Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Adult Stem Cells Can Lead to Multiorgan Engraftment

Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of a population of adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells that can undergo multilineage differentiation in vitro; however, it is unclear whether these cells maintain their multilineage differentiation in vivo. The objective of the present study was to examine the in vivo characteristics and behavior of a potential population of human adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells. Herein, we demonstrate that human adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells differentiate into the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and bronchi, and an endothelial lineage after transplantation into irradiated nonobese mice with diabetes or severe combined immunodeficiency. These findings may contribute to clinical tissue repair after injury.     

脂肪间充质干细胞的成骨诱导分化

目的　研究脂肪间充质干细胞 (MSCs)在特定培养条件下向成骨细胞分化 ,探讨其作为骨组织工程的种子细胞的可行性。方法　取 3周龄Lewis大鼠的腹股沟脂肪垫 ,消化法获得脂肪MSCs,用成骨诱导培养基诱导其向成骨细胞分化 ,组织化学染色、免疫细胞化学染色和Westernblotting检测细胞分化的情况。结果　从成体大鼠脂肪组织中培养出脂肪MSCs,能大量稳定增殖传代。在地塞米松、抗坏血酸、β-甘油磷酸钠的诱导下 ,脂肪MSCs的ALP活性增高 ,VonKossa染色出现钙结节 ,OPN、BMP - 2免疫细胞化学染色阳性 ,Westernblotting检测到诱导后细胞OPN、BMP - 2的表达 ,且随诱导时间延长表达增强。结论　从脂肪组织中可获得具有多分化潜能的MSCs,并能在体外稳定增殖传代 ,经诱导后可分化为脂肪细胞和成骨细胞 ,有可能成为骨组织工程较理想的种子细胞之一     

Investigation of Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Composite Tissue Allotransplantation in a Rat Limb Transplant Model

Background

Despite the widely accepted implication of antidonor antibodies and complement in solid organ transplantation, their role in reconstructive allotransplantation is not clear. The aim of this study was to analyze the humoral immune response using a rat orthotopic limb transplantation model.

Methods

We used the Brown Norway to Lewis rat orthotopic hind-limb transplant model: Group 1, isografts; group 2, allografts with daily continuous cyclosporine treatment to prevent acute rejection; and group 3, allografts undergoing multiple episodes of acute rejection. Samples were taken at 30, 60, and 90 days. Serum was analyzed by FACS for antidonor antibodies. Tissue deposition of antibodies and complement was investigated by immunofluorescence.

Results

By day 90, animals in group 3 had undergone 19 (±3.2) acute rejection episodes. There was no difference in the occurrence of serum antidonor antibodies between the three groups at any time point. However, at 90 days, anti-third-party antibodies were significantly greater among group 3. There was no difference in antibody or complement deposition in muscles between the 3 groups.

Conclusion

Despite the increased antibody against a third party after multiple rejection episodes in this animal model, there was no clear evidence of an antibody-mediated alloresponse in limb transplantation.     

Comparison of Osteogenic Ability of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Bone Marrow, Periosteum, and Adipose Tissue

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside in many types of tissue and are able to differentiate into various functional cells including osteoblasts. Recently, adipose tissue–derived MSCs (AMSCs) have been shown to differentiate into many lineages, and they are considered a source for tissue regeneration. The purpose of this study was to compare the osteogenic differentiation capability of MSCs from bone marrow (BMSCs), MSCs from periosteum (PMSCs), and AMSCs using in vitro culture and in vivo implantation experiments. We harvested these MSCs from 7-week-old rats. The cells were seeded and cultured for 7 days in primary culture to assay a colony-forming unit. The frequency of the unit was the smallest in the BMSCs (P < 0.001). After primary culture, subculture was performed under osteogenic differentiation conditions for 1 and 2 weeks to detect mineralization as well as the bone-specific proteins of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin as osteogenic markers. BMSCs and PMSCs showed distinct osteogenic differentiation capability in comparison with other MSCs (P < 0.001). For the in vivo assay, composites of these cells and hydroxyapatite ceramics were subcutaneously implanted into syngeneic rats and harvested after 6 weeks. Micro-computed tomographic (CT) and histological analyses demonstrated that new bone formation was detected in the composites using BMSCs and PMSCs, although it was hard to detect in other composites. The CT analyses also demonstrated that the bone volume of BMSC composites was more than that of AMSC composites (P < 0.001). These results indicate that BMSCs and PMSCs could be ideal candidates for utilization in practical bone tissue regeneration.     

Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Effectively Reduce Histologic Changes in a Rat Model of Chronic Renal Allograft Rejection

Background

Chronic allograft rejection remains as the leading cause of the chronic renal grafts loss post-transplantation. No therapy has been found really effective to prevent and treat chronic allograft rejection. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have characteristics of immunomodulation and are expected to be used for inducing graft immune tolerance in organ transplantation. We investigated the efficacy and safety of early infusion of donor-derived marrow MSCs in a rat model of chronic renal allograft rejection.

自骨密质中分离、培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞

目的介绍一种自Wistar大鼠骨密质中分离培养间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells,MSC)的方法。方法应用骨髓密度梯度离心、酶消化骨密质两种方法分离、培养Wistar大鼠MSC,比较其形态学、体外增殖能力差异;并用碱性磷酸酶染色和油红O染色分别鉴定MSC的成骨和成脂分化潜能。结果采用密度梯度离心骨髓或用酶消化后的骨密质,经贴壁培养后均能够成功分离和培养大鼠的MSC,两者在形态学和体外增殖能力方面无明显差异;且两种方法培养的MSC经特异性诱导剂诱导后,均可向脂肪及成骨细胞分化,油红O染色及碱性磷酸酶染色均阳性。结论自骨髓和骨密质中均能够分离培养出较为纯化的大鼠MSC,两种方法培养的MSC体外生物学性能无明显差异。     

昆明白小鼠间同种生精干细胞移植

目的 :研究同种生精干细胞移植的可行性。　方法 :在不采用免疫抑制剂的条件下 ,进行基因型相似的封闭群昆明白小鼠间的同种生精干细胞移植 ,观察其生精恢复情况。每次穿刺右侧睾丸网 ,左侧睾丸作自身对照。结果 :成功移植的小鼠睾丸生精功能基本恢复正常。　结论 :在基因型类似的昆明白小鼠进行同种生精干细胞移植是可行的。     

犬自体骨髓干细胞在缺血肢体中新生血管形成中的作用

目的:探讨犬自体骨髓干细胞在缺血组织的新生血管形成中的作用.方法:抽取犬骨髓,经免疫磁珠系统分离出CD 34细胞,体外扩增并向血管内皮细胞诱导分化;建立犬双下肢缺血动物模型,将诱导分化细胞移植入一侧缺血肢体中作为实验组,另一侧缺血肢体植入等体积的生理盐水作为自体对照组.移植后6周,检测缺血肢体中新生血管的形成.结果:细胞移植后6周,动脉造影显示实验组缺血肢体侧枝循环增加,明显多于对照组.微血管密度检测实验组为(14±2.3)个/高倍镜视野,明显高于对照组(6±2.1)个/高倍镜视野(P<0.05).激光共聚焦显微镜证实缺血肢体中移植的自体骨髓干细胞参与了新生血管形成.结论:自体骨髓干细胞移植可以促进缺血肢体组织中的新生血管形成.     

Autologous Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells Ameliorates Pulmonary Emphysema

Adipose tissue is a useful tool for management of most complex cardiothoracic problems, including the reinforcement of damaged lungs, and adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have been suggested to secrete hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a multipotent regenerative factor that contributes to the repair process after lung injury. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the therapeutic impact of autologous transplantation of ASCs through HGF supplementation for the enhancement of alveolar repair in a rat model of emphysema. ASCs were isolated from inguinal subcutaneous fat pads and characterized by flow cytometry. Cultured ASC were found to secrete significantly larger amounts of HGF (15 112 +/- 1628 pg per 10(6) cells) than other angiogenic factors. Transplantation of ASCs into elastase-treated emphysema models induced a significant increase in endogenous HGF expression in lung tissues with a small amount of increase in other organs, with the high levels lasting for up to 4 weeks after transplantation. Further, alveolar and vascular regeneration were significantly enhanced via inhibition of alveolar cell apoptosis, enhancement of epithelial cell proliferation and promotion of angiogenesis in pulmonary vasculature, leading to restoration of pulmonary function affected by emphysema. These data suggest that autologous ASC cell therapy may have a therapeutic potential for pulmonary emphysema, through inducing HGF expression selectively in injured lung tissues.     

氧化石墨烯对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞生物活性的影响

目的：探讨氧化石墨烯对体外培养的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞生物学活性的影响。方法采用改良Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯,将不同浓度的氧化石墨烯溶液与大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞共培养,检测其对细胞增殖和形态的影响,相关结果采用SAS V8软件进行统计学分析。结果经表征分析,改良Hummers法可以成功制备出高纯度的氧化石墨烯。在细胞密度较低时,氧化石墨烯对大鼠骨髓间充质细胞的分裂增殖有抑制作用;而在细胞密度较高,达到生长接触抑制的浓度时,氧化石墨烯具有促进细胞死亡,降低活性细胞数量的作用。连续镜下观察后发现,氧化石墨烯对细胞形态有显著影响,可使细胞伸展性下降,折光率降低。这些细胞形态的变化与氧化石墨烯的浓度呈正相关。结论氧化石墨烯可抑制大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学活性,其作用呈浓度依赖性。     

残耳软骨细胞与脂肪干细胞共培养体内构建软骨的实验研究

目的验证残耳软骨细胞与脂肪来源的间充质干细胞(Adipose derived stem cells,ADSCs)共培养,体内构建软骨的可行性。方法分离培养同一先天性小耳畸形患者来源的残耳细胞及脂肪干细胞。24只裸鼠随机分为4组:①实验组,接种残耳软骨细胞及脂肪干细胞,两种细胞以1∶1比例混合,细胞浓度为5.0×107 cells/mL;②对照组1,接种单纯残耳软骨细胞,细胞浓度为5.0×107 cells/mL;③对照组2,接种单纯ADSCs,细胞浓度为5.0×107 cells/mL;④对照组3,接种单纯残耳软骨细胞,细胞浓度为2.5×107 cells/mL。每组接种6只裸鼠,每只接种0.2 mL。体内培养10周后取材。通过对新生组织的大体观察、测量湿重、糖胺多糖含量测定、组织学及免疫组化染色等方法对各组新生软骨进行比较。结果实验组、对照组1与对照组3产生不同组织量的软骨样组织,对照组2形成纤维样组织;实验组平均湿重及糖胺多糖含量达到对照组1的88%以上,对照组3平均湿重低于对照组1的40%;HE染色示实验组、对照组1与对照组3的标本均有软骨陷窝形成,对照组2未见软骨陷窝形成;Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色示实验组、对照组1与对照组3均可见Ⅱ型胶原表达;对照组2未见Ⅱ型胶原表达。结论体内共培养条件下,残耳软骨微环境可有效促进脂肪干细胞向软骨方向分化,残耳软骨细胞与脂肪干细胞共培养体内构建软骨具备可行性。     

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Infusion Prevents Acute Cellular Rejection in Rat Kidney Transplantation

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that differentiate into various mature cell lineages. MSC show immunomodulatory effects by inhibiting T-cell proliferation. We evaluated the effect of the infusion of MSC in rats experimental kidney transplantation. Sprague-Dawley transgenic rats (SD) able to express the green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were used as MSC donors. Syngeneic (Lewis to Lewis, n = 10) and allogeneic (Fischer to Lewis, n = 10) kidney transplantations were performed after bilateral nephrectomy. Five transplanted rats who received syngeneic grafts, were treated with 3 × 10⁶ MSC (Gr B), while the other 5 did not received MSC (Gr A). Five rats with allogenic grafts received 3 × 10⁶ MSC (Gr C) and another 5 did not receive MSC (Gr D). The MSC were infused directly into the renal artery of the graft. No immunosuppressive therapy was provided. The animals were killed after 7 days. Biochemical analysis for renal function, histological (Banff criteria) and immunohistological analysis (ED1+ and CD8+) were performed on treated animals. MSC improved kidney function in Gr B and D vs Gr A and C. The tubular damage appeared to be less severe among Gr B and Gr D with respect to Gr A and C (P < .01). Vasculitis was more accentuated in Gr A and C (P < .01). MSCs reduced the inflammatory infiltrate; in Gr B and D, the number of ED1+ cells was lower than in Gr A and C (P < .005), which was also observed for CD8+ cells (P < .05). Our study demonstrated that the infusion of MSC attenuated histological damage from acute rejection by reducing the cellular infiltration.     

骨髓间充质干细胞治疗慢性后肢缺血机理的初步研究

目的利用细胞示踪技术探讨骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）治疗慢性后肢缺血的相关机理。方法采用密度梯度离心法结合直接贴壁法分离和培养大鼠MSCs,并以5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷（BrdU）标记。采用线栓法制备8只Lewis大鼠慢性后肢缺血模型,将其随机均分为MSCs移植组和对照组,分别于患侧后肢肌肉注射MSCs和生理盐水。分别于移植术后第7天和第14天,对其进行临床观察、后肢血流量测定及后肢血管造影,再于相应时间点处死大鼠,取患侧后肢股四头肌和腓肠肌,行HE染色及BrdU免疫组化染色。结果移植术后14 d,8只大鼠全部成活,移植部位均无坏死和肿瘤形成;MSCs移植组大鼠患侧/健侧后肢的血流灌注比值明显增高（1.773比1.279）,而血管造影结果提示2组大鼠的侧支血管数量比值未见显著增加（0.908比0.835）。HE染色结果示2组大鼠的股四头肌及腓肠肌并未发生特殊的病理学变化。BrdU免疫组化结果显示,阳性颗粒定位为股四头肌及腓肠肌的间质细胞和血管内皮细胞;且MSCs的分布存在差异,移植术后7 d腓肠肌内阳性细胞所占比例明显高于股四头肌,而14 d时则相反。结论 MSCs移植在术后早期可以提高血流灌注量,但这并非为增加了侧支血管数量使然,MSCs移植后所引起的旁分泌效应可能在术后早期起着重要的作用。     

家兔作为胎龄期骨髓间充质干细胞动物模型的实验研究

目的建立以家兔为对象的胎龄期BMSC研究动物模型。方法通过人工授精方法,获得孕期3周的孕兔4只,行剖腹产术取出胎兔20只,冲取胎兔骨髓,以贴壁培养法进行体外扩增培养。测量第3代胎兔BMSC的生长曲线,克隆形成率,并进行成骨、成脂及成软骨诱导分化。另外,将原代细胞冻存30 d后复苏,测量其第3代生长曲线,对冻存前后增殖能力的变化进行观察。扫描电镜观察胎兔BMSC与β-TCP形成细胞材料复合物的体外形态。将BMSCs-β-TCP复合物植入裸鼠皮下,于术后1、3、6个月分别取材,行HE、VG、Masson染色观察。结果胎兔来源的BMSC于倒置相差显微镜下观察,细胞饱满均匀,呈梭形或倒三角形状;传代后各代细胞形态未发生明显变化,生长曲线相差不大;成骨、成脂以及成软骨诱导观察到钙结节、脂肪空泡、黏多糖。冻存30 d后复苏,其第3代生长曲线与冻存前相比未见明显变化。电镜下观察,与β-TCP复合7 d后,细胞能均匀紧密贴合于材料上,伸展良好分布均匀。植入裸鼠皮不同时间点取材行HE、VG、Masson染色,均显示有新生骨组织生成。结论以家兔为研究动物模型,可以在胎龄期获取并分离得到BMSC,并可在异位构建组织工程骨,是间充质干细胞动物研究的新选择。