应用菌株YG1024对吸烟者尿致突变性的研究

应用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌株ＴＡ９８及其富含硝基还原酶的衍生菌株ＹＧ１０２１和富含０－乙酰转移酶的衍生菌株ＹＧ１０２４检测了吸烟者尿的致突变性。结果表明，在有鼠肝Ｓ９存在时吸烟者尿样对菌株ＹＧ１０２４的致突变作用明显高于ＴＡ９８，而相同条件下菌株ＹＧ１０２１的回变性与ＴＡ９８大致相同。证明菌株ＹＧ１０２４在检测吸烟者尿致突变性上比传统的＂敏感＂菌株ＴＡ９８更为敏感。同时也提示吸烟者尿中的致突变物主要是芳香胺类物质。     

~(60)钴辐射酒致突变及饮用潜在危害研究

用Ａｍｅｓ试验检测了２０Ｇｙ６０钴辐射的白兰地酒。结果发现：ＴＡ９８与ＴＡ１００菌株在±Ｓ９时的致突变率均＜２，无致突变作用。用１０名健康人饮用，观察有否潜在危害，结果：血红细胞、白细胞、血红蛋白、谷丙转氨酶与锌浊度均正常，饮酒前后没有差别（Ｐ＞００５）；尿液Ａｍｅｓ试验，ＴＡ９８与ＴＡ１００菌株回变菌落呈阴性致突变反应（致突变率＜２）。上述结果说明，６０钴辐射酒无潜在危害。     

汽车尾气提取物对哺乳动物细胞程序外DNA合成的影响

用大鼠原代肝细胞ＵＤＳ实验检测５种汽油车和一种柴油车尾气颗粒物及气体冷凝物的遗传毒性，均获阳性结果，表明颗粒物和气体部分中都含有损伤ＤＮＡ物质。颗粒物中，吉普、桑塔纳和公交车诱变性较强，气体部分以公交、解放和桑塔纳高。以每升排放物比较，柴油车颗粒排放量高，尾气总致突变作用最高，公交和吉普车稍次之．除柴油车和吉普外，其余车型尾气诱变性皆以气体部分为主。     

饮水有机浓集物致突变活性影响因素的研究

本文探讨饮水有机物浓集流速及加氯量对致突变活性的影响。试验表明，饮水有机物浓集流速控制在每分钟２倍树脂柱床体积时，可获得最佳致突变效果。当加氯量≥２０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，对ＴＡ９８±Ｓ９和ＴＡ１００—Ｓ９菌株有致突变活性，≤２ｍｇ／Ｌ时对ＴＡ９８±Ｓ９和ＴＡ１００±Ｓ９菌株无致突变活性。为最大限度减少致突变效应，在净水过程中保证流行病学安全前提下，减少加氯量和加氯次数是十分必要的。     

中国砷中毒病区腐植酸样品致突变性研究

目的探讨砷中毒地区的腐植酸样品有无致突变性。方法用Ａｍｅｓ试验检测了从中国贵州省高砷煤、台湾乌脚病病区井水和内蒙古砷中毒病区井水中提取的天然腐植酸样品。结果贵州高砷煤中腐植酸在不加大鼠肝匀浆（＋Ｓ９）时回复突变系数为１．０２～０．８２ｒｅｖ／μｇ，在加入大鼠肝匀浆（＋Ｓ９）时回复突变数为１．５３～１．１２ｒｅｖ／μｇ。并有明显的剂量反应关系存在。结论贵州高砷煤中腐植酸对ＴＡ９８（移码突变型）菌株有较强的直接致突变性，台湾乌脚病病区井水中腐植酸对ＴＡ９８（－Ｓ９）有较弱的致突变作用，而内蒙腐植酸没有致突变作用。同时还研究了商品腐植酸、砷和铁的致突变性，发现单纯的砷、铁和商品腐植酸均无致突变作用，但是砷与腐植酸共同作用，在某一浓度时，不论有没有铁存在，对ＴＡ９８（－Ｓ９）都有微弱的致突变作用。以上各种样品对ＴＡ１００（±Ｓ９）（碱基取代型）菌株均不表现出致突变作用。     

顶空气相色谱连续监测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌致突变试验研究

在密闭的液体培养体系中，以ＣＯ２为指标用气相色谱分析法连续监测致突变剂ＮａＮ３和敌克松对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型菌株ＴＡ１００、ＴＡ９８的致突变作用，研究了回复突变菌数、致突变剂的剂量与ＣＯ２产生量之间的关系，在此基础上提出了致突变性的评价指标。用本方法测得ＮａＮ３和敌克松的最低诱变剂量分别为０．０５０μｇ／瓶和０．０８０μｇ／瓶，灵敏度显著高于Ａｍｅｓ试验。     

顶空气相色谱连续监测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌致突为试验研究

在密闭的液体培养体系中，以ＣＯ２为指标用气相色谱分析法连续监测致突变剂ＮａＮ３和敌克松对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型菌株ＴＡ１００、ＴＡ９８的致突变作用，研究了回复突变菌数、致突变剂的剂量与ＣＯ２产生量之间的关系，在此基础上提出了致突变性的评价指标，用本方法测得ＮａＮ２和敌克松的最低诱变剂量分别为０．０５０μｇ／瓶和０．０８０μｇ／瓶，灵敏度显著高于Ａｍｅｓ试验。     

对苯二甲酸遗传毒性研究

对对苯二甲酸（ＴＰＡ）的急性毒性和遗传毒性进行初步研究。结果显示,ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠和ＳＤ大鼠急性经口ＬＤ５０均大于１５０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ;Ａｍｅｓ试验以ＴＡ９７、ＴＡ９８、ＴＡ１００和ＴＡ１０２作为测试菌种,在有无代谢活化系统的情况下,结果均为阴性;ＴＰＡ诱导的昆明种小鼠骨髓微核发生率无明显增加;ＴＰＡ体外诱导的ＣＨＬ细胞染色体畸变率与对照组相比无显著性差异。提示,ＴＰＡ具有致突变活性的可能性极小。     

国产柴油机废气颗粒物的致突变性研究

用Ａｍｅｓ和小鼠髓髓嗜多染红细胞（ＰＣＥ）微核试验对三种类型国产柴油机废气颗粒物进行了致突变性检测。Ａｍｅｓ试验结果表明，６１２０型柴油机废气颗粒物剂量在５００μｇ／皿以上，加与不加Ｓ９条件征ＴＡ９８和ＴＡ１００的致突变性均呈阳性Ｓ－１９５柴油机废气颗粒物在剂量１０００μｇ／皿，不加Ｓ９条件下ＴＡ９８和ＴＡ１００呈阳性，而４１１５型柴油机废气颗粒物未显阳性，小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验呈阴性结果，     

利用YG菌株对大气颗粒物中硝基多环芳烃致突变作用的研究

应用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌／微粒体酶试验，选用ＴＡ９８及两个新的对ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨｓ敏感的衍生菌株：富含硝基还原酶（ＮＲ）的ＹＧ１０２１和富含Ｏ－乙酰基转移酶（ＯＡＴ）的ＹＧ１０２４，对沈阳市不同功能分区１９９０年冬季大气悬浮颗粒物二氯甲烷提取物（简称提取物）进行直接致突变研究。结果表明商业区、工业区、居民区和风景区提取物对三个菌株均有直接致突变作用，呈剂量－反应关系。提示颗粒物中富含ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨｓ，而且     

汽油和柴油机动车排出颗粒物表面特征观察

采用扫描电镜加Ｘ射线能谱分析技术，对太原市汽油和柴油机动车排出颗粒物的表面成分和形态特征进行观察，结果显示：汽油车排放的颗粒物其表面含Ｐｂ量高，平均含２２．５％，而柴油车平均含Ｐｂ量低，仅含８％；但柴油车颗粒物的颗粒明显小于汽油车，≤２μｍ颗粒物前者占７３％，后者占６２％。颗粒物形状不规则，表面粗糙呈多孔状，二类汽车排放颗粒物形状相似。     

Exposure of firefighters to diesel emissions in fire stations

Personal sampling techniques were used to evaluate firefighter exposure to particulates from diesel engine emissions. Selected fire stations in New York, Boston and Los Angeles were studied. Firefighter exposure to total particulates increased with the number of runs conducted during an 8-hr period. In New York and Boston where the response level ranged from 7 to 15 runs during an 8-hr shift, the resulting exposure levels of total airborne particulates from diesel exhaust were 170 to 480 micrograms/m3 (TWA). Methylene chloride extracts of the diesel particulates averaged 24% of the total. The authors' findings suggest that additional research is necessary to assess fire station concentrations of vehicle diesel exhaust that may have adverse health consequences to firefighters.     

汽油与甲醇燃烧汽车尾气致突变性的对比研究

目的　比较汽油与甲醇燃烧汽车尾气的致突变性 ,为甲醇代替汽油作为汽车燃料提供试验依据。方法　采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 哺乳动物微粒体酶试验 (Amesassay)和肺上皮A5 4 9细胞体外微核试验对汽油燃烧汽车尾气和甲醇燃烧汽车尾气的致突变性进行对比研究。结果　汽油燃烧汽车尾气在加与不加S9时对测试菌株TA98都具有致突变性 ,加S9时致突变性明显增加 ,其回变菌落数亦随剂量增加而增加 ;而甲醇燃烧汽车尾气在相同浓度下对TA98和TA10 0菌株都不具有致突变性。A5 4 9细胞体外微核试验中 ,在 0 . 0 2 5～0 . 2L ml浓度范围内 ,汽油燃烧汽车尾气具有诱导A5 4 9细胞微核细胞数增加的作用 ,并随剂量增加而增加 ,呈现良好的剂量效应关系 ,而甲醇燃烧汽车尾气在同样浓度下不具有诱导A5 4 9细胞微核增加的作用。结论　汽油尾气具有致突变性 ,甲醇尾气在两个试验中均未检测出致突变性 ,该研究为甲醇取代汽油作为汽车燃料提供了卫生学依据。     

Air pollution survey in Kitakyushu district

Airborne particulate samples were collected on a glass fiber filter or quartz filter using Hi-volume air sampler from November, 1980 through February, 1983 at a west part of Yahata district, Japan. The concentrations of airborne particulates, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals and dustfall were determined, and mutagenic activities of tarry materials obtained from suspended particulates were also measured. The following results were obtained. (1) The airborne particulate contents were 22.1 - 188 mg/1000 m3 (mean : 74.6 mg/1000 m3), and the values were high in spring and low in summer. (2) PAH contents in airborne particulates were in the following order: benzo(ghi)perylene greater than benzo(a)pyrene greater than benz(a)anthracene greater than chrysene greater than benzo(k)fluoranthene greater than pyrene greater than perylene. PAH contents were higher in winter that in summer. The benzo(a)pyrene contents were 1.97 micrograms/1000 m3 in 1981 and 1.92 micrograms/1000 m3 in 1982. (3) Heavy metals content was about 2.1 - 3.6 higher in winter in comparison with that in summer time. (4) Mutagenic activity showed 90 - 11900 revertants/1000 m3 for TA 98 strain with S-9 mix and 50 - 7190 revertants/1000 m3 for TA 98 strain without S-9 mix. Mutagenic activities for TA 98 with S-9 mix were higher than those for TA 98 without S-9 mix. (5) As a result of the analysis of airborne particulate samples, a significant correlation was observed between mutagenic activities and the concentrations of PAH and heavy metals. These results indicated that the mutagenic survey may be useful as an index for air pollution study.     

2种燃料燃烧颗粒物致突变性及其联合作用

目的比较液化石油气（LPG）燃烧颗粒物和蜂窝煤燃烧颗粒物的致突变性以及二者的联合作用。方法采用Ames法,应用鼠伤寒沙门菌突变型菌株TA 98及其衍生菌株YG 1021和YG 1024进行致突变试验研究,并根据致突变试验结果评价其联合作用。结果2种颗粒物对YG菌株的致突变作用均高于对TA 98的作用;LPG燃烧颗粒物比蜂窝煤燃烧颗粒物的致突变作用更强,前者约相当于后者的8倍;二者的联合作用呈相加类型。结论煤和LPG燃烧颗粒物均具有很强的直接和间接致突变作用,主要致突变作用来源于硝基和胺基多环芳烃,2种颗粒物同时存在可加大致癌风险。     

Effects of exposure to vehicle exhaust on health

Exposure to combustion engine exhaust and its effect on crews of roll-on roll-off ships and car ferries and on bus garage staff were studied. The peak concentrations recorded for some of the substances studied were as follows: total particulates (diesel only) 1.0 mg/m3, benzene (diesel) 0.3 mg/m3, formaldehyde (gasoline and diesel) 0.8 mg/m3, and nitrogen dioxide (diesel) 1.2 mg/m3. The highest observed concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was 30 ng/m3 from gasoline and diesel exhaust. In an experimental study volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust diluted with air to achieve a nitrogen dioxide concentration of 3.8 mg/m3. Pulmonary function was affected during a workday of occupational exposure to engine emissions, but it normalized after a few days with no exposure. The impairment of pulmonary function was judged to have no appreciable, adverse, short-term impact on individual work capacity. In the experimental exposure study, no effect on pulmonary function was observed. Analyses of urinary mutagenicity and thioether excretion showed no sign of exposure to genotoxic compounds among the occupationally exposed workers or among the subjects in the experimental study.     

Influence of ethanol and methanol gasoline blends on the mutagenicity of particulate exhaust extracts

TheSalmonella mutagenicity test was used to evaluate the influence of alcohol fuel extenders on the genetic toxicity of particulate exhaust extracts. Four spark-ignition engine equipped vehicles were operated on gasoline alone, 10% blends of ethanol or methanol in gasoline, and a commercially available “gasohol.” The tests were conducted on a chassis dynomometer and the particulate exhaust was collected on high volume filters after dilution in a tunnel. The vehicles used were a 1980 Chevrolet Citation, a 1980 Mercury Monarch, a 1981 Ford Escort and a 1981 Oldsmobile Cutlass. Dichloromethane extracts of the exhaust particles from all tests were mutagenic inSalmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA 98. The extracts were less mutagenic in the nitroreductase deficient strains TA 98NR and TA 98DNPR suggesting that nitro substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be responsible for part of the mutagenicity. In all the alcohol blended fuel tests, the mass of particle associated organics emitted from the exhaust was lower than that observed during the control tests using gasoline alone. Thus, in most cases, estimates of the emission of mutagenic combustion products from the exhaust were lower in the alcohol blend tests.     

Mutagenicity of used crankcase oils from diesel and spark ignition automobiles

The Salmonella mutagenicity assay was used to compare the mutagenic activity of used crankcase oil (UCO) from diesel and spark-ignition (gasoline) engine passenger cars. UCO samples were obtained during periodic oil changes from 9 spark-ignition and 10 diesel-powered vehicles. Five samples of unused motor oil were also tested. Direct tests of UCO did not detect mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA-98. Therefore, an extraction procedure was used to concentrate the mutagens and remove interfering chemicals. Extracts were tested both with and without Aroclor-1254-induced rat liver homogenate fraction (S-9). Dose-dependent mutagenicity with and without S-9 was observed in both diesel and spark-ignition engine UCO extracts. Mutagenic activity was also found in unused oil extracts, but it was lower than that in UCO extracts and generally required addition of S-9. The mutagenic potency of diesel UCO extracts was similar to that of gasoline UCO extracts, both with and without addition of S-9. This indicated that potential health risks associated with disposal, handling, and recycling of diesel UCO may not be significantly different from those of UCO from gasoline engines.     

Assessment of the mutagenic potential of ethanol auto engine exhaust gases by the Salmonella typhimurium microsomal mutagenesis assay, using a direct exposure method.

The mutagenic activity of the new Brazilian fuel, ethanol, was determined by employing the Salmonella typhimurium microsomal mutagenesis assay (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA104) and a direct exposure method. This methodology was first used to determine the mutagenic activity of gasoline, revealing mutagenic activity of base-pair substitution without any need for metabolic activation, indicating the presence of direct-action mutagens. Experiments with ethanol suggest an indirect mutagenic activity of the oxidant type. The exposure system was considered suitable for future studies of gaseous mixtures.