检测幽门螺杆菌呼气法

幽门螺杆菌是慢性活动性胃炎、溃疡病复发的主要原因,甚至与胃癌的发生有密切相关。据有关资料显示,我国自然人口幽门螺杆菌感染率为41.4％～83.3％。目前检测幽门螺杆菌的方法有:胃粘膜快速尿素酶试验、粘膜组织染色及培养、血清抗幽门螺杆菌抗体检测、呼气试验等。胃粘膜快速尿素酶试验和粘膜组织染色及培养均需胃镜检查并吸取胃粘膜标本,费时、费钱,故不适宜于群体幽门螺杆菌感染的普查;而血清抗幽门螺杆菌抗体检     

应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测乙型肝炎患者的HBV一DNA

应用聚合酶链反应（ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅｃｈａｉｎＲｅａｃｔｉｏｎ，ＰＣＲ）检测１０８例乙型肝炎患者血清中ＨＢＶ一ＤＮＡ，在不同类型的ＨＢＶ感染标志物（ＨＢＶＭ）的血清中结果有所不同：（１）在ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率８６．１１％（３１／３６）；（２）在ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗ＨＢｅ和抗ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率５５．８８％（１９／３４）；（３）在抗ＨＢｓ、抗ＨＢｅ和ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率为２０％（２／１０）；（４）在抗ＨＢｅ和抗ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率为２５％（２／８）；文中就ＰＣＲ检测的结果及临床意义作了扼要的讨论。     

幽门螺杆菌粪便抗原检测的临床应用

目的：评价幽门螺杆菌粪便抗原（HpSA）检测诊断幽门螺杆菌感染的特异性和敏感性。方法：采用酶联免疫分析法检测150例反复腹痛或伴有恶心、呕吐等上消化道症状患儿的幽门螺杆菌粪便抗原,同时以^13C尿素呼气试验（13C-UBT）检查作对照,对HpSA酶联免疫法与^13C尿素呼气试验（13^C-UBT）检查的阳性结果进行比较。结果：150例患儿中,HpSA酶联免疫法阳性率30％,对照法阳性率为29．33％,两法阳性检测率比较差异无统计学意义,HpSA酶联免疫法与对照法比较其敏感度和特异度分别为84．09％和92．45％。结论：HpSA酶联免疫法是一种操作简便、安全、可靠的诊断幽门螺杆菌感染的方法,尤其适用于儿童幽门螺杆菌感染的普查。     

胶体金快速检测幽门螺杆菌感染的临床意义

目的：探讨胶体金快速检测幽门螺杆菌抗体在诊断幽门螺杆菌（HP）感染中的价值。方法：用胶体金幽门螺杆菌检测卡，检测76例患者血清标本抗－HP，同时进行快速尿素酶试验（RUT）、病理组织学检查及血清幽门螺杆菌IgG抗体检测（酶标法）。结果：胶体金法与组织学法（银染法）相比阳性符合率为93．8％，优于快速尿素酶法及血清学法。结论：胶体金法检测幽门螺杆菌感染有较高的准确率与特异性，方法简单，手指血即可，取材方便，优于现有任何方法，适合各个实验室作为常规项目开展。     

8536例健康体检者幽门螺杆菌血清尿素酶抗体阳性率分析

目的了解长沙地区健康体检者幽门螺杆菌血清尿素酶抗体阳性率情况。方法采用胶体金法检测8 536例健康体检者血清幽门螺杆菌尿素酶抗体。结果 8 536例健康体检者幽门螺杆菌血清尿素酶抗体阳性率为25.7%,男女幽门螺杆菌血清尿素酶抗体阳性率经χ2检验差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各年龄组幽门螺杆菌血清尿素酶抗体阳性率经χ2检验差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.01),但并不随着年龄增大而增加。结论长沙地区幽门螺杆菌的高感染率及其高致病性应引起重视。     

5种检测幽门螺杆菌方法的比较

幽门螺杆菌（ＨＰ）是慢性活动性胃炎重要的病因之一。现就检测ＨＰ最常见的５种方法加以比较，检出率从低到高依次为培养（ＣＰＣ）、快速尿素酶试验（ＲＵＴ）、镜检（ＭＤ）、ＥＬＩＳＡ、免疫酶染色法（ＩＥＳＴ）。与镜检和／或培养比较，快速尿素酶试验、ＥＬＩＳＡ、ＩＥＳＴ的灵敏度分别为８４．４％、８６．５％、９４．９％，特异度为８９．４％、５０％、６４．５％。提示快速尿素酶试验、ＥＬＩＳＡ、ＩＥＳＴ三者有较高的灵敏度和可靠的特异度。     

巴楚县2001年新疆出血热疫情的血清学证实

目的：以血清流行病学方法调查新闻出血热（XHF）病人，易感人群和主要宿主动物中疾病的感染情况。方法：分别收集2001年4－6月新疆巴县临床诊断为XHF的病人血清，易感人群血清和主要宿主动物的血清，用研制的诊断试剂以酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测XHF特异性IgG和IgM抗体；用抗原捕获ELISA检测XHF病毒抗原。结果：病人血清IgG抗体阳性率为39．62％（21／53）。IgM抗体阳性率为20．75％（11／53），抗原获ELISA有1份血清为XHF抗原阳性；易感人群血清IgG抗体阳性主为21．05％（4／19），IgM抗体检测和抗原捕获ELISA全部为阴性；羊血清IgG抗体阳性率为70％（56／80）。结论：血清流行病学研究证实该次疫情确系XHF、流行地区人畜均有较高水平的隐性感染。     

生物微矩阵（芯片）方法检测100例幽门螺杆菌抗体的临床分析

目的生物微矩阵芯片技术检测患者血清中幽门螺杆菌（Hp）毒素相关蛋白（c8gA）、空泡毒素（VacA）及尿素酶抗体（Ure）,快速提供胃十二指肠疾病诊断的依据。方法对100例胃病患者留取血清,用生物微矩阵芯片方法检测。结果cagA阳性为55％,VacA阳性为29％,Ure阳性为16％。结论芯片法在幽门螺杆菌感染的诊断、筛查和防治中具有重要意义。     

间接酶联免疫吸附试验检测北京市昌平地区体检人群中汉赛巴尔通体抗体

目的调查北京市昌平地区健康体检人群血清汉赛巴尔通体抗体阳性情况。方法用间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和免疫荧光抗体（IFA）试剂盒检测体检人群血清汉赛巴尔通体抗体情况。结果以IFA为参考标准，间接ELISA方法的灵敏度为70．6％，特异度为91．6％；阳性预测值为82．2％（60／73），阴性预测值为84．9％。ELISA共检测了357份健康体检人群血清，汉赛巴尔通体抗体阳性率为34．5％，IFA共检测了239份体检血清，其汉赛巴尔通体抗体阳性率为35．6％。结论间接ELISA方法对于检测汉赛巴尔通体感染是一种快速、敏感、特异的方法，昌平地区健康体检人群中存在汉赛巴尔通体抗体阳性的情况。     

套式聚合酶链反应及限制酶分析对孕妇巨细胞病毒感染及其母婴？…

用套式聚合酶链反应（ｎＰＣＲ）及限制酶分析，病毒分离和特异性抗体测定检测孕妇外周血，脐带血及互胎组织巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ０。结果３６７例孕妇中，孕早、中、晚期ＨＣＭＶ阳性率分别为８．６％、１．６％和７．０％，ｎＰＣＲ检出率（４．９％）高于病毒分离（３．０％，Ｐ〈０．０２５）。６份ｎＰＣＲ阳性母血中，３份配对脐血ｎＰＣＲ阳性。提法：ｎＰＣＲ能提高诊断ＨＣＭＶ的特异性与敏感性，对孕妇及胎儿／新生儿ＨＣ     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.