腹腔镜经腹膜后输尿管切开取石术

目的 探讨腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的技术要点及临床价值。方法 采用腹膜后腹腔镜技术行输尿管切开取石23例，结石直径9～23mm，暴露出输尿管并切开取石，缝合输尿管切口。结果 23例中22例手术成功，手术时间80～220min，术中出血量10～60ml，18例随访2～30个月，无中远期并发症。结论 腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术是安全有效的治疗输尿管结石的方法，可部分代替传统的开放性手术，对于较大的输尿管上段结石可能为首选的治疗方法。     

后腹腔镜技术治疗输尿管结石（附31例报告）

目的：探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石治疗输尿管结石的适应证、手术技巧和临床价值。方法：回顾性分析采用后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石31例，其中输尿管上段结石22例，中段结石9例。15例术前行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL），没有效果；2例行输尿管镜取石术失败；14例术前未行其他治疗。结石直径12～25mm；平均18．5mm。结果：31例患者取石均成功，手术时间50．130min，平均85min；术中出血量20～60mL，平均35mL。术后无漏尿；患者术后1～2d拔除后腹膜腔引流管，术后住院3-6d。随访2～24个月，患者肾、输尿管积水均明显好转，无结石复发和输尿管切开缝合处狭窄。结论：后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术可作为体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）或输尿管镜（URL）治疗输尿管结石失败的补救措施，对于较大的输尿管结石可作为首选的治疗方法。     

腹腔镜经腹腔输尿管上段切开取石术

目的 探讨腹腔镜经腹腔途径输尿管上段切开取石术的临床可行性.方法 对35例单发性输尿管上段结石患者,结石长度5～18 mm,采用腹腔镜经腹腔输尿管上段切开取石,根据X线定位,切开后腹膜,暴露输尿管,用自制刀切开输尿管取出结石.置入双J管,缝合切口.术后观察其可行性.结果 35例均手术成功.术后腹部平片(KUB)复查治愈率100%.随访1～5个月无并发症发生.结论 直视腹腔镜经腹腔输尿管上段切开取石术疗效好,痛苦小,值得推广.     

后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术45例报告

目的 探讨后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术的技术要点及临床价值。方法 采用后腹腔镜完成45例肾盂输尿管切开取石术，病程10个月～6a，结石直径1．1～3．2cm；12例经ESWL无效，2例经输尿管镜取石失败；输尿管上段结石37例，肾盂结石8例。结果 结石均一次取净，手术55～130min，平均75min，无明显并发症发生。术后恢复顺利，随访3～12个月，患者肾输尿管积水均明显好转，无结石复发和切开缝合处狭窄。结论 后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术具有损伤小、安全有效、可行和恢复快等优点，有良好的临床应用价值。     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术15例报告

目的：介绍后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石及切石不缝合的术式经验。方法：采用后腹腔镜完成15例输尿管切开取石术，病程8个月－5年，结石直径0．8－2.1cm;11例经ESWL无效，2例经输尿管镜取石失败；术前X线及B超定位，经膀胱镜插入带导丝的双J管至结石咱，经后腹膜途径输尿切开取石，切口不缝合，并将双J管插入肾盂。结果：15例全部成功。手术时间70－210min，平均115min。术后恢复顺利，随访6－9个月，无并发症发生。结论：后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术及切口不缝合，简化了手术操作过程，损伤小，安全，有效，恢复快，具有良好的临床应用前景。     

后腹腔镜与经腰背部途径治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的对后腹腔镜和经腰背部途径治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效指标进行比较，探讨两种术式的技术要点。方法收治98例上尿路结石病例，其中42例行后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术，56例行经腰背部直切口输尿管切开取石术。腹腔镜术式采用气管插管全麻，经腰背部途径采用腰硬联合麻。两组术中均留置双J管。结果98例手术全部成功，两组术中均无需输血。两组在手术时间、术中出血及住院时间有统计学差别，术后复查未见结石残留，随访无并发症发生。结论对输尿管上段结石的治疗，后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术微创、安全、有效，较经腰背部途径术中出血少、术后恢复快。但它需要较长的手术时间和一定的腹腔镜外科训练。     

输尿管镜和腹腔镜治疗输尿管上段结石安全性和疗效比较

目的:比较经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和腹膜后腹腔镜切开输尿管取石术治疗输尿管上段结石的安全性和疗效。方法:86例输尿管上段结石并肾盂输尿管上段积水患者,采用经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和腹膜后腹腔镜切开输尿管取石术,分析两种手术方法的手术时间、术后住院时间以及治愈率。结果:输尿管镜组、腹腔镜组的手术时间、术后住院时间分别为(93.33±42.34)minvs(75.74±25.11)min、(5.45±2.59)dvs(8.67±2.80)d。两组各值比较,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。输尿管镜组手术治愈率72%,腹腔镜组手术治愈率96%,两组比较,差异具有显著性(P=0.002)。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术比经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石更安全和有效。     

腹腔镜经腹腔入路治疗输尿管结石23例

目的 探讨腹腔镜下经腹腔入路治疗输尿管结石的可行性.方法 中上段输尿管结石,经结肠旁沟掀开结肠行输尿管切开取石15例,中下段输尿管结石切开腹膜后可直接行输尿管切开取石术8例.结果 共23例25处结石均在该术式下完成,手术90～150min,平均115min.结论 腹腔镜下经腹腔入路行输尿管切开取石有损伤小、出血少、恢复快、手术操作空间大和易暴露等优点,具有良好的应用前景.     

腹腔镜经腹腔入路治疗输尿管结石23例

目的探讨腹腔镜下经腹腔入路治疗输尿管结石的可行性.方法中上段输尿管结石,经结肠旁沟掀开结肠行输尿管切开取石15例,中下段输尿管结石切开腹膜后可直接行输尿管切开取石术8例.结果共23例25处结石均在该术式下完成,手术90～150 min,平均115 min.结论腹腔镜下经腹腔入路行输尿管切开取石具有损伤小、出血少、恢复快、手术操作空间大和易暴露等优点,有良好的应用前景.     

体外冲击波碎石术失败后输尿管结石的腹腔镜手术

目的探讨腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术处理体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)失败后输尿管结石的临床意义和初步经验。方法从2003年6月～2005年6月作者对ESWL治疗失败后的25例输尿管结石患者行经腹腔途径腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术。其中男12例,女13例,平均48.1岁;输尿管上段结石15例,中段结石10例;左侧10例,右侧15例;结石大小平均为1.3cm×1.5cm,均伴有不同程度肾积水。结果手术均取得成功,手术45～110min,平均70min,失血20～60mL,术后住院3～5d,无尿漏,随访6￣16个月,输尿管无狭窄,肾积水改善。结论腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术是治疗ESWL失败后的输尿管结石有效、适宜的微创技术,创伤轻,痛苦少,恢复快,可替代开放输尿管切开取石术。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.