季节变化对健康体检儿童血铅水平的影响

目的探讨季节变化对儿童血铅水平的影响。方法采用阳极溶出伏安法对健康查体儿童进行血铅检测,将入组儿童分婴幼儿组(1个月~3岁)、学龄前组(3~6岁)、学龄组(6~12岁)和青少年组(12~18岁),分析不同季节儿童血铅水平及铅中毒状况。结果共检测儿童13 233例。年龄1个月~18岁;男8315例,女4918例。平均血铅质量浓度60μg/L,第5和第95百分位数为19、138μg/L,儿童铅中毒检出率为14.8%,检出率随年龄增长而上升,以轻度铅中毒为主(χ2=116.3125 P<0.0001)。按照冬、春、秋、夏季顺序,血铅质量浓度分别为48、60、61、66μg/L;铅中毒检出率分别为9.5%、12.6%、15.5%、18.4%。夏、秋季节儿童铅质量浓度及铅中毒检出率有明显季节差异(χ2=128.0371 P<0.0001),多元Logistic回归结果分析显示男童、年龄越大越易发生铅中毒,秋、春、夏季发生铅中毒危险性较冬季大。结论儿童血铅水平与季节有关。北京地区秋季儿童铅中毒危险性最大。     

多发性抽动症患儿血铅水平测定的意义

目的研究多发性抽动症儿童血铅水平及铅接触的相关因素。方法对76例多发性抽动症患儿父母进行问卷调查铅接触相关因素,采用原子吸收光谱仪进行血铅测定。结果对多发性抽动症患儿76例进行血铅水平测定,结果36例血铅≥100μg/L,铅中毒发生率为47.37%(36/76),其中学龄前组铅中毒发生率为45.16%(14/31),学龄组为48.84%(22/45)。结论血铅增高与儿童多发性抽动症有一定关系,治疗多发性抽动症的同时应关注患儿血铅水平。     

甘肃省金昌市儿童血铅水平调查分析

目的了解甘肃省金昌市2~7岁儿童血铅水平。方法随机抽取2004年10月~2005年6月金昌市部分幼儿园256名儿童。男133名,女123名;用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度仪测定血铅水平。结果儿童血铅水平为(126.30±52.98)μg/L。血铅水平最低值为28.3μg/L,最高值为268.0μg/L,超过100μg/L者160例,占62.54%。血铅水平随年龄增加有上升趋势,2~3岁组明显低于5~6岁组、6~7岁组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,0.01);性别间血铅水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论甘肃金昌市儿童血铅水平较高,铅中毒现象不容忽视。     

登封地区新生儿血铅的相关因素调查分析

目的调查分析登封地区新生儿血铅水平及其相关因素。方法按照河南省儿童青少年铅中毒监测与防治工作方案,采用原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)对199例新生儿和产妇进行指尖微量血血铅水平测定,并对其出生情况、母孕情况、家庭环境等相关因素进行问卷式调查。结果1.共发放儿童少年血铅监测登记表、产妇血铅监测调查登记表400份,回收398份,回收率99.5%,应答合格率100%。2.新生儿199例。男102例,女97例。血铅2.1~45.9μg/L,中位数13.6μg/L,均值13.9μg/L。3.产妇199例。年龄19~41岁;血铅27.0~112.4μg/L,血铅≥100μg/L占6.03%。4.经方差分析得出,新生儿与产妇之间存在显著线性正相关关系。通过相关性分析,除产妇化妆比例对血铅值呈负相关外,其他因素均对血铅水平有明显的高危影响。结论登封地区新生儿血铅水平与孕妇情况、父母职业、居住环境、拥有车辆等有关,应引起重视。     

湖南省城镇学龄前儿童血铅水平流行病学调查

目的：调查湖南省城镇学龄前儿童血铅水平及影响因素,为儿童铅中毒的防治提供科学依据。方法：2008年9月至2009年6月整群随机抽取湖南省12个地区城镇学龄前儿童2 044名,男1 108名,女936名,年龄2～6岁,平均4.4±1.1岁。采用原子吸收光谱法测定末梢血血铅水平, 并采用《中国部分城市儿童铅中毒防治项目调查表》进行问卷调查。Logistic回归分析血铅水平的影响因素。结果：湖南省学龄前儿童平均血铅值为81.9±34.5 μg/L。血铅水平≥100 μg/L者482例,占23.58%。其中血铅水平100～199 μg/L(高铅血症)472例,占23.09%,血铅水平≥200 μg/L（铅中毒）10例,占0.49%。不同年龄组间血铅异常(血铅水平≥100 μg/L)率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。男童的血铅异常率为28.99%,高于女童的 21.98% （P<0.01）。不同地区儿童血铅异常率差异亦有统计学意义 (P<0.01)。回归分析显示,男性(OR=1.449, P<0.01)、父亲从事铅暴露职业(OR=1.314, P<0.01)及母亲常用染发剂（OR=1.678,P<0.05）为儿童血铅异常的危险因素。结论：湖南省城镇学龄前儿童血铅异常率较高。该省城镇学龄前儿童血铅异常率与儿童所在地区和年龄有关。男性、父亲从事铅暴露职业及母亲常用染发剂为儿童血铅异常的危险因素。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（8）：645-649］     

儿童高铅血症和轻度铅中毒458例临床分析

目的 了解本地区儿童血铅水平,高铅血症患儿的临床症状、铅接触情况,以进一步防治儿童铅中毒.方法 对门诊2年中3 298例12岁以内儿童的血铅筛查资料进行归纳、分析.结果 发现高铅血症患儿399例,铅中毒59例.血铅平均水平(150.05±37.17)mg/L,均为高铅血症及轻度铅中毒,多数患儿能找出铅暴露危险因素,中毒的程度似与多重危险因素相关.所有患儿均给予去除铅暴露危险因素、营养指导等处理,2～3个月后复查,其血铅水平均有不同程度下降.结论 对儿童血铅水平的筛查,能及早发现儿童高血铅及铅中毒,达到及时干预和治疗的目的 .     

儿童铅中毒102例临床分析

为了解目前铅中毒门诊患儿的常见症状，造成铅暴露的主要原因，摸索铅中毒门诊患儿的病史询问及诊疗方案，对上海新华医院和上海儿童医学中心半年中门诊患儿的资料进行归纳整理。结果发现铅中毒患儿102例，血铅水平几何均数129μg／L，多数患儿表现为多动和注意力不集中，学龄儿童中绝大多数表现为上课时注意力分散、学习困难、成绩差，部分患儿伴腹痛和便秘等消化系统症状，此外还有贫血及血清锌水平降低等；多数患儿能找出铅暴露的危险因素，常见因素有饭前洗手不认真，日钙摄入量低于DRI的50％，常有手—口动作如啃咬指头、铅笔或玩具，父亲吸烟或有被动吸烟史等；39例复诊患儿，经门诊指导(包括高危因素分析、环境干预、行为矫正、营养指导)及住院驱铅后血铅水平均呈不同程度下降，几何均数由148μg/L下降到117μg/L，其中l例极重度铅中毒患儿经住院驱铅治疗后血铅水平显著下降，但停药2周开始反跳，提示这种病例可能需要多个疗程的驱铅治疗，血铅水平才能稳定。     

厦门市儿童血铅水平及其相关因素

目的了解厦门市儿童血铅水平及相关因素。方法对该市不同区的5所幼儿园478名2～7岁儿童以及5家卫生院所辖的538名1～36个月婴幼儿 ,进行纸片法血铅水平抽样检查 ,并做相关因素问卷调查。结果儿童血铅几何均数为72.90μg/L ,标准差为1.47μg/L ,血铅水平≥100μg/L者占20.5% ;市区儿童血铅水平高于偏僻乡区 ,差异显著 (P<0.01) ;拥有较多乡镇企业的乡村儿童血铅水平高于新市区 ,差异有显著性 (P<0.01)。结论儿童血铅水平与汽车尾气及某些生活行为有密切关系。     

珠海市铅中毒儿童贫血发生率的调查

目的　了解珠海市铅中毒对儿童贫血发生率的影响。方法　根据 5 4 0名儿童血铅 (BPb)测定水平 ,将其分成非铅中毒组 (BPb <10 0 μg/L)和铅中毒组 (BPb≥ 10 0 μg/L) ,同时进行两组血细胞分析 ,测定红细胞 (RBC)、血红蛋白 (Hb)、红细胞平均容积 (MCV)、红细胞平均血红蛋白 (MCH)、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)水平。结果　两组RBC、Hb、MCV、MCH、MCHC水平差异无显著性 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论　较低水平铅中毒患儿贫血发生率无显著升高。     

健康教育对轻中度铅中毒儿童干预作用的随机临床对照研究

目的评价健康教育对轻、中度儿童铅中毒的干预效果.方法血铅水平在100 μg/L以上的儿童200名,随机分为2组实验组107名,对照组93名.研究开始阶段,两组均要求儿童父母填写一份KABP问卷和家庭社会环境与健康问卷,随后对实验组采取健康教育进行干预,而对照组不采取任何措施.干预的时间为3个月,随后对2组的全部儿童进行血铅水平复测.结果实验组干预后父母的铅中毒知识均有所提高,前后比较差异均有高度统计学意义;而对照组对儿童铅中毒的概念和预防知识也有部分提高.实验组在健康教育后,儿童及父母多种接触铅高危行为也有显著改善;而对照组只有少数改善.两组儿童血铅水平均有所下降,血铅下降值分别为55 μg/L和33 μg/L,具有统计学意义(t=4.979, 3.398, P<0.01);但实验组比对照组多下降22 μg/L(t=3.531, P<0.01).采用多元逐步回归分析排除可能的混杂因素后,有14个变量最终进入血铅水平变化的逐步回归方程,这些变量有父母预防儿童铅中毒知识的提高、对儿童铅中毒态度的转变及儿童吃零食习惯的改变等.结论对父母进行健康教育可明显提高家长对儿童铅中毒预防知识的了解,有效降低轻中度铅中毒儿童的血铅水平.健康教育可作为轻中度儿童铅中毒临床处理的常规手段之一.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.