HPLC法同时测定青黛有效成分靛蓝和靛玉红的含量

目的：以HPLC法同时测定青黛中有效成分靛蓝和靛玉红的含量,为《中国药典》2010年版一部中关于青黛饮片质量标准的制定提供依据。方法：采用HPLC法,分别对系统适用性、准确度、重复性、专属性、线性范围、耐用性进行研究;分别考察样品制备的提取方法、提取溶媒、提取时间、溶媒用量;比较本法与《中国药典》2005年版方法。结果：本方法的系统适用性、准确度、重复性、专属性、线性范围、耐用性均符合要求;12批各地样品中靛蓝的含量为（1．70±0．04）％～（3．33±0．15）％,靛玉红的含量分别为（0．09±0．01）％～（0．30±0．01）％;本法测定的靛蓝和靛玉红的含量分别为《中国药典》2005年版方法的1．02倍和1．52倍。结论：本法科学、合理、可行;能同时测定青黛中靛蓝和靛玉红含量,符合现行药典简便、快速、准确的要求。     

复方乌龙胶囊的质量控制方法研究

目的：建立复方乌龙胶囊的质量控制方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法对制剂中的3种主要成分青黛、防风和白芷进行定性鉴别；用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中靛蓝含量。结果：薄层色谱法能准确鉴定出制剂中的青黛、防风和白芷；靛蓝在0．016-0．16μg范围内，线性关系良好(r=0．9995)。平均回收率为98．4％，RSD=1．9％(n=5)。结论：本方法专属性强、重现性好，可作为复方乌龙胶囊的质量控制标准。     

青黛含量测定方法的研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定青黛中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量。分谱柱为AlltimaC18分析柱：流动相为甲醇－0．1％醋酸（73：27）；检测波长为292nm；流速为1．0ml/min；柱温40℃。靛蓝和靛玉红的加样回收率分别为98．9％（n=6）、97．3％（n=6）。本方法简便、迅速、灵敏、重现性好，可有效地控制青黛药材的质量。     

青黛超临界提取物中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量测定研究

目的 :本文采用磺化—紫外分光光度法及一阶导数紫外分光光度法 ,对青黛药材及青黛超临界提取物进行含量测定。方法 :样品经磺化反应后 ,用零阶光谱在 6 2 3nm波长处测定靛蓝的含量 ,用一阶导数紫外分光光度法在 4 82nm波长处测定靛玉红的含量。结果 :靛蓝的线性范围为 1 14～ 5 32 μg·ml- 1,r=0 9999,平均回收率为 10 1 0 6 % ,RSD为 1 2 7% ,靛玉红的线性范围为 0 5 2～ 5 2 μg·ml- 1,r =0 9999,平均回收率为 10 1 80 % ,RSD为 0 75 % ,放置 8h对含量测定无影响。结论 :测定数批青黛药材及青黛超临界提取物样品 ,其靛蓝含量测定与药典法测定结果无显著差别。     

药用青黛的质量考察

目的对市售青黛药材质量进行考察,为客观、全面控制青黛药材的质量提供科学依据。方法参照现行《中国药典》方法对16批青黛样品性状、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分和靛蓝、靛玉红含量进行测定,并综合分析。结果目前市场上青黛的质量存在较大差异,一些样品检测不到质量标准规定的指标成分靛蓝、靛玉红。结论青黛药材质量问题严重,应完善其质量标准,规范、优化生产工艺,保证质量。     

复方青黛膜剂中靛蓝的定性与含量测定方法研究

目的:建立复方青黛膜的质量标准.方法:采用TLC鉴别本制剂中的青黛;用HPLC测定本制剂中靛蓝含量.结果:薄层色谱法可鉴别出青黛的特征斑点;HPLC法测定靛蓝在0.22～5.5μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,r= 0.9998,回收率范围为98.99%～100.69%,RSD值为0.61%.结论:TLC及HPLC法专属性强,方法可靠、使用方便,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

水硫软膏的制备及质量控制

目的：探讨水硫软膏的制备工艺及质量控制方法。方法：以聚乙二醇（PEG）软膏基质制备硫酸软膏，建立性状、鉴别、含理测定等质量标准，并进行稳定性试验。结果：以酸碱滴定法测定水硫软膏中水杨酸的含量，平均回收率为102．1％，RSD＝0．46％。结论：该制剂制备工艺可行，性质稳定，质控方法可靠。     

肺炎颗粒的鉴别和含量测定

目的：建立肺炎颗粒的质量标准。方法：采用薄层色谱法鉴别肺炎颗粒中青黛、桔梗及丹参；用高效液相色谱法对肺炎颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱进行定量分析。结果：定性鉴别方法准确，专属性强；盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定线性范围为0．0275～0．88根，r=0．9998（n=6），加样回收率98．0％～98．6％，RSD为0．91％～1．19％（n=9）。结论：所建立的方法可靠、准确、专属性强，可有效控制肺炎颗粒的质量。     

建青黛加工炮制标准化研究

目的实现建青黛加工炮制现代化、国际化、标准化、产业化连续自动生产。方法运用现代科学知识并结合对建青黛国际化、产业化的科研实践进行论述。结果经过对建青黛现代加工炮制工艺的研究,确定其加工炮制的最佳条件,改变传统的经验式手工加工的落后工艺。结论建青黛靛蓝含量由2．0％提高到2．3％以上,靛玉红含量由0．15％提高到0．2％以上,极大地提高了建青黛的质量和安全性。     

多波长HPLC法同时测定青黛药材中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量

目的:利用多波长高效液相色谱法,建立同时测定青黛药材中2种有效成分(靛蓝和靛玉红)含量的方法,并对其质量特征进行分析.方法:采用HPLC法,Phenomenex C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),柱温30 ℃;以甲醇-水溶液(70∶30)为流动相洗脱,流速1.0 ml/min;检测波长286 nm(检测靛蓝)、292 nm(检测靛玉红),同时测定不同产地青黛药材中靛蓝和靛玉红含量.结果:在20 min内青黛中靛蓝和靛玉红2种有效成分被完全分离.靛蓝在5.19～83.04 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.46％,RSD为2.18％;靛玉红在0.364～5.825 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为101.57％,RSD为2.22％.结论:本方法合理、便捷、快速简便、准确、重复性好,能同时测定青黛中靛蓝和靛玉红含量,符合现行《中国药典》简便、快速、准确的要求.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.