微创治疗高血压脑出血的疗效观察

目的探讨微创手术治疗高血压脑出血的临床治疗效果。方法 82例高血压脑出血患者随机分为微创治疗组42例和开颅治疗组40例,微创治疗组采用微创血肿清除术治疗,开颅治疗组采用传统的开颅血肿清除术治疗;比较2组的治疗有效率和日常生活能力状态(ADL)。结果手术治疗后对2组患者随访6个月观察疗效。微创治疗组42例,死亡5例,病死率11.9%;开颅治疗组40例,死亡15例,病死率37.5%。微创治疗组手术时间短于开颅治疗组,血肿清除率和总有效率高于开颅治疗组,ADL优于开颅治疗组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论微创手术清除高血压脑出血患者颅内血肿,治疗创伤小,手术恢复情况好,提高了患者的生存质量,是治疗高血压脑出血的有效手术方法。     

高血压性脑出血开颅术后呼吸机辅助呼吸病人需行气管切开的危险因素分析

目的 探讨高血压性脑出血开颅术后呼吸机辅助呼吸病人需要行气管切开的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2020年3月开颅手术治疗的123例高血压性脑出血的临床资料。术后均需要采用呼吸机辅助呼吸，术后2周不能脱机病人行气管切开。结果 123例中，70例术后2周内顺利脱机，53例需行气管切开。多因素logistic回归分析后发现，入院GCS评分≤8分（OR=4.454;95%CI 1.236～16.048;P=0.022）、术前发生脑疝（OR=6.165;95%CI 1.950～19.493;P=0.002）、术前误吸（OR=3.025;95%CI 1.126～8.128;P=0.028）为术后需气管切开的独立危险因素。结论 高血压性脑出血开颅术后呼吸机辅助呼吸病人中，入院GCS评分低、术前发生脑疝、误吸的病人，需要长时间进行呼吸机辅助呼吸，建议早期行气管切开。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎高风险地区出血性卒中的治疗对策

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)高风险地区神经外科开展出血性卒中救治的方法及防控对策。方法回顾性分析2020年1月22日至2020年3月31日中国人民解放军中部战区总医院神经外科收治的51例出血性卒中的隔离防护、诊治措施和结果。结果所有出血性卒中病人入院时均视为COVID-19高危疑似感染者,采取三级防护,隔离区单间病房或ICU负压病房收治,待两次核酸检测后在负压手术间进行手术。51例中,2例确诊COVID-19,外科处理后转入感染科隔离病房治疗。自发性蛛网膜下腔出血20例中,颅内动脉瘤介入手术12例、开颅夹闭术4例;烟雾病3例对症治疗,1例颅后窝动静脉瘘行OYNX和GRUB胶介入栓塞治疗。31例高血压性脑出血中,22例行开颅血肿清除术或立体定向血肿穿刺引流术;9例血肿较小行保守治疗。未发生COVID-19交叉感染。出院时改良Rankin量表评分0分13例,1分6例,2分5例,3分18例,4分5例,5分3例;6分(死亡)1例。高等级安全防护和病毒排查导致手术时间平均拖延2~5 d,颅内动脉瘤及血管畸形再次破裂率及介入手术中脑血管痉挛发生率增高。结论COVID-19高风险地区,神经外科收治出血性脑卒中时,严格按三级防护措施处理病人是防止COVID-19交叉感染的关键。但等待核酸检测可能会影响出血性脑卒中救治时机和疗效,进一步优化COVID-19核酸检测时间是当务之急。     

合并CVOID-19的高血压性脑出血急诊手术救治体会及防护管理方法

目的 探讨合并新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的高血压性脑出血急诊手术救治体会及防护管理方法。方法 回顾性分析1例急诊手术治疗的合并COVID-19的高血压性脑出血病人的临床资料。结果 协同麻醉医师、手术室、感染科做好术前准备、协调好术前隔离性转运、术中管理及术后终末处置工作,同时制定相关防护流程,实行严格的三级防护,病人治愈,未出现医务人员感染。结论 对于合并COVID-19的高血压性脑出血,制定合理的防护管理方法,急诊手术治疗,是安全有效的。     

高血压脑出血125例手术治疗分析

目的 探讨手术治疗对高血压脑出血的临床效果.方法 对我科2000-05～2008-11收治的125例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 骨窗开颅手术45例,存活32例(71.1%),恢复良好13例(40.6%),中、重残19例(59.4%),死亡13例(28%);微创血肿清除80例,存活70例(87.5%),恢复良好36例(51.4%),中、重残34例(48.6%),死亡10例(12.5%).微创血肿清除术后,病人的存活率和恢复情况均高于开颅手术组,病死率明显低于开颅手术组.结论 手术治疗能明显提高存活率,微创血肿清除术要比开颅手术优,既能提高存活率,又能大大提高生存质量,是一种治疗高血压脑出血安全、及时、有效的手术方式.     

不同手术方法治疗高血压性脑出血128例分析

目的　探讨不同手术方法对高血压性脑出血的治疗效果。方法　采用直视下开颅血肿清除术和YL—I型血肿粉碎针技术微创颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血。结果　开颅组存活率 71% ,重残率 43 % ;微创组存活率 84% ,重残率 19%。两组相比 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )结论　微创术治疗脑出血疗效确切 ,手术创伤小 ,远期功能恢复满意。     

高血压脑出血微侵袭外科治疗的临床研究

目的比较分析高血压脑出血微侵袭血肿引流术与传统开颅血肿清除术的疗效。方法对37例高血压脑出血行血肿粉碎清除术或经皮钻颅血肿粉碎引流术,33例采用传统开颅血肿清除术。结果微创手术治疗组平均住院(19 ±4)d,昏迷(5 ±3)d,而传统手术组分别为(28 ±11)d、(13 ±3)d,均有显著性差异(P <0.05)。微创手术组并发症发生率、病死率分别为2.62%、8.10%,而传统手术组分别为29.4%、30.3%,均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。头颅CT动态检查发现微创手术组9~19d大部分血肿消失,水肿明显消退,而传统手术术后水肿期较长,恢复缓慢。结论微创手术治疗高血压脑出血具有创伤小、恢复快、简便易行、并发症少、病死率低等优点。     

颅内动脉瘤合并新型冠状病毒肺炎的围手术期护理及医护人员防护

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤合并新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的围手术期护理及医护人员防护经验。方法 回顾性分析我科2020年2月11日救治的1例右侧大脑中动脉动脉瘤破裂伴蛛网膜下腔出血合并COVID-19的围手术期护理过程,总结神经外科病人合并COVID-19的护理及医护人员防护经验。结果 发病后,病人曾于武汉市两家医院就医后转入我院。入院时肺部CT、血常规未见异常,但仍然在围手术期提高防护级别,安全完成手术。术后及时复查,及时发现并确诊COVID-19。病区和医护人员没有发生感染。结论 合并COVID-19的颅内动脉瘤病人经过严格的隔离防护措施,可以完成手术,并能有效防止COVID-19的扩散。     

手术与介入治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效对比

目的比较开颅手术和血管内介入栓塞术治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效。方法对2010-10—2014-10在我院及湘雅医院治疗的颅内动脉瘤病例资料进行回顾性分析,开颅手术组和介入手术组各随机纳入100例,观察并发症发生情况和远期疗效,比较2组疗效。结果介入组患者全部成功实施血管内介入治疗术。术后即刻造影结果显示,动脉瘤致密性栓塞89枚,瘤颈残留18枚,部分栓塞4枚。回访结果显示,介入手术组预后良好率显著高于开颅手术组,预后不良率和致残率则显著低于开颅手术组;介入手术组并发症发生率显著低于开颅手术组(P0.05)。结论介入栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤成功率高,手术并发症低,介入手术是一种安全、有效、可靠的颅内动脉瘤治疗术式。     

微创清除术与传统开颅手术治疗高血压脑出血患者的对比研究

目的对比微创清除术与传统开颅手术治疗高血压脑出血患者的临床疗效。方法 84例高血压脑出血患者采用完全随机分组原则分为观察组(微创清除手术组)与对照组(传统开颅手术组)各42例,观察并比较2疗效。结果观察组好转率95.2%,显著高于对照组的81.0%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组平均手术时间、术中出血量以及术后住院时间均较对照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者术后ADL-Barthel指数Ⅰ~Ⅲ级为92.9%,显著高于对照组的76.2%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论微创清除术治疗高血压脑出血疗效显著,且具有手术创伤小,术中出血量少,术后恢复快等优势,值得临床推广应用。     

Changes in Characteristics,Treatment and Outcome in Patients with Hemorrhagic Stroke During COVID-19

Background and PurposeThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a comprehensive impact on healthcare services worldwide. We sought to determine whether COVID-19 affected the treatment and prognosis of hemorrhagic stroke in a regional medical center in mainland China.MethodsPatients with hemorrhagic stroke admitted in the Neurosurgery Department of West China Hospital from January 24, 2020, to March 25, 2020 (COVID-19 period), and from January 24, 2019, to March 25, 2019 (pre-COVID-19 period), were identified. Clinical characteristics, hospital arrival to neurosurgery department arrival time (door-to-department time), reporting rate of pneumonia and 3-month mRS (outcome) were compared.ResultsA total of 224 patients in the pre-COVID-19 period were compared with 126 patients in the COVID-19 period. Milder stroke severity was observed in the COVID-19 period (NIHSS 6 [2–20] vs. 3 [2–15], p = 0.005). The median door-to-department time in the COVID-19 period was approximately 50 minutes longer than that in the pre-COVID-19 period (96.5 [70.3–193.3] vs. 144.5 [93.8–504.5], p = 0.000). A higher rate of pneumonia complications was reported in the COVID-19 period (40.6% vs. 60.7%, p = 0.000). In patients with moderate hemorrhagic stroke, the percentage of good outcomes (mRS < 3) in the pre-COVID-19 period was much higher than that in the COVID-19 period (53.1% vs. 26.3%, p = 0.047).ConclusionsCOVID-19 may have several impacts on the treatment of hemorrhagic stroke and may influence the clinical outcomes of specific patients. Improvements in the treatment process for patients with moderate stroke may help to improve the overall outcome of hemorrhagic stroke during COVID-19.     

新型冠状病毒导致脑血管疾病相关机制探讨

2019冠状病毒病（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）已经成为人类社会迄今为止面临的 最大挑战之一,具有传播广、重症及死亡率高的特点。现有研究发现COVID-19患者脑血管病发病率为 0.5%,发病机制以栓塞和大动脉粥样硬化为主,大血管病变似乎在COVID-19相关卒中患者中更常见。 病毒与血管紧张素转化酶2受体的相互作用、炎症反应和凝血紊乱等在COVID-19相关卒中发病中可能 发挥作用。因此本文对COVI D-19患者的脑血管病流行病学、临床特点和发病机制进行归纳总结,以期 更好地指导临床诊疗。     

新型冠状病毒导致脑血管疾病相关机制探讨

2019冠状病毒病（coronavirus disease 2019，COVID-19）已经成为人类社会迄今为止面临的
最大挑战之一，具有传播广、重症及死亡率高的特点。现有研究发现COVID-19患者脑血管病发病率为
0.5%，发病机制以栓塞和大动脉粥样硬化为主，大血管病变似乎在COVID-19相关卒中患者中更常见。
病毒与血管紧张素转化酶2受体的相互作用、炎症反应和凝血紊乱等在COVID-19相关卒中发病中可能
发挥作用。因此本文对COVI D-19患者的脑血管病流行病学、临床特点和发病机制进行归纳总结，以期
更好地指导临床诊疗。     

The Association of Cerebrovascular Disease with Adverse Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis Based on Adjusted Effect Estimates

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to address the association between cerebrovascular disease and adverse outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients by using a quantitative meta-analysis based on adjusted effect estimates.MethodA systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE up to August 10th, 2020. The adjusted effect estimates were extracted and pooled to evaluate the risk of the unfavorable outcomes in COVID-19 patients with cerebrovascular disease. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were also carried out.ResultsThere were 12 studies with 10,304 patients included in our meta-analysis. A significant trend was observed when evaluating the association between cerebrovascular disease and adverse outcomes (pooled effect = 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34–3.16). In addition, the pooled effects showed that patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease had more likelihood to progress fatal outcomes than patients without a history of cerebrovascular disease (pooled effect = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.04–3.07).ConclusionThis study for the first time indicated that cerebrovascular disease was an independent risk factor for predicting the adverse outcomes, particularly fatal outcomes, in COVID-19 patients on the basis of adjusted effect estimates. Well-designed studies with larger sample size are needed for further verification.     

Safety and Outcomes of Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy in Ischemic Stroke Patients with COVID-19: CASCADE Initiative

BackgroundThere is little information regarding the safety of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) in patients with stroke and COVID-19.MethodsThis multicenter study included consecutive stroke patients with and without COVID-19 treated with IV-tPA between February 18, 2019, to December 31, 2020, at 9 centers participating in the CASCADE initiative. Clinical outcomes included modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at hospital discharge, in-hospital mortality, the rate of hemorrhagic transformation. Using Bayesian multiple regression and after adjusting for variables with significant value in univariable analysis, we reported the posterior adjusted odds ratio (OR, with 95% Credible Intervals [CrI]) of the main outcomes.ResultsA total of 545 stroke patients, including 101 patients with COVID-19 were evaluated. Patients with COVID-19 had a more severe stroke at admission. In the study cohort, 85 (15.9%) patients had a hemorrhagic transformation, and 72 (13.1%) died in the hospital. After adjustment for confounding variables, discharge mRS score ≥2 (OR: 0.73, 95% CrI: 0.16, 3.05), in-hospital mortality (OR: 2.06, 95% CrI: 0.76, 5.53), and hemorrhagic transformation (OR: 1.514, 95% CrI: 0.66, 3.31) were similar in COVID-19 and non COVID-19 patients. High-sensitivity C reactive protein level was a predictor of hemorrhagic transformation in all cases (OR:1.01, 95%CI: 1.0026, 1.018), including those with COVID-19 (OR:1.024, 95%CI:1.002, 1.054).ConclusionIV-tPA treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke and COVID-19 was not associated with an increased risk of disability, mortality, and hemorrhagic transformation compared to those without COVID-19. IV-tPA should continue to be considered as the standard of care in patients with hyper acute stroke and COVID-19.     

Neurological Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: Experiences from the Central Infectious Diseases Hospital in South Korea

Background and PurposeTo investigate the incidence and characteristics of neurological manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of the consecutive patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to the central infectious diseases hospital designated for the treatment of COVID-19 in South Korea between March 2020 and September 2020. Newly developed neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 were investigated. The frequency and clinical features of the neurological manifestations were analyzed according to disease severity, which was classified according to World Health Organization interim guidance.ResultsOf the 306 symptomatic patients, 186 (60.8%) developed at least one neurological manifestation during hospitalization. The most common neurological symptom was headache (n=102, 33.3%), followed by myalgia (n=96, 31.4%) and anosmia/ageusia (n=54, 17.6%). Acute stroke (all ischemic stroke) occurred in three (1.0%) patients, and new-onset seizures occurred in two (0.7%). Neurological manifestation was a presenting symptom of COVID-19 in 72 (23.5%) patients, and was the only symptom of COVID-19 in 12 (3.9%). Stroke, seizure, and impaired consciousness were significantly associated with severe to critical COVID-19, whereas headache and anosmia/ageusia were frequently found in patients with mild to moderate disease.ConclusionsNeurological manifestations were commonly observed in patients with COVID-19. During the current pandemic, when patients present with new-onset neurological symptoms, COVID-19 may be considered as part of the differential diagnosis. Attention to severe neurological complications is needed, especially in patients with severe or critical COVID-19.     

Effects of COVID-19 on Parkinson's Disease Clinical Features: A Community-Based Case-Control Study

The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on clinical features of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been poorly characterized so far. Of 141 PD patients resident in Lombardy, we found 12 COVID-19 cases (8.5%), whose mean age and disease duration (65.5 and 6.3 years, respectively) were similar to controls. Changes in clinical features in the period January 2020 to April 2020 were compared with those of 36 PD controls matched for sex, age, and disease duration using the clinical impression of severity index for PD, the Movement Disorders Society Unified PD Rating Scale Parts II and IV, and the nonmotor symptoms scale. Motor and nonmotor symptoms significantly worsened in the COVID-19 group, requiring therapy adjustment in one third of cases. Clinical deterioration was explained by both infection-related mechanisms and impaired pharmacokinetics of dopaminergic therapy. Urinary issues and fatigue were the most prominent nonmotor issues. Cognitive functions were marginally involved, whereas none experienced autonomic failure. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society     

The Incidence and Mortality Ratio of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accidents in COVID-19 Cases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ObjectivesCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily known as a respiratory illness; however, a wide variety of symptoms and complications of the central nervous system (CNS), such as ischemic cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) have been reported. Hereby, we provide a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature, investigating the incidence of ischemic CVA and the mortality due to it in the setting of COVID-19.Materials and MethodsOur search databases included Google Scholar, MEDLINE via PubMed, and Scopus. We searched the databases up to July 22, 2020. The primary outcome was the incidence of ischemic CVA in COVID-19 cases, while the secondary outcomes were the ratio of mortality in these cases. Standard meta-analysis methods used to measure the pooled incidence and mortality rates of ischemic CVA in COVID-19 cases.ResultsAfter excluding studies with reasons, only 20 articles were eligible to be included in our qualitative synthesis, and 17 studies were evaluated quantitatively in our meta-analysis. Included studies reported a pooled average incidence of 1.7% for ischemic CVA, ranging from 1.3% to 2.3%. Mortality in patients of ischemic CVA to all COVID-19 cases was 0.5%, ranging from 0.4% to 0.6%. The mortality rate of patients with CVA to those who suffered from COVID-19 infection and ischemic CVA simultaneously was 29.2% ranging from 21.6% to 38.2%. Overall, the heterogeneity of the studies was high.ConclusionsOur analysis revealed a pooled incidence of 1.7% for ischemic CVA in the setting of COVID-19 infection, with a mortality rate of 29.2% amongst the COVID-19 patients who are suffering ischemic CVA.     

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Study and Review of Literature

BackgroundCOVID-19 infection has been known to predispose patients to both arterial and venous thromboembolic events such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke. A few reports from the literature suggest that Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVSTs) may be a direct complication of COVID-19.ObjectiveTo review the clinical and radiological presentation of COVID-19 positive patients diagnosed with CVST.MethodsThis was a multicenter, cross-sectional, retrospective study of patients diagnosed with CVST and COVID-19 reviewed from March 1, 2020 to November 8, 2020. We evaluated their clinical presentations, risk factors, clinical management, and outcome. We reviewed all published cases of CVST in patients with COVID-19 infection from January 1, 2020 to November 13, 2020.ResultsThere were 8 patients diagnosed with CVST and COVID-19 during the study period at 7 out of 31 participating centers. Patients in our case series were mostly female (7/8, 87.5%). Most patients presented with non-specific symptoms such as headache (50%), fever (50%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (75%). Several patients presented with focal neurologic deficits (2/8, 25%) or decreased consciousness (2/8, 25%). D-dimer and inflammatory biomarkers were significantly elevated relative to reference ranges in patients with available laboratory data. The superior sagittal and transverse sinuses were the most common sites for acute CVST formation (6/8, 75%). Median time to onset of focal neurologic deficit from initial COVID-19 diagnosis was 3 days (interquartile range 0.75–3 days). Median time from onset of COVID-19 symptoms to CVST radiologic diagnosis was 11 days (interquartile range 6–16.75 days). Mortality was low in this cohort (1/8 or 12.5%).ConclusionsClinicians should consider the risk of acute CVST in patients positive for COVID-19, especially if neurological symptoms develop.