新型冠状病毒肺炎相关心血管疾病风险及其治疗中的药学监护

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是一种由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的传染性疾病.多项研究显示,SARS-CoV-2感染除了导致病毒性肺炎,还可能产生潜在的心血管危害,增加已有心血管疾病患者潜在的并发症和死亡风险.其发生机制尚不清楚,可能由于SARS-CoV-2通过血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)途径侵入...     

儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗研究进展

新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus,SARS-CoV)-2感染在全球暴发,目前尚无明确有效的抗病毒药物治疗SARS-CoV-2感染.结合以往临床一线治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)的经验,...     

《新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版)》解读

随着对新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)认识的深入，为做好后续诊疗工作，SARS-CoV-2感染诊疗方案不断更新。该文对《新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版)》进行解读，并与《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案》(试行第九版)比较，重点介绍新版诊疗方案的更新要点，以便更好地应用于临床实践。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗药物研发进展

自新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)疫情暴发以来,全球感染人数不断增加,医疗形势十分严峻,应急情况下创新药物研发和对已上市药物进行治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)新适应证开发,成为寻找COVID-19特效治疗药物和最佳治疗方案的必由之路.目前已发现的血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)介导SARS-CoV-2入侵宿...     

新型冠状病毒中和抗体研究进展

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)传染性强,可引起新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19).抗SARS-CoV-2抗体安全性高,特异性强,中和SARS-CoV-2的能力显著,被认为是治疗COVID-19的理想药物.鉴于SARS-CoV-2突起蛋白(S蛋白)的核心地位,目前开发的抗SARS-CoV-2抗体基本以S蛋白为靶点...     

从1例儿童新型冠状病毒普通型肺炎浅析抗病毒药物临床应用

儿童是呼吸道病毒的易感人群,儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)会存在新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)与其他常见呼吸道病毒混合感染的复杂情况.目前尚无确认有效的抗SARS-CoV-2药物,因此国家诊疗方案中推荐的药物用于儿童仍需谨慎.为提高抗病毒药物在COVID-19儿童患者中应用的安全性,本文结合1例儿童CO...     

ACE2与新型冠状病毒肺炎的心肾损伤

由新型冠状病毒(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)感染引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(Coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)不仅可以诱发典型的呼吸系统疾病,也能导致心肾系统等相关疾病。SARS-CoV-2的受体为血管紧张素转换酶2(Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,ACE2)。本文通过阐述ACE2在心脏和肾脏中的作用,分析SARS-CoV-2感染引起患者心肾损伤的可能机制,为临床治疗COVID-19及研发抗SARS-CoV-2药物提供参考依据。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案推荐的潜在抗病毒药物述评

目的 为临床抗新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)治疗及药学监护提供参考。方法 结合SARS-CoV-2的特点和可能的致病机理,围绕国家卫生健康委员会《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第七版)》推荐的潜在抗病毒药物,以及中国药学会《新型冠状病毒感染:医院药学工作指导与防控策略专家共识》的相关内容,从这些药物的背景信息、药理作用、药物警戒等方面进行综合评述。结果 与结论通过综合述评,为临床新型冠状病毒肺炎的抗病毒治疗及药学监护提供了药物治疗学相关知识,也为抗SARS-CoV-2的药物研究提供了参考。     

新型冠状病毒性肺炎临床特征及抗病毒药物治疗方案进展

2019年12月,湖北省武汉市出现多例新型冠状病毒肺炎病例。2020年2月,世界卫生组织(WHO)将该病毒正式命名为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2),SARS-CoV-2所导致的感染被命名为新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)。冠状病毒(coronavirus,CoV)属冠状病毒科,是一组具有外套膜的正链单股RNA病毒,可导致动物和人类不同程度的呼吸道、肠道、肝脏和神经系统疾病[1-3]。包括4属:α-CoV、β-CoV、γ-CoV、δ-CoV。短短20年来,冠状病毒已引发了包括严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,SARS-CoV)感染、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus,MERS-CoV)感染和目前的SARS-CoV-2感染在内的3次传染病大流行[4-6]。三种冠状病毒均属于β-CoV,传播速度快,重症可导致严重呼吸综合征和死亡。目前,COVID-19已成为全球关注的突发公共卫生事件,但仍缺乏直接抗病毒治疗药物。     

新型冠状病毒感染相关的神经系统表现

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)是一种新型的冠状病毒，是导致SARS-CoV-2感染疫情暴发的原因。目前，SARS-CoV-2感染疫情的大流行已成为一个具有挑战性的世界问题。尽管大多数SARS-CoV-2感染患者主要出现呼吸道症状，但观察到与SARS-CoV-2感染相关的神经系统症状和表现越来越多。该文详细阐述了相关文献报道的SARS-CoV-2感染的嗜神经机制和神经系统症状及表现，包括味觉和嗅觉功能障碍、肌肉疼痛、头痛、精神状态改变、意识模糊、谵妄和头晕。回顾了SARS-CoV-2感染相关的神经系统症状及其可能的发生机制，希望有助于后续的相关研究和临床诊治。     

抗新型冠状病毒药物的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(Coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)具有很强的传染性和很高的致病率.目前,对于新型冠状病毒(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)尚没有特异性的抗病毒药物,临床上根据以往抗冠状病毒用药经验以...     

氯喹的抗病毒及药动学研究进展

摘要：近日,新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染引发的肺炎疫情已经成为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。然而,至今临床仍未发现有效的抗病毒药物。氯喹(chloroquine)是一种4-氨基喹啉类抗疟药物,由于在体外表现出了良好的抗SARS-CoV-2效果,在中国已经开展了多项氯喹针对此病毒临床试验。本文综述了氯喹的抗病毒和药动学研究现状,并对其合理给药方案进行了探讨,旨在为该药在临床试验中的合理应用提供重要参考。     

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Critical Viewpoint

Since COVID-19 has emerged as a word public health problem, attention has been focused on how immune-suppressive drugs used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders influence the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we discuss the disease-modifying agents approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) within this context. Interferon (IFN)-β1a and -1b, which display antiviral activity, could be protective in the early stage of COVID-19 infection, although SARS-CoV-2 may have developed resistance to IFNs. However, in the hyperinflammation stage, IFNs may become detrimental by facilitating macrophage invasion in the lung and other organs. Glatiramer acetate and its analogues should not interfere with the development of COVID-19 and may be considered safe. Teriflunomide, a first-line oral drug used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), may display antiviral activity by depleting cellular nucleotides necessary for viral replication. The other first-line drug, dimethyl fumarate, may afford protection against SARS-CoV-2 by activating the Nrf-2 pathway and reinforcing the cellular defenses against oxidative stress. Concern has been raised regarding the use of second-line treatments for MS during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this concern is not always justified. For example, fingolimod might be highly beneficial during the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 for a number of mechanisms, including the reinforcement of the endothelial barrier. Caution is suggested for the use of natalizumab, cladribine, alemtuzumab, and ocrelizumab, although MS disease recurrence after discontinuation of these drugs may overcome a potential risk for COVID-19 infection.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗药物研发现状

目的 探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)治疗药物研发现状、成效和存在的问题,并提出改进建议。方法 以国家卫生健康委员会《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案》中药物治疗的演变为切入点,结合临床治疗现状,总结各种治疗新型冠状病毒感染药物的特点,分析新冠肺炎疫情暴发以来登记注册拟开展的药物临床试验研究情况及存在的问题。结果 对于新冠肺炎,目前尚无特效抗病毒治疗方法,国家卫生健康委员会《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案》中所推荐的药物治疗也是基于突发疫情条件下的试用建议,且需严格监控。针对新冠肺炎疫情下登记注册拟开展的药物临床试验项目整体上普遍存在立题依据、研究基础和研究条件不充分,缺乏必要的临床前试验数据和质量保证体系等问题。结论 针对新冠肺炎,药物选择都是基于既往的严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)、中东呼吸综合征(MERS)或其他新型流感病毒的治疗经验,积极的对症支持治疗仍是治疗的关键。针对新型冠状病毒的新药研发应回归到认真做好基于药物作用靶点、作用机制的活性筛选的基础工作。     

法匹拉韦治疗新冠肺炎临床研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情在全球大流行,临床上迫切需要特异性抗病毒治疗药物.对已批准上市或正在临床开发的药物开展重定位研究是针对突发疫情快速寻找潜在治疗药物最为快速和高效的策略.法匹拉韦是一种广谱抗RNA病毒药物,在日本和中国已批准上市用于治疗流感,其作为抗新型冠状病毒感染的潜在药物,全球多个国家正在开展...     

Antivirals and the Potential Benefits of Orally Inhaled Drug Administration in COVID-19 Treatment

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been on the agenda of humanity for more than 2 years. In the meantime, the pandemic has caused economic shutdowns, halt of daily lives and global mobility, overcrowding of the healthcare systems, panic, and worse, more than 6 million deaths. Today, there is still no specific therapy for COVID-19. Research focuses on repurposing of antiviral drugs that are licensed or currently in the research phase, with a known systemic safety profile. However, local safety profile should also be evaluated depending on the new indication, administration route and dosage form. Additionally, various vaccines have been developed. But the causative virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has undergone multiple variations, too. The premise that vaccines may suffice to eradicate new and all variants is unreliable, as they are based on earlier versions of the virus. Therefore, a specific medication therapy for COVID-19 is crucial and needed in order to prevent severe complications of the disease. Even though there is no specific drug that inhibits the replication of the disease-causing virus, among the current treatment options, systemic antivirals are the most medically appropriate. As SARS-CoV-2 directly targets the lungs and initiates lung damage, treating COVID-19 with inhalants can offer many advantages over the enteral/parenteral administration. Inhaled drug delivery provides higher drug concentration, specifically in the pulmonary system. This enables the reduction of systemic side effects and produces a rapid clinical response. In this article, the most frequently (systemically) used antiviral compounds are reviewed including Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Molnupiravir, Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Umifenovir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Heparin. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to provide insight into the potential inhaled use of these antiviral drugs and the current studies on inhalation therapy for COVID-19 was presented. A brief evaluation was also made on the use of inhaler devices in the treatment of COVID-19. Inhaled antivirals paired with suitable inhaler devices should be considered for COVID-19 treatment options.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎与血管紧张素转化酶2的研究现状

自2019年底起，新型冠状病毒肺炎（Coronavirus disease 2019，COVID-19）病例席卷全球。该病毒为β属冠状病毒，基因特征与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus，SARS-CoV）有较高相似性，被命名为2019新型冠状病毒（2019 Novel Coronavirus，2019-nCoV）或严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2（SARS-CoV-2），主要通过棘突蛋白介导与宿主血管紧张素转化酶2（angiotensin-converting enzyme 2，ACE2）受体结合侵犯人体。ACE2与COVID-19感染密切相关，既是SARS-CoV-2感染人体的关键靶点，ACE2表达多寡也是影响COVID-19患者疾病严重程度和死亡率的重要因素。因此靶向ACE2和肾素-血管紧张素系统（renin-angiotensin system，RAS）的诸多上市药物和在研药物，如血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor，ACEI）、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂（angiotensin receptor blocker，ARB）、重组人ACE2、Ⅱ型跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶（type II transmembrane serine proteases，TMSPSS2）抑制剂、特异性中和抗体等都有可能成为治疗COVID-19的可行策略。此外，依据现有证据并不建议合并高血压的轻症COVID-19确诊病例或疑似病例轻易停用ACEI/ARB，以免造成血压波动。     

Current approaches used in treating COVID-19 from a molecular mechanisms and immune response perspective

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 targets the respiratory system, resulting in symptoms such as fever, headache, dry cough, dyspnea, and dizziness. These symptoms vary from person to person, ranging from mild to hypoxia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sometimes death. Although not confirmed, phylogenetic analysis suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may have originated from bats; the intermediary facilitating its transfer from bats to humans is unknown. Owing to the rapid spread of infection and high number of deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2, most countries have enacted strict curfews and the practice of social distancing while awaiting the availability of effective U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications and/or vaccines. This review offers an overview of the various types of coronaviruses (CoVs), their targeted hosts and cellular receptors, a timeline of their emergence, and the roles of key elements of the immune system in fighting pathogen attacks, while focusing on SARS-CoV-2 and its genomic structure and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we review drugs targeting COVID-19 that are under investigation and in clinical trials, in addition to progress using mesenchymal stem cells to treat COVID-19. We conclude by reviewing the latest updates on COVID-19 vaccine development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with host cells and stimulates the immune response is extremely important, especially as scientists look for new strategies to guide their development of specific COVID-19 therapies and vaccines.