147例肝切除体会

本文总结了各类肝切除术１４７例，着重探讨了原发性肝癌、肝血管瘤、肝内胆管结石的手术适应症、手术方法、术中控制出血及围手术期处理等问题。其中原发性肝癌１４０例，占９５．２％。１、３、５年生存率分别达到８１．３％，４５．２％，２７．３％。     

肝癌切除术后肝功能代偿不全的危险因素分析

目的探讨原发性肝癌术后肝功能代偿不全的危险因素及其防治措施。方法回顾性分析我院6年来手术切除的92例原发性肝癌(PLC)病例的临床资料。结果术后肝功能轻度代偿不全(Ch ild B级)23例(25%),重度代偿不全(Ch ild C级)6例(6.5%)。术后一个月内死亡3例(3.3%)。单变量分析显示:癌灶大小(P<0.01)、切肝方式(P<0.01)、有无肝硬化(P<0.05)和失血总量(P<0.05)与术后肝功能代偿不全有密切关系。结论癌灶巨大、规则性半肝切除术、伴有肝硬化和大量失血是术后肝功能代偿不全主要的危险因素。术中严格地控制出血、在保证完全切除肿瘤的同时尽可能多地保留功能正常的肝组织是提高手术安全性和减少术后并发症的重要措施。     

Trends in surgical results of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: 1,000 consecutive cases over 20 years in a single institution

Background

Surgical results have been reported to be improved in hepatic resections for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in recent years, but the detailed trends in surgical results for HCC in a single high-volume center are still not clear.

Methods

Surgical results in 1,000 hepatic resections for HCC performed at a single medical center from 1989 to 2011 were analyzed. Patients were divided into 3 groups: those performed in the early period (1989 to 1995, n = 181), the middle period (1996 to 2004, n = 391), and the late period (2005 to 2011, n = 428).

Results

Hospital mortality (3.9%, 1.0%, and .5%; P = .0027) and morbidity (45%, 24%, and 15%; P < .0001) rates were significantly decreased. The overall survival rates were significantly improved (50%, 72%, and 78% at 5 years; P = .0021), but there was no significant difference in the disease-free survival (29%, 34%, and 31% at 5 years; P = .7823).

Conclusions

Surgical results of hepatic resections for HCC were significantly improved, with the mortality rate nearly reaching 0%. The 5-year survival rate after hepatic resections for HCC was also improved to 78%, but the consistently high rate of HCC recurrence after hepatic remains a problem.     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用(附105例报道)

目的探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法对105例肝脏肿瘤手术切除患者施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果105例中无一例肝静脉分离破裂。施行半肝全血流阻断41例（右侧27例，左侧14例），交替半肝全血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断45例，第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）15例。其中46例同时行第三肝门分离。105例肿瘤顺利切除。结论肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

短时间缺血诱导亚铁血红素氧化酶-1对大鼠80%肝切除的影响

目的：观察短时间缺血对大鼠80％肝切除术后肝功能的影响，并对其作用机制进行探讨。方法：12只大鼠分成两组，缺血组肝右叶缺血15min,24h后行缺血肝叶亚铁血红素氧化酶－1免疫组化染色和ATP酶活性测定，同时行肝左叶和尾状叶切除，观察肝切除前，肝切除后1d,2d,3d和第5d肝功能指标GOT，GPT和LDH变化，第5d测定肝再生指数。结果：缺血组缺血后24h，肝细胞亚铁血红素氧化酶－1染色强阳性，并由中央小静脉周围向汇管区逐渐减弱，两组肝ATP酶活性无差异；80％肝切除后第5d,缺血组血清GOT，GPT和LDH明显低于对照组（P＜0．05），肝功能恢复较对照组快，两组肝再生指数无明显差异（P＞0．05），结论：肝缺血15min后24h，肝细胞亚铁血红素氧化酶－1被大量诱导产生，短时间缺血可以改善肝切除术后肝功能，缺血组肝切除术后肝功能的迅速改善可能与亚铁血红素氧化酶－1的诱生有关。     

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE CURRENT OPTIONS

Introduction

Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids is still a dilemma. New techniques have been developed leading to a lower rate of postoperative pain; however, they are associated with a greater likelihood of recurrence.

Aim

To review current indications as well as the results and complications of the main techniques currently used in the surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease.

Methods

A systematic search of the published data on the options for treatment of hemorrhoids up to December 2012 was conducted using Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, and UpToDate.

Results

Currently available surgical treatment options include procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH), transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD), and conventional hemorrhoidectomy techniques. Excisional techniques showed similar results regarding pain, time to return to normal activities, and complication rates. PPH and THD were associated with less postoperative pain and lower complication rates; however, both had higher postoperative recurrence rates.

Conclusion

Conventional surgical techniques yield better long-term results. Despite good results in the immediate postoperative period, PPH and THD have not shown consistent long-term favorable results.     

十二指肠间质瘤16例临床分析

目的 探讨十二指肠间质瘤的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析了16例十二指肠间质瘤治疗的临床资料.结果 十二指肠间质瘤发病部位主要集中在降部和水平部;出血是最常见的临床症状,其次为上腹部疼痛不适,内镜和CT为最常用的辅助检查手段,16例中行胰十二指肠切除2例,十二指肠节段切除9例,肿瘤局部切除5例,术后随访6～42个月,1例复发并出现肝脏转移存活22个月,其余均未发现复发.结论 根据十二指肠间质瘤大小和确切位置应采取不同的手术方式,大部分患者可通过十二指肠节段切除或局部切除达到根治目的,对于病理分级呈高度危险患者术后应给予伊马替尼辅助治疗.     

EFFECTS OF TOPICAL TREATMENT WITH EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI LATEX ON THE SURVIVAL AND INTESTINAL ADHESIONS IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS

Background:

The use of plants of the family Euphorbiaceae, particularly Euphorbia tirucalli (avelós) has been popularly widespread for treating a variety of diseases of infectious, tumoral, and inflammatory.

Aim:

To demonstrated antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of these extracts, evaluating the effect of a topical treatment with an aqueous solution of avelós latex on the survival and on intestinal adhesions in rats with experimental peritonitis.

Methods:

Peritonitis was induced in 24 Wistar rats, that were randomized into four groups of six as follows: (1) Control group (n=6), no treatment; (2) Antibiotic group (n=6), treatment with a single intramuscular dose of antibiotic Unasyn; (3) Saline group (n=6), the abdominal cavity was washed with 0.9% saline; and (4) E.tirucalli group (n=6), the abdominal cavity was washed with E. tirucalli at a concentration of 12 mg/ml. The animals that died were necropsied, and the time of death was recorded. The survivors were killed on postoperative day 11, and necropsy was subsequently performed for evaluation of the intestinal adhesions.

Results:

Significant differences were observed in the control and antibiotic groups (p<0.01) with respect to the survival hours when compared with the saline and E. tirucalli groups. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the survival of animals in the saline andE. tirucalli groups; however, one animal died in the saline group. Necropsy of the animals in the saline and E. tirucalligroups showed strong adhesions resistant to manipulation, between the intestinal loops and abdominal wall. The remaining groups did not show any adhesions.

Conclusions:

Topical treatment with E. tirucalli latex stimulated an increased formation of intestinal adhesions and prevented the death of all animals with peritonitis.     

腹腔镜肝切除术5例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜肝切除的可行性和适应证. 方法 2002年4月～2003年4月,腹腔镜下对5例位于肝脏左外叶的小肝癌进行切除,End-vascular GIA在肿瘤右侧横断肝脏实质,切下的肝组织连同肿瘤组织一同从扩大的切口取出.结果 3例腹腔镜肝切除术成功,2例因分离过程中出血或肝组织太厚中转开腹.腹腔镜下切除的肝脏创面,无渗出,无胆漏.手术时间60～90 min.术后3～5 d出院.无并发症. 结论腹腔镜可切除肝脏左外叶的肿瘤.     

A case of cholangiolocellular carcinoma featuring intratumoral hepatic artery penetration: A case report

IntroductionCholangiolocellular carcinoma (CoCC) is thought to originate from hepatic stem cells. Its clinical characteristics, including radiological and prognostic factors, remain unclear.Presentation of caseA 79-year-old woman with hypertension was admitted to our hospital after abnormal tumor marker levels were detected during an annual physical examination. Her laboratory data results were within normal range, and she was classified as Child-Pugh A. Enhanced computed tomography revealed a tumor located on the left side of the liver, with a maximum size of 60 mm. The tumor showed heterogeneously enhancing edges in the arterial phase, while prolonged tumor enhancement was detected in the delayed phase. Tumor penetration by the left hepatic artery was evident, whereas the left portal vein was invaded by the tumor. The preoperative diagnosis was cholangiocellular carcinoma. Left hepatectomy and cholecystectomy were performed with no postoperative complications; the final diagnosis was CoCC. Multiple liver metastases appeared 6 months after surgery; the patient is now receiving systematic chemotherapy.DiscussionWhile portal vein penetration into CoCCs has been reported, the same is not true of the hepatic artery; therefore, this case illustrates a unique tumor growth pattern.ConclusionA unique growth pattern as well as a large primary tumor may contribute to earlier recurrence.     

Short-term and middle-term evaluation of laparoscopic hepatectomies compared with open hepatectomies: A propensity score matching analysis

AIM To compare short-term results between laparoscopic hepatectomy and open hepatectomy using a propensity score matching. METHODS A patient in the laparoscopic liver resection(LLR) groupwas randomly matched with another patient in the open liver resection(OLR) group using a 1:1 allocated ratio with the nearest estimated propensity score. Patients of the LLR group without matches were excluded. Matching criteria included age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, potential co-morbidities, hepatopathies, size and number of nodules, preoperative chemotherapy, minor or major liver re-sections. Intraoperative and postoperative data were compared in both groups.RESULTS From January 2012 to January 2015, a total of 241 hepa-tectomies were consecutively performed, of which 169 in the OLR group(70.1%) and 72 in the LLR group(29.9%). The conversion rate was 9.7%(n = 7). The mortality rate was 4.2% in the OLR group and 0% in the LLR group. Prior to and after propensity score matching, there was a statistically significant difference favorable to the LLR group regarding shorter operative times(185 min vs 247.5 min; P = 0.002), less blood loss(100 m L vs 300 m L; P = 0.002), a shorter hospital stay(7 d vs 9 d; P = 0.004), and a significantly lower rate of medical complications(4.3% vs 26.4%; P 0.001). CONCLUSION Laparoscopic liver resections seem to yield better short-term and mid-term results as compared to open hepatectomies and could well be considered a privileged approach and become the gold standard in carefully selected patients.     

Hepatic Resection of Metastatic Testicular Carcinoma: A Further Update

Background: The goal of this study was to update the multidisciplinary review of patients who underwent resection of hepatic metastases of nonseminomatous germ cell esticular carcinoma at the Indiana University Medical Center.Methods: The study involved retrospective chart review for 57 patients who underwent hepatic resection for treatment of metastatic nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma between June 1974 and May 1996. Patients were categorized ccording to the worst postchemotherapy pathologic diagnosis.Results: Chemotherapy has been highly effective in curing testicular carcinoma. However, even with platinum-based hemotherapy, one-third of patients either do not achieve complete cures or experience relapses. Since 1965, only 57 of the 2219 patients who underwent postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissections for treatment of testicular carcinoma at our center underwent hepatic resection for treatment of metastatic disease. Because teratomas have the propensity to degenerate into sarcomas and can cause symptoms resulting from compression, these lesions must be resected to achieve cures. In addition, the only chance for survival for patients with active disease but normal serum marker levels is with complete resection of the tumor burden.Conclusions: We conclude that hepatic resection for treatment of metastatic testicular carcinoma is safe and efficacious for all patients except those with elevated marker levels after preoperative chemotherapy.     

Postoperative neurological complications in intradural extramedullary tumors: A 10-year experience of a single center

BackgroundIntradural extramedullary spinal cord tumors (IDEMs) cause neurological symptoms due to compression of the spinal cord and caudal nerves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of postoperative neurological complications after surgical resection of IDEM and to identify factors associated with such postoperative neurological complications.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 85 patients who underwent tumor resection for IDEM between 2010 and 2020. We investigated the postoperative worsening of neurological disorders. The patients were divided into two groups: those with and without postoperative neurological complications. Patient demographic characteristics, tumor level, histological type, and surgery-related factors were also compared.ResultsThe mean age at the time of surgery was 57.4 years, and histological analysis revealed 45 cases of schwannoma, 34 cases of meningioma, three cases of myxopapillary ependymoma, one case of ependymoma, one case of hemangioblastoma and one case of lipoma. There were five cases (5.8%) of postoperative neurological complications, and four patients improved within 6 months after surgery, and one patient had residual worsening. There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, tumor location, preoperative modified McCormick Scale grade, histology, tumor occupancy, or whether fixation was performed in the presence or absence of postoperative neurological complications. All four cases of meningioma with postoperative neurological complications had preoperative neuropathy and meningiomas were located in the anterior or lateral thoracic spine.ConclusionsNeurological complications after surgical resection for IDEM occurred in 5.8% of patients. Meningiomas with postoperative neurological complications located anteriorly or laterally in the thoracic spine.     

Laparoscopic resection of colon Cancer: Consensus of the European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES)

Background The European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) initiated a consensus development conference on the laparoscopic resection of colon cancer during the annual congress in Lisbon, Portugal, in June 2002.Methods A systematic review of the current literature was combined with the opinions, of experts in the field of colon cancer surgery to formulate evidence-based statements and recommendations on the laparoscopic resection of colon cancer.Results Advanced age, obesity, and previous abdominal operations are not considered absolute contraindications for laparoscopic colon cancer surgery. The most common cause for conversion is the presence of bulky or invasive tumors. Laparoscopic operation takes longer to perform than the open counterpart, but the outcome is similar in terms of specimen size and pathological examination. Immediate postoperative morbidity and mortality are comparable for laparoscopic and open colonic cancer surgery. The laparoscopically operated patients had less postoperative pain, better-preserved pulmonary function, earlier restoration of gastrointestinal function, and an earlier discharge from the hospital. The postoperative stress response is lower after laparoscopic colectomy. The incidence of port site metastases is <1%. Survival after laparoscopic resection of colon cancer appears to be at least equal to survival after open resection. The costs of laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer are higher than those for open surgery.Conclusion Laparoscopic resection of colon cancer is a safe and feasible procedure that improves short-term outcome. Results regarding the long-term survival of patients enrolled in large multicenter trials will determine its role in general surgery.     

COMPARISON OF HEPATIC PROFILE IN PRE AND POSTOPERATIVE OF BARIATRIC SURGERY: PRIVATE VS PUBLIC NETWORK

Background:

Obesity is associated to several comorbidities, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which implicates in isolated steatosis to steatohepatitis. The latter may progress to severe manifestations such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Aim:

To compare the presence of advanced liver fibrosis before and after bariatric surgery in patients of private and public health system.

Methods:

Patients from public and privative networks were studied before and after bariatric surgery. The presence or absence of advanced hepatic fibrosis was evaluated by NAFLD Fibrosis Score, a non-invasive method that uses age, BMI, AST/ALT ratio, albumin, platelet count and the presence or absence of hyperglycemia or diabetes. The characteristics of the two groups were compared. The established statistical significance criterion was p<0.05.

Results:

Were analyzed 40 patients with a mean age of 34.6±9.5 years for private network and 40.6± 10.2 years for public. The study sample, 35% were treated at private health system and 65% in the public ones, 38% male and 62% female. Preoperatively in the private network one (7.1%) patient had advanced liver fibrosis and developed to the absence of liver fibrosis after surgery. In the public eight (30.8%) patients had advanced liver fibrosis preoperatively, and at one year after the proportion fell to six (23%).

Conclusion:

The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in its advanced form is more prevalent in obese patients treated in the public network than in the treated at the private network and bariatric surgery may be important therapeutic option in both populations.     

Preventing patient harm via adverse event review: An APSA survey regarding the role of morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference

IntroductionPeer-review endeavors represent the continual learning environment critical for a culture of patient safety. Morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences are designed to review adverse events to prevent future similar events. The extent to which pediatric surgeons participate in M&M, and believe M&M improves patient safety, is unknown.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of the American Pediatric Surgical Association membership was conducted to evaluate participation in and perception of M&M conferences. Closed and open-ended questions were provided to gauge participation and perceptions of M&M effectiveness. Standard frequency analyses and tests of associations between M&M program attributes and surgeons' perceptions of effectiveness were performed.ResultsThe response rate was 38% (353/928). Most surgeons (85%) reported that they always participate in M&M, but only 64% believe M&M is effective in changing practice or prevention of future adverse events. Effective M&Ms were more likely to emphasize loop closure, multidisciplinary participation, standardized assessment of events, and connection to quality improvement efforts.ConclusionsMost pediatric surgeons participate in M&M, but many doubt its effectiveness. We identified attributes of M&M conferences that are perceived to be effective. Further investigation is needed to identify how to optimally utilize peer-review programs to prevent adverse events and improve patient safety.Level of evidenceV.     

Survival After Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Metastases: A 10-Year Experience

Background Metastatic colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer death in North America. Hepatic resection offers the potential for cure in selected patients. We report the long-term outcomes of patients who underwent hepatic resection for colorectal metastases over a 10-year period at a single hepatobiliary surgical oncology center. Methods All patients who underwent liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer between 1992 and 2002 were identified. Data were retrospectively obtained through chart review. Major outcome variables were disease-free survival and overall survival. Risk factors for disease recurrence and mortality were identified by multivariate analysis by using the Cox proportional hazard method. Results A total of 423 hepatectomies were performed for metastatic colorectal cancer. Most operations (n = 276; 65%) were major (four or more segments) hepatectomies. Perioperative morbidity occurred in 74 (17%) patients. There were seven (1.6%) perioperative deaths. The disease-free survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 64%, 27%, and 22%, respectively. The overall survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 93%, 47%, and 28%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified four negative predictive factors for overall survival (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval): a positive surgical margin (2.9; 1.5–5.3), large metastases (>5 cm; 1.5; 1.1–2.0), multiple metastases (1.4; 1.1–1.9), and age >60 years (1.4; 1.1–1.9). Conclusions Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer is safe and provides good long-term overall survival rates of 47% at 5 years and 28% at 10 years. An aggressive approach is justified by the low operative mortality rate and good long-term survival, even in individuals with multiple bilobar metastases.     

A proposal for the annotation of recurrent colorectal cancer: the ‘Sheffield classification’

Aim: Current classification systems of large bowel cancer only refer to metastatic disease as M0, M1 or Mx. Recurrent colorectal cancer primarily occurs in the liver, lungs, nodes or peritoneum. The management of each of these sites of recurrence has made significant advances and each is a subspecialty in its own right. The aim of this paper was to devise a classification system which accurately describes the site and extent of metastatic spread. Method: An amendment of the current system is proposed in which liver, lung and peritoneal metastases are annotated by ‘Liv 0,1’, ‘Pul 0,1’ and ‘Per 0,1’ in describing the primary presentation. These are then subclassified, taking into account the chronology, size, number and geographical distribution of metastatic disease or logoregional recurrence and its K‐Ras status. Conclusion: This discussion document proposes a classification system which is logical and simple to use. We plan to validate it prospectively.