中国18～59岁居民膳食脂肪酸的摄入状况及食物来源分析

目的 分析我国18～59岁居民膳食脂肪酸的摄入状况及食物来源。方法 利用中国成人慢性病与营养监测(2015)中3d 24h膳食调查数据,对36 118名年龄在18～59岁人群的膳食脂肪酸摄入状况及食物来源进行分析。结果我国18～59岁居民膳食总脂肪(TFA)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)及多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)摄入量的中位数分别为62.8、15.9、27.4、16.2g/d。农村TFA和MUFA的摄入量高于城市、而SFA和PUFA的摄入量低于城市(P<0.001)。城乡居民的SFA、MUFA、PUFA之比均为1:1.5:1.1。城市和农村n-6/n-3PUFA比例分别为8.6和7.9,城市高于农村(P<0.001)。膳食SFA、MUFA和PUFA的供能百分比分别为7.8%、13.5%和8.0%。城市SFA和PUFA的供能比高于农村(P<0.001),MUFA供能比在城乡间无差异(P=0.051)。植物油和动物性食物分别提供了膳食中49.4%和30.9%的TFA、29.1%和44.6%的SFA、49.7%和33.3%的MUFA、64.6%和14....     

中国成人膳食脂肪酸摄入和食物来源状况分析

目的分析我国成人膳食脂肪酸摄入量及主要脂肪酸的食物来源。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中3d24h回顾膳食调查结果,结合食物成分表中脂肪酸数据及补充测定的34种食物脂肪酸数据,对44905名成人(不包括孕妇和乳母)的膳食脂肪酸摄入量及食物来源进行分析。结果城市居民饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)摄入量中位数分别为15.9、23.6和20.2,农村居民分别为13.8、23.4和13.7g/d;城市居民α亚麻酸(ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、亚油酸(LA)和花生四烯酸(AA)摄入量中位数分别为2.3g/d、1.8mg/d、22.1mg/d、17.6g/d、45.4mg/d,农村居民分别为1.3g/d、0.0mg/d、6.0mg/d、11.3g/d、43.1mg/d。城市、农村居民膳食中S/M/P比值分别为1:1.4:1.3和1:1.5:1.1;n-6/n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸比例分别为7.6和8.0。全国居民SFA、MUFA和PUFA供能百分比中位数分别为6.1、9.8和6.3。城市居民51.4%的膳食SFA来自动物性食物,农村为38.5%。城市和农村居民膳食中MUFA的主要来源是食用油和动物性食物。城市居民膳食脂肪中约50%的PUFA、n-6PUFA和n-3PUFA来自于豆油和色拉油;农村PUFA和n-6系列PUFA来源广泛。农村居民膳食n-3PUFA近一半来自于菜籽油。结论城乡居民SFA、MUFA、PUFA的摄入比例合理;与参考摄入量相比,城乡居民n-6/n-3PUFA比例偏高,应增加膳食中n-3系列PUFA摄入量所占比例。     

不同水产品消费地区孕妇脂肪酸摄入量调查

目的分析我国不同水产品消费地区孕妇脂肪酸摄入状况。方法应用食物频率法分别在淡水产品消费量较高的江苏省句容市、海产品消费量较高的山东省即墨市以及水产品消费量很低的河南省辉县市,对180名22~35岁孕妇进行妊娠中、晚期膳食调查,分析脂肪酸摄入状况。结果句容、即墨、辉县孕妇膳食中饱和脂肪酸(SFA),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的比例分别为1:2.50:1.05、1:1.44:1.31、1:1.48:1.24。n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA分别为5.51、17.62、13.85。辉县孕妇膳食中SFA和n-6PUFA摄入量最高;句容孕妇膳食中MUFA和n-3PUFA摄入量最高;即墨孕妇膳食中二十碳五烯酸(EPA,20:5n-3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,22:6n-3)摄入量最高。句容和辉县孕妇膳食中的花生四烯酸(AA,20:4n-6)摄入量均高于即墨。三地孕妇膳食中EPA和DHA均主要来自水产品;AA主要来自畜禽肉类和蛋类;亚麻酸(ALA,18:3n-3)和亚油酸(LA,18:2n-6)主要来自食用油、畜禽肉类、坚果和主食及糕点类。结论三地区SFA、MUFA、PUFA的摄入比例合理。即墨、辉县孕妇膳食中n-6/n-3PUFA比例偏高;即墨市孕妇膳食中DHA和EPA摄入量高于其它两地,但仍明显低于推荐量。建议增加孕妇膳食n-3PUFA,特别是DHA和EPA的摄入量。     

青岛市体检人群日常膳食脂肪摄入调查分析

目的探讨青岛居民日常膳食中脂肪的摄入量,分析膳食脂肪摄入构成。方法在青岛市市立医院2012年健康查体人群中随机抽取189例进行体格检查、病史调查、空腹血生化检查、膳食调查。通过简化的食物频率表进行现场调查问卷,询问每一个调查对象过去一年中各类食物的摄入频率和摄人量。结果青岛居民每日每人粮谷类食物的平均摄入量约200g,薯类食物约26g,畜禽肉及内脏约85g,海产品约73g,其中小黄鱼、海虾和蛤蜊的摄入量较其他海产品高;坚果类和油脂类平均摄入量分别约23g和40g,摄入量较高。脂肪约占摄入总能量的37％,其中比重最高的为油脂类,约占摄入脂肪的43％,其次为坚果类（约11％）,其他分别为畜禽肉类（约5％）,海产品（约1．8％）。饱和脂肪酸（SFA）：单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）：多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的比值为1：1．5：1．49,比例不均衡,其中MUFA、PUFA占总脂肪酸比例较高,而ω-3PUFA摄入量较低,人均每天仅约为0．15g。结论青岛居民膳食中营养素摄入齐全,脂肪摄人偏高,脂肪酸比例失衡,这样的膳食结构不利于预防和控制血脂异常及心血管等疾病。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇膳食脂肪摄入与血脂及糖尿病发病相关性分析

目的分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇膳食脂肪摄入情况与血脂及GDM发病的相关性,为孕妇膳食的合理搭配和GDM的预防提供参考依据。方法选取2015年3月-2017年3月在该院就诊的224例GDM孕妇为研究组,另选取同时期在该院产检的224例正常孕妇为对照组。采取24 h膳食回顾调查法和食物频度法分别比较两组孕妇孕期增重及三大营养素摄入情况;比较两组孕妇膳食脂肪中各类脂肪酸摄入情况及血脂相关指标。结果研究组孕期增重、脂肪摄入量、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)摄入量均显著高于对照组(均P0.05);研究组单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)供能比、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)供能比与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05);研究组血清总胆固醇(5.94±1.53)mmol/L、三酰甘油(2.36±1.01)mmol/L、游离脂肪酸(1.14±0.57)mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)为(3.29±0.86)mmol/L,对照组同类指标分别为(5.02±0.96)mmol/L、(1.71±0.65)mmol/L、(0.83±0.39)mmol/L、(2.52±0.54)mmol/L,两组各指标相比,研究组显著高于对照组(均P0.05);研究组总胆固醇、游离脂肪酸、LDL-C水平与SFA摄入量及供能比、MUFA摄入量呈正相关;GDM发病率与SFA摄入量呈正相关,与不饱和脂肪酸供能比呈负相关。结论 SFA高摄入是GDM发病的危险因素,较高的不饱和脂肪酸供能比有利于GDM的改善。     

膳食脂肪、胰岛素抵抗与代谢综合征

代谢综合征是多种代谢异常同时发生于同一个体的临床现象,胰岛素抵抗是代谢综合征的中心环节.膳食中脂肪的摄入总量和种类的不同都与胰岛素敏感性密切相关.当脂肪供能占总热量35%～40%以上时,会降低胰岛素敏感性.脂肪供能占总热量的35%～40%以下时,强调摄入脂肪酸的类型比脂肪摄入总量更为重要.人体研究表明饱和脂肪酸(SFA)增加胰岛素抵抗,而单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)可改善胰岛素敏感性,n-3 PUFA对人体胰岛素敏感性没有影响.代谢综合征中的其他代谢异常成分也均受到膳食脂肪的影响.     

2004—2015年含糖饮料摄入对女童初潮年龄的影响

目的 探讨女童含糖饮料摄入量对初潮年龄的前瞻性影响。方法 利用中国健康与营养调查项目2004—2015年数据，以初潮发生前1～5年内具有含糖饮料消费数据的293名7～16岁女童为研究对象。采用多重线性回归和Logistic回归分析探究女童含糖饮料摄入量对初潮年龄的影响。结果 调查对象的中位初潮年龄为12岁，软饮料摄入量为0.5 (0.2, 1.0) L/周、果汁饮料摄入量为0.5 (0.2, 0.9) L/周、含糖饮料总摄入量为0.6 (0.3, 1.3) L/周。调整基线年龄、居住地、母亲文化水平、基线能量摄入和体质量指数标准差评分后，软饮料、果汁饮料摄入量和含糖饮料总摄入量对初潮年龄影响均无统计学意义。结论 中国女童含糖饮料摄入情况与初潮发生无关。     

膳食脂肪对高血压人群血脂水平的影响

目的 探讨改善膳食脂肪摄入情况对血脂的影响。方法 对营养健康教育前后高血压患者的膳食脂肪摄入情况及血脂水平进行测定分析。结果 基线调查表明人群膳食脂肪及胆固醇摄入量过高,脂肪供能比占总热能的30％以上;血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL－L）水平偏高。相关分析表明,体质指数（BMI）和饱和脂肪酸（SFA）与血清TC、TG、LDL－C呈正相关;高密度脂蛋白（HDL－C）／TC与BMI、SFA呈负相关,而与单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）呈正相关。进行社区营养干预后,干预组脂肪供能比小于总热能的30％,与对照组相比及自身干预前后比较差异均有显著性,胆固醇摄入量有下降趋势;干预组人群血脂TC、LDL－C水平显著降低。结论 研究结果提示减少膳食脂肪和胆固醇摄入量,适当增加单不饱和脂肪酸摄入对高血压人群降低血脂水平,控制血压是有效的。     

015 膳食脂肪、胰岛素抵抗与代谢综合征

代谢综合征是多种代谢异常同时发生于同一个体的临床现象，胰岛素抵抗是代谢综合征的中心环节。膳食中脂肪的摄入总量和种类的不同都与胰岛索敏感性密切相关。当脂肪供能占总热量35％-40％以上时，会降低胰岛素敏感性。脂肪供能占总热量的35％～40％以下时。强调摄入脂肪酸的类型比脂肪摄入总量更为重要。人体研究表明饱和脂肪酸（SFA）增加胰岛素抵抗，耐单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）可改善胰岛素敏感性，n-3 PUFA对人体胰岛素敏感性没有影响。代谢综合征巾的其他代谢异常成分也均受到膳食脂肪的影响。     

天津市孤独症谱系障碍儿童膳食营养状况

  目的  调查分析天津市孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童的膳食营养素摄入量和营养状况,为ASD儿童制定科学有效的营养干预措施提供依据。  方法  采用3 d 24h膳食回顾法调查天津市某特殊教育学校90名3~9岁ASD儿童24种膳食营养素的摄入情况,并对儿童进行体格测量。  结果  ASD儿童中超重肥胖儿童共31名,占34.4%;3名消瘦者占3.3%;1名生长迟缓者占1.1%。各年龄组ASD儿童维生素A、维生素B₁、维生素D、维生素B₆、叶酸、钙和碘的平均摄入量均低于推荐摄入量标准,铜、磷和锌的摄入量均高于推荐摄入量标准,其中有超过10%的ASD儿童铜和镁的摄入量超过可耐受最高摄入量。能量、脂肪、维生素A摄入情况构成在正常、超重、肥胖组差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为9.24,10.03,P值均 <0.05)。  结论  孤独症谱系障碍儿童超重、肥胖率较高,营养素缺乏与过量的现象同时存在,建议采取个性化的饮食营养干预方案。     

Dietary Fat and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes during Childhood Are Prospectively Associated with Puberty Timing Independent of Dietary Protein

Dietary fat and fat quality have been inconsistently associated with puberty timing. The aim of this study was to investigate the prospective associations of dietary fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) with puberty timing. Using longitudinal data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth (SCCNG) Study, we analyzed dietary data, anthropometric measurements, and potential confounders. Dietary intakes were assessed by 3-day 24-h recalls. Age at Tanner stage 2 for breast/genital development (B2/G2) and age at menarche/voice break (M/VB) were used as puberty development markers. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the relevance of dietary intake of total fat, SFA, PUFA, and MUFA on puberty timing. Among 3425 girls and 2495 boys, children with higher intakes of total fat and PUFA were more likely to reach their B2/G2 or M/VB at an earlier age. Associations were not attenuated on additional adjustment for childhood dietary protein intake. However, higher intakes of SFA or MUFA were not independently associated with puberty development. A higher intake of dietary fat and PUFA in prepuberty was associated with earlier puberty timing, which was independent of dietary protein intake.     

中国女童初潮年龄与碳水化合物及膳食纤维摄入的关系

目的 探索中国女童初潮前碳水化合物及膳食纤维摄入与初潮年龄的关系,为预防儿童性早熟提供有效干预措施.方法 由中国健康与营养调查数据库获取750名中国女童初潮前膳食信息及初潮年龄,建立多元线性回归及逻辑回归模型,分析女童初潮前膳食碳水化合物及膳食纤维摄入量对初潮年龄的影响,以碳水化合物供能比替代碳水化合物摄人量进行敏感性...     

蛋白质及动物性食物摄入对中国女童初潮年龄的前瞻性影响

目的 探讨初潮前蛋白质及动物性食物摄入对中国女童初潮年龄的前瞻性影响,为预防中国女童初潮年龄提前提供科学依据.方法 利用1997-2015年“中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)”数据库的数据,选取初潮年龄、身高、体重、家庭人均年收入、母亲文化程度信息完整且初潮前1～4年内至少具有1次完整膳食调查数据的683名≥6岁女童作为...     

Dietary intake of fats and fatty acids in the Korean population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to estimate average total fat and fatty acid intakes as well as identify major food sources using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI-1 (2013).SUBJECTS/METHODSTotal fat and fatty acid intakes were estimated using 24-hour dietary recall data on 7,048 participants aged ≥ 3 years from the KNHANES VI-1 (2013). Data included total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) levels. Population means and standard errors of the mean were weighted in order to produce national estimates and separated based on sex, age, income, as well as residential region. Major food sources of fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were identified based on mean consumption amounts of fat and fatty acids in each food.RESULTSThe mean intake of total fat was 48.0 g while mean intakes of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were 14.4 g, 15.3 g, 11.6 g, 1.6 g, and 10.1 g, respectively. Intakes of MUFA and SFA were each higher than that of PUFA in all age groups. Pork was the major source of total fat, SFA, and MUFA, and soybean oil was the major source of PUFA. Milk and pork were major sources of SFA in subjects aged 3-11 years and ≥ 12 years, respectively. Perilla seed oil and soybean oil were main sources of n-3 FA in subjects aged ≥ 50 years and aged < 50 years, respectively.CONCLUSIONSEstimation of mean fatty acid intakes of this study using nationally represented samples of the Korean population could be useful for developing and evaluating national nutritional policies.     

Increasing trends in dietary total fat and fatty acid intake among Korean children: using the 2007–2017 national data

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe prevalence of obesity has been increasing in Korean children. As an unhealthy diet is known as one of the major determinants of childhood obesity, assessing and monitoring dietary fat intake of children is needed.SUBJECTS/METHODSThis analysis included 9,998 children aged 3–11 yrs from the 2007–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained from a single 24-h dietary recall. Intakes of total fat and fatty acids, including saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) were evaluated as the absolute amount (g) and proportion of energy from each fatty acid (% of energy). The total fat and SFA intake were also assessed according to compliance with dietary guidelines. Linear trends in the dietary fats intake across the survey period were tested using multiple regression models.RESULTSTotal fat intake significantly increased from 38.5 g (20.3% of energy) to 43.4 g (23.3% of energy) from 2007 to 2017. This increase was mainly accounted for the increases in intakes of SFA (7.2% to 8.4% of energy) and MUFA (6.2% to 7.5% of energy). PUFA intake increased from 4.4 to 4.7% of energy during the 11-yrs period: from 0.57 to 0.63% of energy for n-3 FA and from 3.8 to 4.1% of energy for n-6 FA. The proportions of children who consumed amounts exceeding the dietary guidelines for total fat and SFA significantly increased from 2007 to 2017, with increases from 9.8% to 17.4% for total fat and from 36.9% to 50.9% for SFA.CONCLUSIONSProminent increasing trends in the consumption of total fat and SFA but tiny change in n-3 FA intake were observed in Korean children. The healthy intake of dietary fats should be emphasized in this population.     

Dietary Intake of Specific Fatty Acids and Breast Cancer Risk Among Postmenopausal Women in the VITAL Cohort

Studies of dietary fat intake and breast cancer have been inconsistent and few have examined specific fatty acids. We examined the association between specific monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), saturated (SFA), and trans-fatty acids (TFA) and breast cancer risk. Participants, 50–76 yr, were female members of the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort, who were postmenopausal at baseline. In 2000–2002, participants completed a food frequency questionnaire. Seven hundred seventy-two incident, primary breast cancer cases were identified using a population-based cancer registry. Cox proportional hazard models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk. Intake of total MUFAs (highest vs. lowest quintile: HR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.08–2.38, P trend = 0.02), particularly myristoleic and erucic acids, was associated with increased breast cancer risk. Whereas total SFA was suggestive of an increased risk (HR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.00–2.15, P trend = 0.09), strong associations were observed for palmitic, margaric, and stearic acids. Total TFA and PUFA intake were not associated with breast cancer. However, among TFAs, linolelaidic acid was positively associated with risk; among PUFAs, intake of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were inversely associated with risk. Our findings show that fatty acids are heterogeneous in their association with postmenopausal breast cancer risk.     

Validation of a short questionnaire to qualitatively assess the intake of total fat, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol

Background To validate a self‐administered 20‐item short questionnaire (SQ) for classifying individuals according to their intake of total fat, saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), as well as cholesterol. Methods The SQ was sent to a randomly selected subsample of 300 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) in Heidelberg. The SQ was sent back by 244 participants (52.5% women, 47.5% men). Intake of total fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, and cholesterol was calculated from a 148‐item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The intake was compared with the scores computed from the SQ. Results Spearman's correlation coefficient between the intake estimated from the FFQ and the score from the SQ ranged from r = 0.29 (PUFA) to r = 0.56 (cholesterol). When the participants were assigned to quartiles of intake according to both methods 29–42% were classified into the same quartile, 1–7% of the participants were grossly misclassified. Conclusions The SQ demonstrated a good validity with respect to SFA and cholesterol and an acceptable validity with respect to total fat and MUFA, while the results are less good for PUFA. The SQ can be used to classify persons according to their intake into categories of intake.     

An acute intake of a walnut-enriched meal improves postprandial adiponectin response in healthy young adults

A deficit in adiponectin plays an important causal role in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that as seen during the fasting state, the intake of a walnut-enriched meal increased postprandial adiponectin. Twenty-one healthy white men followed a 4-week baseline diet and then consumed 3 fat-loaded meals that included 1 g fat/kg body weight (65% fat) according to a randomized crossover design: olive oil–enriched meal (22% saturated fatty acids [SFA], 38% monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFA], 4% polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA]), butter-enriched meal (35% SFA, 22% MUFA, 4% PUFA), and walnut-enriched meal (20% SFA, 24% MUFA, 16% PUFA, and 4% α-linolenic acid). Leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and free fatty acids were determined at 0, 3, 6, and 8.5 hours after the fat load. After the walnut-enriched meal, plasma adiponectin concentrations were higher at 3 and 6 hours (P = .011, P = .046, respectively) compared with the butter-enriched meal and higher at 6 hours compared with the olive oil–enriched meal (P = .036). Free fatty acid levels decreased from baseline at 3 hours after the walnut-enriched meal (P = .001). No differences were observed between the 3 meals for leptin and resistin responses. Our data confirmed a beneficial profile in the postprandial response to walnuts, source of omega-3 PUFA with an increased postprandial adiponectin and lower postprandial free fatty acid responses. These findings suggest that the postprandial state is important for understanding the possible cardioprotective effects associated with omega-3 PUFA dietary fat.     

南阳市10~15岁月经来潮与未来潮女生体成分比较及相关因素分析

  目的  了解南阳市10~15岁月经来潮与未来潮女生体成分的年龄变化特点,预测月经初潮时间,为及时开展青春期的卫生保健工作提供可靠依据。  方法  于2020年8—12月及2021年3—10月,对南阳市13个县市区采取抽签法随机整群抽样抽取1 523名女生,先通过问卷调查获取研究对象基本情况,然后利用日本百利达MC-180体成分分析仪对研究对象进行体成分测定。  结果  南阳市10~15岁女生体质量指数(BMI)、脂肪率、躯干脂肪率、肌肉量、骨量随着年龄的增长而逐渐增加,体内水分率随着年龄的增长逐渐减少。来潮女生的BMI、脂肪率、躯干脂肪率、肌肉量、骨量均高于未来潮女生,体内水分率低于未来潮女生。其中11~15岁已来潮女生与未来潮女生之间BMI差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.07,2.03,2.43,2.45,2.52,P值均 < 0.05);12~15岁已来潮女生与未来潮女生之间脂肪率、躯干脂肪率、肌肉量、骨量差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05);10,14,15岁未来潮女生与已来潮女生间体内水分率差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.75,2.35,2.37,P值均 < 0.05);10,11,14岁同年龄组农村女生和城市女生月经来潮率差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为4.34,3.45,6.73,P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  女生月经初潮前后BMI、脂肪率、躯干脂肪率、肌肉量、骨量、体内水分率等体成分年龄变化特点有助于月经初潮的预判,月经初潮年龄与营养状况、BMI、体育锻炼、零食及饮料摄入等因素有关。