乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检示踪剂研究进展

传统的示踪剂核素和蓝染料存在一定缺点。近年来国内外学者试图研发一款功能优化的新型示踪剂,有助于前哨淋巴结活检术(sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB)的推广。吲哚菁绿价格较低,使用安全,但穿透力有限(1 cm)且缺乏靶向性。超声造影剂可实时动态地观察显影淋巴管和淋巴结,但成功率和准确性相对较低。超顺磁氧化铁作为前哨淋巴结示踪剂,操作方便,可避免医源性核素污染,具有良好的应用前景。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术新型示踪剂的研究进展

随着前哨淋巴结活检术成为临床腋窝淋巴结阴性的早期乳腺癌患者的标准处理模式,关于活检示踪剂的研究成为乳腺癌研究的热点之一。目前,临床上应用较多的示踪剂包括蓝染料、核素及二者的结合,但这两种示踪剂存在的某些不足导致发达国家仅有60%的患者进行前哨淋巴结活检,中国仅占约5%,其他发展中国家更少。近年来,各种新型示踪剂的研究层出不穷,如吲哚菁绿、使用微气泡的对比增强超声和超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒等。该文回顾了这三种物质的特性及作为示踪剂的相关研究,这些新型示踪技术仍处于初级研究阶段,有待于进一步实验以便临床应用。     

新型光声传感及成像系统探测乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的基础研究

背景与目的:前哨淋巴结活检(sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB)是临床淋巴结(lymph nodes,LN)阴性早期乳腺癌患者的标准分期技术,蓝染法联合核素法作为SLNB的标准方法仍有一定的局限性.应用新型荧光靶向示踪剂吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green,ICG)与利妥昔单抗(ri...     

示踪剂的不同注射方法对乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的影响

目的:在吲哚菁绿（ICG）和美蓝联合法前哨淋巴结活检术（SLNB）中,比较皮内注射和皮下注射示踪剂两种不同方法对乳腺癌SLNB的影响。方法:收集2014年5月至2017年5月期间行SLNB的289 例乳腺癌患者,采用ICG联合亚甲蓝作为淋巴示踪剂,其中 141 例患者在乳晕皮内注射示踪剂,148 例患者于乳晕皮下注射示踪剂,两组患者基本临床资料差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。所有患者均行腋窝淋巴结清扫,比较两种注射方法在乳腺癌SLNB中的差别。结果:乳晕皮内注射组共141例,检出前哨淋巴结（SLN）136例,检出率为96.5%;乳晕皮下注射组共148例,检出SLN 144例,检出率为97.3%,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.959)。皮内注射组平均检出SLN数目少于皮下注射组［（2.80±0.83）枚 vs （4.07±1.13）枚,P＜0.001］;假阴性率低于皮下注射组（5.6% vs 10.5%）,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.470)。结论:在ICG和美蓝联合示踪法中,皮内注射方式相对于皮下注射方式可能使SLNB手术更精准。     

前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌中的应用

Objective： To discuss if the sentinel lymph node （SLN） biopsy is able to reflect the status of the axillary lymph node and the application of this technic in clinic. Methods： Using^ 99mTc-signed dextran, SLN-biopsy （SLNB） was carried out in 182 cases with breast cancer during May 1999 to September 2006. During the operation, y-detector was used for orientation. After the SLNB, a modified radical mastectomy or breast conserving surgery were carried out to the patients, then a particular separate pathological examination of the SLN was made. Results： 178 cases of SLNB were carried out successfully, and the success rate was 97.8%, the out-checked SLN of each case ranged from 1 to 4, with an average of 2.5. All SLN was located at the first level of axilla, sensitivity of the SLN B was 93.4%, specificity was 100%, false negative rate was 6.6%, false positive rate was 0, accuracy was 97.8%, positive predictive value was 100.0%, negative predictive value was 96.7%, and Youden＇s index was 0.934. Immunohistochemical examination was carried out in 59 cases of SLN, and 14 cases showed the existences of micro-metastasis, however, metastasis had not been found in non-SLN of these cases. Conclusion： SLN is able to reflect the metastasis of the axillary lymph node, and this can suggest the necessity of the axillary dissection in clinic. The SLNB using the isotope-tracer technic is simple and accurate.     

早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术的进展

近十余年来，随着前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNBB）技术研究的不断深入以及临床应用的不断普及，已经改变了近一百多年来腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph nodes dissection,ALND）作为外科治疗乳腺癌不可缺少的组成部分这一历史。欧美一些学者认为，SLNB达到甚至超过了ALND在乳腺癌外科治疗中的重要地位。本文就目前乳腺癌SLNB的研究状况综述如下。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的外科新观念

1历史回顾1894年美国医生Halsted在约翰·霍普金斯医院开创乳腺癌根治手术,即整块广泛切除患肿瘤组织包括全乳房、胸肌及区域淋巴结,使术后复发率由当时的58％－85％下降到6％,同时也使肿瘤器官的广泛切除加区域淋巴结清扫成为肿瘤外科治疗的原则,推动了近代肿瘤学的发展。50至70年代,Halsted手术受到了清扫范围扩大到胸骨旁、锁骨上或前上纵隔的扩大手术的冲击,但后者疗效并不比前者优越,加之术后形体不佳,手术并发症高,在历史的进程中被自然淘汰。70年代美国学者Fisher明确指出：乳腺癌是一种全身性疾病,癌细胞转移无固定模式…     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检意义的探讨

目的:探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结检测方法及临床应用价值。方法:对101例乳腺癌病人,采用99锝标记的大分子右旋糖苷(99mTc-DX)和/或美蓝为示踪剂检测前哨淋巴结,术中先行前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)冰冻病理检查,然后作乳腺癌改良根治术。结果:联合应用示踪剂组与单用美蓝组比较,检出率为97.6%及86.2%,敏感度为100%及77.8%,假阴性率为0及22.2%(均P<0.05);准确率为100%及79.3%(P<0.01)。比较SLNB术中冰冻与术后病理结果,敏感度93.3%,准确率97.8%,假阴性率6.7%,假阳性率0%。结论:SLNB能准确反映早期乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结状态,术中冰冻病理可快速判断SLN的病理状态,有较高的准确性,对临床外科术式选择有实际指导意义。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位和活检

目的：难证乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位和活检技术的可行性和前哨淋巴结的组织状况能否准确预告腋淋巴结的状况。方法：本研究使用专利蓝,对３３例乳腺癌患者进行了术中及术后前哨淋巴结定位和活检术。结果：３０例（９１％）找到前哨淋巴结,前哨淋巴结预告腋淋巴结的准确率为９６．７％,假阴性１例。结论：本研究结果证实,乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位和活检技术是可行的,前哨淋巴结的组织学特征能够准确反映腑淋巴结的状况。我们相信在将来     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检研究进展

近年来,乳腺癌的发病率越来越高,乳腺癌治疗方式也在不断改进,但手术仍然是早期乳腺癌治疗的主要手段。对于早期乳腺癌,前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）是一种安全、精确的手术方式,已逐渐替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）成为早期乳腺癌治疗的标准术式。随着研究的深入,SLNB的应用范围更广,术后生活质量显著改善,但其操作尚需要进一步统一规范。在前哨淋巴结微转移、宏转移、前哨淋巴结活检阳性的老年患者以及新辅助化疗的前哨淋巴结活检等方面尚未达成共识,还需要更多大型多中心前瞻性的随机试验来进一步论证。     

乳晕下注射示踪剂行前哨淋巴结活检的可行性

目的探讨乳晕下联合注射核素和美蓝行前哨淋巴结活检的可行性。方法选择2004年10月至2007年2月早期乳腺癌患者195例，将患者抽签随机分为两组：一组将示踪剂注射在肿瘤周围（肿瘤周围组）；另一组将示踪剂注射在乳晕下（乳晕下组）。对所有患者均先行前哨淋巴结活检，再行腋窝淋巴结清扫。将所有的前哨淋巴结和非前哨淋巴结均进行常规切片和HE染色检查，对常规病理检查阴性的前哨淋巴结行多层切片和免疫组化检查。结果全组195例，肿瘤周围组98例，乳晕下组97例。肿瘤周围组与乳晕下组前哨淋巴结活检成功率分别为92．9％和97．9％（P=0．17）。经常规病理检查或多层切片加免疫组化检查后，肿瘤周围组有25例SLN阳性，乳晕下组29例SLN阳性。经腋窝淋巴结清扫后，肿瘤周围组有2例SLN为假阴性，假阴性率为7．4％（2／27），乳晕下组有3例假阴性，假阴性率为9．4％（3／32），两组间差异无统计学意义。肿瘤周围组和乳晕下组对腋窝淋巴结预测的准确度分别为97．8％和96．8％，灵敏度分别为92．6％和90．6％，差异均无统计学意义。结论乳晕下注射两种示踪剂行前哨淋巴结活检与肿瘤周围注射相比具有同样预测腋窝淋巴结状况的准确性，同时能避免肿瘤周围注射存在的缺点，是较佳的注射途径。     

术前淋巴显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的作用

目的探讨术前淋巴显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNB）中的作用。方法回顾性分析了716例联合术前淋巴显像与术中1探测仪和蓝染料检测乳腺癌SLNB的结果。结果全组SLNB成功率98．2％（703／716），验证组SLNB的假阴性率16．0％（15／94）。淋巴显像共成功地确定出620例患者（86．6％）的前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node，SLN），并在36例患者（5．0％）中发现了腋窝以外的前哨淋巴结。淋巴显像确定SLN的失败率与原发肿瘤的部位、肿瘤的病理类型和注射同位素到显像的时间无显著相关性（均P〉0．05）。注射示踪剂前已进行肿瘤切除活检的患者，其淋巴显像成功率低于未行肿瘤切除活检者；淋巴结转移患者淋巴显像的成功率低于淋巴结阴性患者。术中确定SLN的成功率在术前淋巴显像成功组和失败组之间存在显著的统计学差异（99．5％ vs 91．0％，P〈0．01）。术前淋巴显像是否成功确定SLN与SLNB的假阴性率无显著相关性（P=0．731）。结论乳腺癌SLN术前淋巴显像可以预测术中SLNB的成功率，同时术前淋巴显像有助于确定腋窝以外的SLN，但术前淋巴显像并非乳腺癌SLNB所必需。     

Isolated retromammary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer without axillary lymph node involvement: a case report with a false-negative sentinel lymph node biopsy

A 54-year-old woman visited our hospital with a palpable tumor in her left breast, which was diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast-conserving surgery was performed, in association with a sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and back-up dissection of the axillary lymph nodes. One dyed axillary lymph node with high radioactivity was defined as an SLN, and intraoperative frozen-section analysis of the SLN was negative for metastasis. The final pathological diagnosis of the tumor was invasive ductal carcinoma, and one small lymph node, located in the retromammary space, just under the tumor, was positive for metastasis. The backup axillary lymph nodes were not metastatic. This patient was diagnosed false-negative by SLN biopsy, despite being positive for retroMLN metastasis. It should be recognized that retroMLNs are difficult to detect preoperatively, or intra-operatively, using dye or radiocolloid, if they are located in the post-tumoral retro-mammary space. RetroMLNs may be a pitfall in SLN biopsies.     

乳腺癌内乳区淋巴结转移研究进展

 内乳区淋巴结的转移状况是乳腺癌的独立预后指标,也是乳腺癌分期的重要依据之一。内乳区淋巴结转移的患者预后较差。内乳区淋巴结的总体转移率为18 %～33 %,仅有内乳区淋巴结转移而无腋窝淋巴结转移的发生率为2 %～11 %,其转移受腋窝淋巴结状况、患者年龄、原发肿瘤的位置和特点等多因素影响。随着前哨淋巴结活检技术的不断发展,内乳区前哨淋巴结活检术可能以最小的风险评估内乳区淋巴结状况,并进一步完善乳腺癌的淋巴结分期,有助于为患者制定更为准确的个体化治疗方案。     

Controversies in sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer

Sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer patients has recently been applied as a less invasive, highly accurate alternative to axillary lymph node dissection. Numerous studies have shown that sentinel nodes accurately diagnose axillary staging. However, many problems remain to be answered and must be addressed before sentinel node biopsy becomes the standard surgical procedure for patients with breast cancer. We reviewed and discussed here three of these problems; axillary sampling as an alternative to sentinel node biopsy, dye method vs. combination of dye and radiocolloid for sentinel node biopsy, and intraoperative sentinel node examination. Further investigation will continue to be necessary as we learn how to better provide procedure of sentinel node biopsy.