经皮内镜椎板间入路椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的探讨经皮内镜椎板间入路椎间盘切除术（PEID）治疗腰椎间盘突出症的手术疗效。 方法回顾性分析2015年8月至2016年12月首都医科大学宣武医院功能神经外科采用PEID治疗的20例腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料。采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）、Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）和改良MacNab疗效评估标准评价手术疗效。 结果所有患者突出髓核摘除均满意。20例均获随访,末次随访时间为术后12个月。与术前相比,术后7 d、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月的VAS评分、ODI均较术前明显下降（均P〈0.001）。末次随访时,改良MacNab疗效评定结果显示,手术优良率为80%（16/20）。1例患者术后出现一过性下肢麻木,无感染以及神经根损伤患者。无一例复发。 结论采用PEID能够安全、有效地治疗腰椎间盘突出症。     

经椎板间入路椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效分析

目的探讨经椎板间入路椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法采用经椎板间入路椎间孔镜TESSYS技术治疗54例腰椎间盘突出症患者(L4-5椎间盘突出13例、L5-S1椎间盘突出41例),分别于术前和术后1 d、3个月、1年时采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价手术前后疼痛改善情况,复查腰椎MRI评价髓核摘除情况和有无复发。结果 54例患者手术成功率为96.30%(52/54),其中2例术中出现硬脊膜破裂,改为手术显微镜下椎板开窗、髓核摘除术。平均手术时间58.35 min,中位住院时间3 d。出院时52例疼痛消失、2例疼痛减轻,其中5例患侧小腿外侧麻木感加重。与术前相比,术后1 d、3个月和1年时VAS和ODI评分均减少(均P=0.000)。术后复查腰椎MRI显示髓核摘除满意,神经根压迫解除,亦未见复发。无一例发生感染等手术相关并发症,1例L5-S1椎间盘突出患者因髓核脱出椎管内游离较远,术中对神经根牵拉较重,术后出现S1神经根分布区麻木,术后1个月缓解。结论经椎板间入路椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症临床疗效满意、安全性良好。     

经椎板间人路椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效分析

目的 探讨经椎板间人路椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效.方法 采用经椎板间入路椎间孔镜TESSYS技术治疗54例腰椎间盘突出症患者(L4-5椎间盘突出13例、L5-S1椎间盘突出41例),分别于术前和术后1d、3个月、1年时采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价手术前后疼痛改善情况,复查腰椎MRI评价髓核摘除情况和有无复发.结果 54例患者手术成功率为96.30％(52/54),其中2例术中出现硬脊膜破裂,改为手术显微镜下椎板开窗、髓核摘除术.平均手术时间58.35 min,中位住院时间3d.出院时52例疼痛消失、2例疼痛减轻,其中5例患侧小腿外侧麻木感加重.与术前相比,术后1d、3个月和1年时VAS和ODI评分均减少(均P=0.000).术后复查腰椎MRI显示髓核摘除满意,神经根压迫解除,亦未见复发.无一例发生感染等手术相关并发症,1例L5-S1椎间盘突出患者因髓核脱出椎管内游离较远,术中对神经根牵拉较重,术后出现S1神经根分布区麻木,术后1个月缓解.结论 经椎板间入路椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症临床疗效满意、安全性良好.     

经皮脊柱内镜BEIS技术治疗腋下型腰椎间盘突出症

目的总结经皮脊柱内镜BEIS技术治疗腋下型腰椎间盘突出症的效果。方法回顾性分析85例应用经皮脊柱内镜BEIS技术手术治疗腋下型腰椎间盘突出症的病例资料,采用标准BEIS技术经后外侧入路建立内镜工作通道,在内镜下进行神经根硬膜囊的松解手术。手术效果采用下肢视觉模拟评分法(VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)进行评定。结果病例均顺利完成手术,手术时间40~125 min,平均85 min,术中未出现严重并发症。术后随访时间6~29个月,平均12.5个月。术前、术后3个月和术后6个月,下肢VAS分别为(6.5±1.5)、(1.4±1.2)和(1.0±1.4),ODI分别为(48.7±11.5)、(14.6±6.7)和(15.3±5.5)。术后不同随访时间点,下肢VAS及ODI均较术前有明显改善(P0.01)。结论经皮脊柱内镜BEIS技术是治疗腋下型椎间盘突出症安全有效的技术,具有病人术中舒适,术后恢复快,并发症少的特点。     

经肌肉间隙套管椎板间入路微创治疗下腰椎椎间盘突出症

目的探讨经肌肉间隙套管椎板间入路微创治疗下腰椎椎间盘突出症的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析32例下腰椎椎间盘突出症病人的临床资料,均行经肌肉间隙套管椎板间入路微创治疗。并采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价临床疗效。结果手术切除突出髓核32例,平均手术时间(62.4±13.6)min,术中出血量(31.0±5.6)ml,32例病人术后腰腿痛及感觉、肌力减退均有不同程度好转。32例随访6~12个月,平均8.5个月。术前与术后不同时段腰痛、腿痛VAS评分及ODI评分比较均有统计学差异(P0.01)。随访期间无腰椎间盘突出症复发病例。结论神经外科显微镜下经肌肉间隙套管椎板间入路微创治疗下腰椎椎间盘突出症具有创伤小,出血少,显露清楚,神经根减压彻底,对脊柱稳定性破坏小,术后恢复快等优点;其近期疗效明确,远期效果需进一步随访。     

可撑开通道系统辅助下显微手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨Caspar可扩张通道系统辅助下显微手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法 选取腰椎间盘突出症30例,在Caspar可撑开通道系统辅助下进行显微手术治疗。术前以及术后1、3、6、12个月,采用疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分评价疼痛缓解的情况,采用日本骨科协会（JOA）评分评价神经功能改善的情况。末次随访时,采用Macnab分级评价疗效。结果 手术时间为59~78 min,平均（68.50±7.20）min;术中出血量为25~60 ml,平均（32.25±8.6）ml。30例术后复查腰椎MRI均示突出的髓核全部摘除。术中硬脊膜破裂2例,严密修补硬脊膜,术后无脑脊液漏。术后无神经根、马尾神经损伤及椎间隙感染并发症发生。术后1、3、6、12个月VAS评分、JOA评分均明显优于术前（P<0.05）。按Macnab评价标准:优25例,良4例,可1例;优良率为96.7%（29/30）。术后随访1年未见复发。结论 采用Caspar可撑开通道系统辅助,显微手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效确切,术野清晰,神经根减压彻底,对脊柱稳定结构破坏小,是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的一种安全有效的手术方式。     

椎板间入路经皮完全内镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的评价经椎板间入路的完全内镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法回顾性分析60例应用经椎板间入路完全内镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的病例资料。病人术前均符合单节段腰椎间盘突出症诊断。记录术前、术后3d、3个月和6个月腿痛VAS和腰椎JOA评分,手术时间、术中及术后并发症。结果60例病人均顺利完成手术,术中出血量少,无任何并发症。平均手术时间65min;平均住院时间4d,切口均一期愈合。术后随访：1例k;病人手术后2个月复发,其他59例病人腿痛VAS和腰椎JOA评分术后3d、3个月、6个月各个随访时间点与术前比较,均有显著性差异（P〈0.01）,术后3个月与6个月间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论椎板间入路完全内镜手术治疗下腰椎椎间盘突出症具有微创、术后恢复快等特点,可获得良好临床疗效。     

显微镜下经管道与开放式腰椎间盘摘除术综合疗效对比分析

目的 探讨显微镜下经管道与开放式腰椎间盘摘除术的综合疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年6月至2016年6月手术治疗的165例腰椎间盘突出症的临床资料，其中96例行显微镜下经管道腰椎间盘摘除术（观察组），60例行开放式腰椎间盘切除术（对照组）。所有病人术后平均随访（12.7±1.1）个月。采用视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）评估疗效。末次随访采用Macnab标准评定术后功能。结果 与对照组相比，观察组手术时间明显延长，住院时间明显缩短（P<0.05），术中出血量明显减少（P<0.05）。观察组术后并发症发生率（4.1%）与对照组（3.0%）无统计学差异（P>0.05）。两组术前VAS评分、ODI均无统计学差异（P>0.05）；两组术后1周、3个月、12个月VAS评分、ODI均较术前均明显降低（P<0.05）；而且，术后1周、3个月，观察组VAS评分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。末次随访两组Macnab功能无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 与开放式腰椎间盘切除术比，显微镜下经管道腰椎间盘摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症康复快、住院时间短。     

导杆漂移技术穿刺置管在PTED治疗L5/S1椎间盘突出症中的应用

目的 探讨导杆漂移技术穿刺置管在经皮椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术（PTED）治疗L5/S1椎间盘突出症中的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月~2020年12月采用导杆漂移技术辅助PTED治疗的34例L5/S1椎间盘突出症的临床资料。术前、术后1个月、3个月、末次随访时,采用疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分评估病人腰部、腿部疼痛程度,采用Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）评估病人功能恢复情况。末次随访时,采用改良Macnab分级标准评定优良率。结果 均顺利完成手术,透视次数为（12.65±4.51）次;通道建立时间为（24.06±4.07）min;手术时间为（63.82±8.96）min。随访时间为14~30个月,平均（20.09±4.29）个月。术后腰痛、腿痛VAS评分及ODI评分均明显降低（P<0.05）。末次随访时,根据改良MacNab标准:优24例,良8例,可2例;优良率为94.12%。结论 应用PTED治疗L5/S1椎间盘突出症,经皮椎间孔镜导杆漂移技术能安全、有效地置管,降低穿刺难度,提高手术安全性,手术效果良好。     

椎间盘镜与椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床分析

目的探讨椎间盘镜与椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析120例LDH病人的临床资料,根据手术方式不同分为椎间盘镜组及椎间孔镜组各60例。比较两组术后优良率、并发症发生率以及术后视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果椎间盘镜组术后优良率为95.0%,并发症3例(术后终板炎2例、残留椎间盘再突出1例),术后VAS评分(4.32±1.28)分。椎间孔镜组术后优良率为93.33%,并发症2例(术后神经根激惹1例、残留椎间盘再突出1例),术后VAS评分(4.67±1.29)分。两组术后优良率、并发症发生率、术后VAS评分差异均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论采用椎间盘镜与椎间孔镜手术治疗LDH均可获得理想效果,临床上可根据病人的具体病情选择适宜的手术方案。     

腰椎退行性变对腰丛神经根及通道影响的尸体解剖研究

目的探讨腰椎退行性变对腰丛神经根及通道的影响。方法选取18例中老年尸体为对象,分析腰椎退行性变对腰丛神经根及通道的影响。结果椎间盘、椎间关节及黄韧带的退变常会导致黄韧带的间距变短,导致L4~5脊神经节和椎间静脉下支神经受到椎间管的压迫,L5及S1神经根中的硬膜囊外部分受到盘带间的压迫,而盘带间变窄还会致椎管变窄,导致人体最外侧的腰丛神经根受到影响。结论如果腰椎出现退行性变,患者的腰丛神经根通道将会受到明显影响。     

腰椎间盘退变的分子病理学变化及发病机制***☆

背景：腰椎间盘退变是引起腰腿痛的常见原因,椎间盘退变的病理改变及发病机制至今仍未完全明确。 目的：介绍腰椎间盘退变的分子病理改变及其发病机制的研究进展。 方法：以“disc histology,disc degenerative disease,disc gene”等主题词检索PubMed数据库,检索时间为2005/2010年,筛选与腰椎间盘组织学变化和发病机制相关的文献,总结归纳腰椎间盘退变的研究进展和研究结果。 结果与结论：共检索到与腰椎间盘退变有关的文章118篇,共纳入30篇。结果表明腰椎间盘退变受多种因素影响,包括基因遗传因素、自然老化和积累性损伤等,基因的多形性是诱发退变的重要前置因素。椎间盘退变可通过免疫反应、机械性压迫或不稳定、血循环障碍和炎性递质等因素导致椎间盘退变性疾病。老化和病理性退变在影像和病理上难以区别,应根据椎间盘退变性疾病的具体情况采取合理的治疗方法,生物学治疗提供了新的治疗思路,但目前仍处在实验研究阶段。     

腰椎小关节方向性与腰椎间盘突出症

背景：腰椎小关节及其对称性与腰椎间盘突出之间是否存在关系,文献报道争议很大。 目的：测量分析腰椎小关节方向性与腰椎间盘突出的关系。 方法：收集因腰腿痛行CT检查的169例患者,L4/5 腰椎间盘突出35例,L5/S1腰椎间盘突出67例,无间盘突出对照组67例。在CT终端机上选取L3~S1椎间隙的远侧椎体上终板层面,测量3个节段的腰椎小关节角。 结果与结论：① L4/5和L5/S1腰椎间盘突出组L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1每个节段腰椎小关节角左侧均大于右侧(P < 0.05);各组小关节前内侧角和后外侧角两侧相比差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②各节段腰椎小关节角、前内侧角、后外侧角3组之间比较没有显著性差异(P > 0.05)。③各组腰椎小关节角、后外侧角自L3/4至L5/S1节段均逐渐增大(P < 0.05);而前内侧角L4/5节段最大,L3/4节段最小(P < 0.05)。提示腰椎间盘突出与腰椎小关节角左右侧不相等有关;腰椎小关节角和后外侧角自L3/4至L5/S1逐渐更偏向冠状位,而内侧角在L4/5节段更偏冠状位,可能与腰椎管狭窄的发病有关。     

The lumbar roots and pedicles: a morphometric analysis and anatomical features

The objective of this study was to conduct a morphometric analysis of the lumbar nerve roots and surrounding structures. In this investigation, the lumbar roots were studied in 14 cadavers (70 lumbar vertebrae). Lumbar pedicle heights and widths were measured at every level of the lumbar vertebrae. The largest mean root diameter was 5.6 mm (L5 root) and the smallest 3.5 mm (L1 root). With regard to the root-dura exit angle, the widest was measured at L1 as 26.2+/-1.6 degrees and the narrowest at L5 as 16.3+/-2.4 degrees. The widest lumbar pedicle was measured at L5 as 17.1+/-4.2 mm and the narrowest at L1 as 8.4+/-1.8 mm. The longest lumbar pedicle was measured at L2 as 15.3+/-2.2 mm and the shortest at L4 as 13.8+/-2.3 mm. Quantitative measurements of lumbar root diameters, their exit angles from the dura, and lumbar pedicle heights and widths in anatomical dissection models may help us to gain a deeper understanding of the pathologies of this region and positively influence the success of surgical interventions.     

New methods for diagnosing lumbar foraminal stenosis using dynamic digital tomosynthesis radiculography

The symptoms of lumbar radiculopathy, in particular foraminal stenosis, often exacerbated when the patient is upright. However, it is difficult to detect the compression of nerve roots while the patient is upright using conventional MRI. In this study, we analyzed the compression of lumbar nerve roots using dynamic digital tomosynthesis radiculography (DTRG) in patients diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy. And we determined the relationship between leg pain and nerve compression while the patients are either prone or upright. We evaluated 30 patients with unilateral leg pain diagnosed as lumbar radiculopathy by physical examination and MRI. The patients were divided in two groups, one with foraminal stenosis (17 patients) and the other with canal stenosis (13 patients), based on MRI findings. All patients underwent DTRG to determine the diameter of their nerve roots in the foramen while prone and upright. Pain while prone or upright was assessed using a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire. The VAS for leg pain while upright was significantly higher in the foraminal stenosis group (58 ± 24.7) than it was in the canal stenosis group (19.6 ± 13.2; p = 0.0002)). The nerve root diameter while prone or upright was significantly smaller in the foraminal stenosis group (1.2 ± 0.2 mm) than it was in the canal stenosis group (0.2 ± 0.1 mm; p < 0.0001). DTRG has the potential to visualize nerve compression while the patient is upright to reveal the relevance of foraminal stenosis to clinical findings. DTRG is useful for diagnosis of lumbar foraminal stenosis.     

Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Stand-Alone Interbody Cage in Treatment of Lumbar Intervertebral Foraminal Stenosis : Comparative Study of Two Different Types of Cages

Objective

This retrospective study was performed to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) using two different stand-alone cages in the treatment of lumbar intervertebral foraminal stenosis (IFS).

Methods

A total of 28 patients who underwent ALIF at L5-S1 using stand-alone cage were studied [Stabilis® (Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA); 13, SynFix-LR® (Synthes Bettlach, Switzerland); 15]. Mean follow-up period was 27.3 ± 4.9 months. Visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were assessed. Radiologically, the change of disc height, intervertebral foraminal (IVF) height and width at the operated segment were measured, and fusion status was defined.

Results

Final mean VAS (back and leg) and ODI scores were significantly decreased from preoperative values (5.6 ± 2.3 → 2.3 ± 2.2, 6.3 ± 3.2 → 1.6 ± 1.6, and 53.7 ± 18.6 → 28.3 ± 13.1, respectively), which were not different between the two devices groups. In Stabilis® group, postoperative immediately increased disc and IVF heights (10.09 ± 4.15 mm → 14.99 ± 1.73 mm, 13.00 ± 2.44 mm → 16.28 ± 2.23 mm, respectively) were gradually decreased, and finally returned to preoperative value (11.29 ± 1.67 mm, 13.59 ± 2.01 mm, respectively). In SynFix-LR® group, immediately increased disc and IVF heights (9.60 ± 2.82 mm → 15.61 ± 0.62 mm, 14.01 ± 2.53 mm → 21.27 ± 1.93 mm, respectively) were maintained until the last follow up (13.72 ± 1.21 mm, 17.87 ± 2.02 mm, respectively). The changes of IVF width of each group was minimal pre- and postoperatively. Solid arthrodesis was observed in 11 patients in Stabilis group (11/13, 84.6%) and 13 in SynFix-LR® group (13/15, 86.7%).

Conclusion

ALIF using stand-alone cage could assure good clinical results in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar IFS in the mid-term follow up. A degree of subsidence at the operated segment was different depending on the device type, which was higher in Stabilis® group.     

Adolescent lumbar disc disease: findings and outcome

Background Lumbar disc herniation is mainly a disease of elderly people as degenerative changes progress with age. Results and discussion Present retrospective analysis was performed on 742 patients of lumbar disc disease operated over 11 years. Of 742 cases aged 20 years or less, 25 has been evaluated to see the clinical features, radiological features, operative findings, and outcome of lumbar disc surgery. The incidence of lumbar disc herniation in pediatric and adolescent populations was 3.5% (aged 20 years or less). All patients presented with low back pain with or without radiculopathy (n = 25). Diagnosis was easily made on magnetic resonance imaging. Gross degenerative changes in disc and end plates were uncommon (16%) in this population. The trauma may not be a predisposing factor in most of them. In 88% (n = 22) of the cases, only 1 level was affected; the commonest was L4–5 (n = 13). Disc herniation was centrolateral in 72% (n = 18) and central in 28% (n = 7). Disc was mostly soft, hydrated, and rubbery in 92% (n = 23). Disc herniation were subligamentous in 80% (n = 20) and extruded in 4% (n = 1). Sixteen percent (n = 4) of the patients had disc bulge with intact annulus. Conclusions Operative intervention in the form of simple discectomy offers good result in 92% (n = 23) cases irrespective of approach and method. Longer follow-up is mandatory because the chances of recurrence or another level involvement cannot be denied.     

A comparison of successful versus failed nonoperative treatment approaches in patients with degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine

Identifying an optimal composition of nonoperative therapies to trial in patients suffering from degenerative lumbar spine conditions prior to surgical management remains challenging. Contrasting successful versus failed nonoperative treatment approaches may provide clinicians with valuable insight. The purpose of this study was to compare the nonoperative therapy regimens in degenerative lumbar spine disorder patients successfully managed conservatively versus patients who failed primary treatment and opted for lumbar fusion surgery. Clinical records from patients diagnosed with lumbar stenosis or spondylolisthesis from 2007 to 2017 were gathered from a comprehensive insurance database. Patients were separated into two cohorts: patients managed successfully with nonoperative therapies and patients who failed conservative therapy and underwent lumbar fusion surgery. Nonoperative therapy utilization by the two cohorts were collected across a 2-year surveillance window. A total of 531,980 adult patients with lumbar stenosis or spondylolisthesis comprised the base population. There were 523,031 patients (98.3%) successfully treated with conservative management alone, while 8,949 patients (1.7%) ultimately failed nonoperative management and opted for lumbar fusion. Conservative therapy failure rates were especially high in patients with a smoking history (2.1%) and those utilizing lumbar epidural steroid injections (LESIs) (3.7%). A greater percentage of patients who failed conservative management utilized opioid medications (p < 0.0001), muscle relaxants (p < 0.0001), and LESIs (p < 0.0001). Patients who failed nonoperative management spent more than double than the successfully treated cohort (failed cohort: $1806.49 per patient; successful cohort: $768.50 per patient). In a multivariate logistic regression model, smoking, obesity and prolonged opioid use were independently associated with failure of nonoperative treatment.     

高龄腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点和术式选择

目的 研究高龄（70岁以上）腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点和手术术式选择。方法1992年至2003年对39例高龄腰椎间盘突出症患者采用扩大开窗髓核摘除部分椎管减压、半椎板切除椎管扩大减压髓核摘除或全椎板切除椎管扩大减压髓核摘除。结果 34例获得随访，平均3．3年，优良率为88.2％（30／34）。结论 高龄腰椎间盘突出症病史长，症状复杂，体征广泛，伴随疾病多。在控制伴随疾病的基础上选择适当的麻醉，行扩大开窗、半椎板切除、全椎板切除椎管扩大髓核摘除手