this study. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and autogenous cancellous bone (ACB) graft composite in a rabbit bilateral ulna segmental defect model.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-seven adult female rabbits were divided into five groups. A two-centimeter piece of long bone on the midshaft of the ulna was osteotomized and removed from the rabbits’ forearms. In group 1 (n=7) the defects were treated with ACB, in group 2 (n=7) with DBM, and in group 3 (n=7) with ACB and DBM in the ratio of 1:1. Groups 4 and 5, with three rabbits in each group, were the negative and positive controls, respectively. Twelve weeks after implantation the rabbits were sacrificed and union was evaluated with radiograph (Faxitron), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and histological methods (decalcified sectioning).

Results:

Union rates and the volume of new bone in the different groups were as follows: group 1 - 92.8% union and 78.6% new bone; group 2 - 72.2% union and 63.6% new bone; and group 3 - 100% union and 100% new bone. DEXA results (bone mineral density [BMD]) were as follows: group 1 - 0.164 g/cm², group 2 - 0.138 g/cm², and group 3 - 0.194 g/cm².

Conclusions:

DBM serves as a graft extender or enhancer for autogenous graft and decreases the need of autogenous bone graft in the treatment of bone defects. In this study, the DBM and ACB composite facilitated the healing process. The union rate was better with the combination than with the use of any one of these grafts alone.     

Cortical versus trabecular bone mass: Influence of activity on both bone components

Motivated by the controversy in the literature concerning the influence of activity on bone mass and on its cortical and trabecular components, a study was made using computed peripheral tomography (Stratec XCT 900) of the total, cortical, and trabecular bone mass of the dominant and nondominant upper extremities of 50 apparently normal subjects (average age 26±6 years). No differences were observed in the trabecular bone compartment, but the cortical compartment was greater (P<0.001) in the dominant extremity. There was also a significantly greater total bone mass in the dominant extremity which we attributed to greater cortical mass (P<0.025) given the highly significant correlation (r²=0.904, P=0.0001) between total and cortical bone mass and the less significant correlation between total and trabecular bone mass (r²=0.479, P=0.0001).     

异种脱蛋白BMP复合骨修复骨缺损实验研究

异种骨移植常由于强烈的免疫排斥反应失败。本文报告将小牛骨经脱蛋白处理（即脱去主要的抗原物质），后再复合进去骨形成蛋白（ｂｏｖｉｎｅＢｏｎｅＭｏｒｐｈｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ，简称ｂ－ＢＭＰ）使其成为既无抗原性，又利于骨形成的异种脱蛋白ＢＭＰ复合骨。将其植入新西兰白兔尺骨缺损（２ｃｍ），观察愈合结果。免疫学、放射学和组织学检查表明，植入异种脱蛋白ＢＭＰ复合骨，各组实验动物术后无任何免疫反应。４周均显示植入骨与骨床界线模糊，８周植入骨内可见大量成片新生骨细胞及新生血管长入。实验结果表明经处理后的大块异种骨移植，不但无任何免疫排斥反应，且可达到预期修复骨缺损的目的。     

脱钙冻干异体骨移植对骨缺损的修复作用

目的应用脱钙冻干异体骨（DFDBA）修复骨缺损，解决种植区的骨量不足问题。方法在种植外科中，将脱钙冻干异体骨用于19例种植区骨缺损患者，观察种植体动度、牙齿指数（GI）及x线改变等临床指标，评价其临床应用效果。结果19例植骨手术均获成功，无一例种植体周围炎发生，种植体初期稳定性良好。结论脱钙冻干异体骨既有一定的力学支持能力，又有骨诱导作用，且可塑性强。     

Relationships between bone structure in the iliac crest and bone structure and strength in the lumbar spine

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between histomorphometric variables of cancellous bone structure and ultimate compressive strength (UCS) in the second lumbar vertebra (L2) and to determine whether structural variables in the iliac crest are predictive of the same variables and of UCS in L2. At autopsy, 7.5 mm diameter cores were removed from the iliac crest and from L2 of 29 subjects who had died suddenly without bone disease. Cancellous bone volume (BV/TV, %) was significantly lower in L2 than in iliac crest due to lower trabecular number (Tb.N, per mm) and thickness (Tb.Th, µm). There were significant correlations between iliac crest and L2 for BV/TV, Tb.N and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp, µm), but not for Tb.Th. BV/TV was negatively correlated, and Tb.Sp was positively correlated with age at both sites. Tb.Th was not significantly correlated with age in the iliac crest, but a significant negative correlation was observed in L2. The UCS of vertebral cores was negatively correlated with age. BV/TV and Tb.Th in L2 were positively correlated with UCS in L2. Cortical width and BV/TV in iliac crest were positively correlated with UCS in L2. We conclude that: (1) cancellous bone volume in the iliac crest is higher than in the lumbar spine due to thicker, more closely spaced trabecular plates, (2) the changes in structural variables with age are generally similar in the iliac crest and lumbar vertebra, but trabecular thinning with age is more evident in the spine than in the ilium, and (3) the compressive strength of cancellous bone in the lumbar spine is correlated with histomorphometric variables of bone structure, as measured both in the lumbar spine and in the iliac crest.     

人工骨联合自体骨髓移植技术的骨缺损修复研究与应用

目的分析人工骨联合自体骨髓移植技术治疗骨缺损的临床疗效。方法选取2011年4月至2013年9月,来本院诊治的四肢粉碎性骨折术后骨缺损患者40例,随机分为两组（A、B组）,分别行自体髂骨植骨和人工骨联合自体骨髓移植治疗四肢粉碎性骨折所致骨缺损。术后观察两组骨折愈合时间,骨折愈合率,并发症的发生及骨缺损的修复和功能重建优良率。结果两组均行6～12个月随访,平均（9.14±1.36）月,所有患者植骨术后均无切口感染、发热等并发症。A组15例骨缺损区愈合良好,住院时间平均（19.36±2.54）天,骨折愈合时间平均（5.67±1.52）个月,骨缺损的修复和功能重建评价标准,优12例,良3例,可3例,差2例,优良率75%;B组18例骨缺损区愈合良好,住院时间平均（12.19±1.52）天,骨折愈合时间平均（3.61±1.13）个月,骨缺损的修复和功能重建评价标准,优16例,良2例,可2例,差0例,优良率90%。B组骨缺损治疗效果显著优于A组。结论人工骨联合自体骨髓移植较单纯自体髂骨移植治疗骨缺损更能促进骨痂生长,加速骨折后骨缺损愈合,更加有效地减少住院时间及骨折愈合时间,骨折愈合率更高,骨缺损修复和功能重建效果更加显著。